Transcript HIGHLIGHTS OF WORLD WAR I

HIGHLIGHTS OF
WORLD WAR I
1914-1918
Chapter 14.1 – The U.S. Enters
WW I





Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy (pages 448–
449)
President Wilson was opposed to imperialism
and believed democracy was necessary
to keep the nation stable and prosperous.
He wanted a world free from revolution
and war.
Chapter 14.1 – The U.S. Enters
WW I




In 1911 a revolution in Mexico forced its
leader, Porfirio Díaz, to flee the country.
The new leader, Francisco Madero, was a poor
administrator.
General Victoriano Huerta took over in
Mexico and presumably had Madero
murdered.
Wilson refused to recognize the new
government and prevented weapons from
reaching Huerta.
Chapter 14.1 – The U.S. Enters
WW I

In 1914 Wilson sent marines to seize the
Mexican port of Veracruz to overthrow Huerta.


Anti-American riots broke out in Mexico.
International mediation of the dispute placed
Venustiano Carranza as Mexico’s new
president.
Chapter 14.1 – The U.S. Enters
WW I



Mexican forces opposed to Carranza
conducted raids into the United States, hoping
Wilson would intervene.
Pancho Villa led a group of guerrillas, an
armed group that carries out surprise attacks,
into New Mexico, and a number of Americans
were killed.
Chapter 14.1 – The U.S. Enters
WW I


Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and his
troops into Mexico to capture Villa.
Pershing was unsuccessful. Wilson’s Mexican
policy damaged U.S. foreign relations.
Short Term Cause of World War I: The Spark




June 28, 1914
Assassinationof the heir to the throne of
Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand and his wife
Sophie.
Attack was in Sarajevo, Serbia
Assassin was Gavrilo Princip, a member of a
Serbian Nationalist Group: The Black Hand,.
GAVRILO PRINCIP

Memberof the Serbian Nationalist Group
known as the Black Hand and assassin of the
Archduke.
RIVAL ALLIANCE SYSTEM




Serbian nationalists wanted to unite Bosnia
and Herzegovina with Serbia.
Austria-Hungary blamed the assassination of
the Archduke on Serbia.
Germany is an ally to Austria-Hungary and
issues the “blank check” to A-H.
Serbia rejects key points of the ultimatum.
Sequence of Events




July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary mobilizes
against Serbia and declares war.
Russia begins general mobilization. Why?
August 1, 1914 – Germany invades Belgium
and declares war on France.
August 3, 1914 – Italy declares neutrality.
Sequence of Events




August 23, 1914 – Japan declares war on
Germany.
July 3 – Turkey concludes a secret treaty with
Germany against Russia and declares war on
Russia on October 29.
November 3 – Russia declares war on Turkey
May 23, 1915 – Italy joins the Allies by
declaring war on Austria-Hungary.
Sinking of the Lusitania
May 7, 1915
Zimmerman Telegram


Letter sent by a German Official, Arthur
Zimmerman, to Mexico asking Mexico to ally
itself with Germany against the United States
in exchange for regaining its territories lost
earlier to the United States.
Suggested an invasion of the United States by
Mexico.
UNITED STATES ENTERS
WORLD WAR I

April 6, 1917
CENTRAL POWERS WAR
STRATEGY

SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
14.2 – The Homefront
Building Up the Military




As the United States entered the war; it was
necessary to recruit more soldiers.
Conscription - forced military service
A new system, called selective service,
resulted in about 2.8 million Americans being
drafted.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9fGD8C
U6KI
Building Up the Military



African American soldiers faced
discrimination and prejudice within the army.
they served in racially segregated units.
ManyAfrican Americans won praise from their
commanders and received war medals.
Building Up the Military




World War I was the first war in which women
officially served.
The navy enlisted some 11,000 women, whose
jobs included clerics, pharmacists, and
photographers.
The hired them as temporary employees to fill
clerical positions.
Army nurses were the only women in the
military to go overseas during the war.
Organizing Industry



The American economy had to mobilize for
war.
President Wilson and Congress wanted to
establish a cooperative relationship between
big business and government.
The goal was to ensure efficient use of
resources during the mobilization of the
American economy for war.
Organizing Industry



In 1917 the War Industries Board (WIB) was
created to coordinate the production of
administered by Bernard Baruch.
The Food Administration, under the direction
of Herbert Hoover, was responsible for
increasing food production while reducing
consumption.
Organizing Industry


Hoover asked people to plant victory gardens
to raise their own vegetables in order to leave
more food for the troops.
The Fuel Administration encouraged people to
conserve coal and oil. Daylight savings time
was introduced to conserve energy.
Mobilizing the Workforce



To prevent strikes, the government established
the National War Labor Board (NWLB)
in 1918.
In exchange for wage increases, an 8-hour
workday, and the right to organize unions and
bargain collectively, the labor leaders agreed
not to disrupt war production with a strike.
Organizing Industry


Between 300,000 and 500,000 African
Americans left the South to settle in the North
for jobs.
This “Great Migration” changed the racial
makeup of many Northern cities.
Organizing Industry


Schenck v. the United States (1919),
the Supreme Court limited an individual’s
freedom of speech if the words spoken
constituted a “clear and present danger.”
Ensuring Public Support




The Committee on Public Information (CPI)
attempted to “sell” the idea of war to the
American people with patriotic messages.
Espionage - spying to acquire secret
government information
Espionage Act of 1917 set consequences for
people who aided the enemy.
The Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to
criticize the president or the government.
Ensuring Public Support
To raise money to pay for the war, the
government began selling Liberty Bonds and
Victory Bonds.
 By buying bonds, Americans were loaning the
government money that would be repaid with
interest in a specified number of years.

ALLIED POWERS WAR
STRATEGY
1914

FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE




Germans had advanced to within 37 miles of Paris,
France.
Schlieffen plan failed because of Belgium.
Germans withdrew to a strong defensive position.
War on the Western Front settled into a
STALEMATE due to TRENCH WARFARE
Neither side moved more than 10 miles in the next
three years
TRENCH WARFARE
NO MAN’S LAND
1914

AUGUST – BATTLE OF TANNENBURG




Eastern Front between Russia and Germany.
Disaster for the Russians
General von Hindenburg and General Ludenforff
made famous.
By 1915 – Russia had lost 1 million dead and
900,000 prisoners. They were not trained or
equipped properly.
1915

April – Second Battle of Ypres


Germany introduced poison gas to warfare.
Total number of casualties from gas on both sides
would reach 1 million with 79,000 killed.
1915

MAY – SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA
LUSITANIA



Germany’s submarine blockade of England
resulted in the sinking of the Lusitania in May.
This event led to great tension between the
United States and Germany.
1,198 dead including 139 Americans
LUSITANIA
GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN




APRIL, 1915 TO JANUARY, 1916
Plan of WINSTON CHURCHILL to knock
Turkey out of the war.
British disaster with 50,000 troops killed
Turkish military leader MUSTAFA KEMAL
would later rule Turkey as “ATATURK”.
GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN
1916

MAY – BATTLE OF JUTLAND



Only major naval battle of WWI.
German navy was outnumbered but inflicted heavy
losses on the British fleet.
British fleet basically out for the rest of the war.
BATTLE OF JUTLAND
1916

BATTLE OF VERDUN (FEB-OCT)



Fought in France.
Longest and bloodiest battle of the war.
This battle killed almost 1 million men.


542,000 French
434 German
1916

BATTLE OF THE SOMME (JULY-NOV)





The British attacked with an advantage of 6:1.
Highest casualty rate in one day of both world wars.
60,000 men killed in the first day of battle.
The British introduced the tank in battle.
Casualties:




500,000 German
400,000 British
200,000 French
Net Gain: 7 miles
1917
Year of Disasters for the Allies




Germany began Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare.
German blockade of England. (Starve them
out)
Convoy System – protection of ships to deliver
supplies to England.
Hindenburg Line established – a series of
trenches across northern France.
HINDENBURG LINE
HINDENBURG LINE
WORLD WAR I BRITISH TANK
ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM

Telegram to the German Minister in Mexico
saying if the United States went to war,
Germany would form an alliance with Mexico
to help them get back “lost territories” from
the U.S. in the 1840’s.
1917

BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION (NOV.)





End of Tsarist Russia.
Led to Russian armistice with Germany which
takes Russia out of the war.
Nov. 15- Tsar Nicholas II Abdicates.
Vladimir Lenin established Communist
government in Russia.
TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK – Between
Germany and Russia.
Nicholas II and Family
ALEXI: TSARAVICH AND
HEMOPHELIA
RASPUTIN
RASPUTIN’S PROPHETIC
LETTER TO ALEXANDRA
RASPUTIN ASSASSINATED
BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION
VLADIMIR LENIN
END OF TSARIST RUSSIA
IPATIEV HOUSE

http://www.romanov-memorial.com/
1918



President Wilson announces his Fourteen
Points.
One Million fresh American troops land in
France.
Second Battle of the Marne (July-August) was
the turning point of the war. Germans were
forced to retreat
1918

MEUSE-ARGONNE OFFENSIVE



Alvin C. York made famous
American army of 1,200,000 under the command
of General John J. Pershing
Pursued the retreating German s until the German
armistice
MEUSE-ARGONNE OFFENSIVE
1918

Mutiny of the German fleet and a revolution in
Munich led to the abdication of Kaiser
Wilhelm II on Nov. 10. The Kaiser fled to
Holland.
ARMISTICE




Agreement to end fighting.
11th day
11th month
11th hour