Transcript manifest destiny - OCPS TeacherPress

MANIFEST DESTINY
WESTWARD EXPANSION
President Polk's claim that “American blood had been shed
on American soil”referred to news of an armed clash
between Mexican and American troops near
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San Francisco
The Nueces River
Santa Fe
The Rio Grande
San Antonio
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Some people in Britain hoped for a British alliance
with Texas because
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the alliance would help to support
the Monroe Doctrine.
this area would provide an excellent
base from which to attack the United
States.
Mexican efforts to attack the United
States would be stopped.
the alliance would give abolitionists
the opportunity to free slaves in TX.
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Arrange in chronological order the
United States' acquisition of Oregon
(OR), Texas (TX), and California (CA).
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2.
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5.
OR, TX, CA
CA, TX, OR
TX, OR, CA
TX, CA, OR
OR, CA, TX
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The Wilmot Proviso, introduced into Congress
during the Mexican War, declared that
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slavery would be banned from all
territories Mexico ceded to the U.S.
the United States should annex all
of Mexico.
slavery in the territories would be
determined by popular sovereignty.
Mexican territory would not be
annexed to the U.S.
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The Aroostook War was the result of
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a short-lived insurrection in
British Canada.
the offer of asylum to the
crew of the Creole.
a fishing dispute between
Britain and the U. S.
a dispute over the northern
boundary of Maine.
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In the presidential election of 1844, the Whig
candidate, Henry Clay,
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opposed the annexation of
Texas.
ignored the issue of the
annexation of Texas.
called for the immediate
annexation of Texas
favored both the annexation
of Texas and the
postponement of that
annexation.
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Those people most opposed to President
Polk's expansionist program were the
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western Democrats.
antislavery forces.
Senate Democrats.
supporters of
Nicholas P. Trist.
proslavery Whigs.
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Texans won their independence as a result
of the victory over Mexican armies at the
Battle of
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Santa Anna
Goliad
the Alamo
the Rio Grande
San Jacinto
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The government of Mexico & the Americans
who settled in Mexican-controlled Texas
clashed over all of the following issues except
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allegiance to Spain
slavery
immigration
local rights
Santa Anna raising an
army to use against
Texas
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Most Americans who migrated to the
Oregon Country were attracted by the
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expectation of fighting
British troops.
rich and fertile soil of
the area.
Potential profits in the
fur trade
Discovery of gold in the
Cascade Mountains
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“Our claims are based on the right of our
manifest destiny to overspread and to possess
the whole continent which Providence has given
us for the development of the great experiment
in liberty….” John L. O’Sullivan
 Manifest Destiny = The belief that the U.S. had
a God-given right to extend its boundaries
westward to the Pacific Ocean and spread
democracy to the less fortunate.
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How does this painting explain the attitude of Americans
in the mid-1800s?
Spirit of the Frontier/American Progress, 1872 by John Gast
“Go West, Young Man!”
Horace Greeley, New York Tribune – 1845
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Why did early settlers flood across the country
during the mid-1800s?
The California Gold Rush began in
1848 with the discovery of gold at
Sutter’s Mill on the California River.
Settlers flocked to the Oregon Country
in search of fertile land for farming.
Ranchers moved into areas that buffalo
previously inhabited and began raising
cattle descended from Spanish herds.
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RISKS OF MANIFEST DESTINY:
 In
the Great Plains?
– INDIANS but …
 U.S.
more technologically
advanced
 inter-tribal conflicts
 In
Texas?
– MEXICO but …
 politically
unstable
 lack of settlement
 On
the Pacific coast?
– BRITISH but …
 lack
of desire to really fight
WebsterAshburton Treaty
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Aroostook “War”
– 12,000 miles in dispute (since Treaty of Paris, 1783)
Resolved by Lord Ashburton & Sec. of State
Webster, 1842 in Webster-Ashburton Treaty:
– U.S. retains 7,000 miles of disputed territory
– BR get route from Halifax to Quebec
U.S. gets bonus …
– BR surrendered area further west (MN) that
contained Mesabi iron ore deposits
TEXAS - INDEPENDENCE
FROM MEXICO
• STEPHEN AUSTIN got a
grant from Mexico to bring
300 American settlers to Texas
in 1823 …. with conditions:
– they had to become Roman
Catholic
– they had to obey Mexican
laws .. why a problem?
– NO SLAVERY!
Americans failed to become Catholic
& broke Mexican law by bringing in
slaves
 By 1830, Americans outnumbered
Mexicans in Texas by 10 to 1
 MX cuts off any further immigration
 GTT! Typical Texan?

GENERAL SANTA ANNA
 MX Dictator by 1833; plans crackdown

Texans Seek
Independence!
• 1833 - Austin tries to negotiate; thrown in jail for 8 mos.
for treason (letter urging TX to organize its own gov’t)
• 1835 – Santa Anna removes all local rights & begins
raising army to suppress Texans
• Battle of Gonzales – 1835
• Mexicans come to retrieve cannon given to Texas
settlers to protect themselves from Indians
• Texans refuse & adopt “Come & Take It!” motto &
are actually the attackers
• Texas declares independence, 1836
• Elect Sam Houston as President
REMEMBER THE ALAMO!
• 188 Americans at the ALAMO, a mission in San
Antonio – trying to hold off Santa Anna & buy time for
Houston to build forces
• Feb. 1836, Santa Anna’s 2,000 troops attacked – no
reinforcements available
• Takes Santa Anna 2 weeks to win - loses 1,500 men
 13 day siege
– Near end, Santa Anna has Alamo surrounded
– Travis draws “line in the sand…”

Mexicans kill all 187 Texans, including William Travis,
Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie
Siege of the Alamo
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Women and children were spared but were ordered to
warn other Texans that the Mexican army could not be
beaten.
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Then, 400 Texans butchered at Goliad by firing squad
after having thrown down their weapons
SAM HOUSTON follows up with victory at San Jacinto
– Surprise attack while Mexicans taking a “siesta”
– Battle lasted only 20 minutes but killing goes on for
hours
– Captured Santa Anna & forced him to sign a treaty at
sword point recognizing the independence of Texas
Texas thus became the “LONE STAR REPUBLIC” in
l836 & sought admission to the U.S.
U.S. kept putting it off – for 9 years! Why?
TX begins establishing ties with the BR – why?
What reasons fueled BR interest in TX?
JOHN TYLER – “THE PRESIDENT
WITHOUT A PARTY”
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Log Campaign of 1840 – Tippecanoe &
Tyler Too!”
Harrison died one month into office &
Tyler succeeds to presidency
Tyler is NOT a Clay/Webster puppet as
Harrison was expected to be
Vetoes Clay’s bank bill; Cabinet resigns
High protective tariff
Webster-Ashburton Treaty with BR
Calls for annexation of TX but Senate
rejects treaty
Finally, 1844, annexes it by joint
resolution – officially admitted in 1845
The Legacy
The San Jacinto
monument stands even
higher than the
Washington monument.
Texas was prohibited
from making the obelisk
higher than the
monument in D.C., so
they added a star that
made it bigger.
OREGON FEVER!
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Jointly occupied –BR & US
– Also claimed over time by
Russia – retreated in 1824/5
- And Spain - lost it in Adams-Onis
Treaty, 1819
Extended from Pacific to Rockies
 Two primary reasons for
and from AK to CA
OR fever:

BEAVER TRADE
– “Mountain Men”
– opened passageways
west but also weakened
and corrupted Indians –
how?

FERTILE SOIL
Trails West
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Conestoga Wagon
“Prairie Schooner”
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Reports from Christian
missionaries sent back
east praising the fertile soil!
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OREGON TRAIL
Expensive, $600/family of 4
2000 miles
Left from MO
May to November
Traveled only 2 mi. in an
hour
5,000 Americans in OR by
1846
“Overlanders”
The Donner Party
 By
1846--Oregon
divided between
Great Britain and
U.S. at the 49th
parallel
 Why was
President Polk
willing to
negotiate this
boundary with
Britain?
A Timeline of American Expansion
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Revolutionary War (1776) Proclamation of 1763
Louisiana Purchase (1803) from France — $15 million
War of 1812 – designs on Canada and Florida
Monroe Doctrine (1823) Hands off the Western Hemisphere
Indian Removal Act (1830) Trail of Tears, 1838
Texas Revolution (1836) Annexation of Texas, 1847
Mexican War (1846) Polk used a border dispute to justify
expansion
Mexican Cession (1848) California, Nevada, New Mexico,
Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona,
Gadsden Purchase (1853) from Mexico — $10 million
Purchase of Alaska (1867) from Russia — $7.2 million
Hawaii Annexation, 1898
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