Transcript APUSH Jennifer Joodi

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Westward Expansion
Jennifer Yang & Joodi Son
Borderlands of the 1830s

By the 1830s, the western boundary of
the United States had reached the
Mississippi River, and the original
thirteen states had expanded to
seventeen with the admission of Vermont,
Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.

Louisiana Purchase

Florida was acquired from Spain in 1819.

Nagging questions over the border with
Canada were worked out through the
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

The long-standing dispute with Great
Britain over the Oregon Country was
resolved by establishing the forty-ninth
parallel as the boundary (1846).
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Why suddenly westward expansion?
 Mexico
encouraged American settlement in its
northern provinces from Texas to California.
 After
gaining independence from Spain, Mexico
changed economic laws from Spain’s mercantilist
policies to open trade policy that stimulated a
commercial prosperity and expansionist appetites
of Americans in Oregon County.
 American
visitors and traders were captured by
the Californian Rancheros’ flamboyant lifestyle and
devotion to the pursuit of pleasure.
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Texas Revolution
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Causes

Spain had accepted a proposal from several American entrepreneurs to
bring American settlers into Texas.

Friction soon developed between the Mexican government and the
Anglo-American colonists over the status of slavery and the authority of
the Catholic Church.

The Mexican Congress banned slavery in Texas and prohibited further
immigration by American citizens, but settlers, both white and slave,
continued to cross the border from the United States. Tensions rose as
Americans demanded a greater say in their own affairs.
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Events

In 1834, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna seized power
in Mexico, determined to exercise greater control over Texas,
but failed.

The American Texans responded with a declaration of
independence (March 2, 1836), but the first confrontation of
the Texas Revolution was a disaster for them.

Sam Houston captured Santa Anna, and forced the general to
sign a treaty that recognized Texas's independence in return
for his freedom
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Results

Mexico refused to acknowledge Texas's independence.

Independent Texans claimed the two-thousand-mile-long Rio Grande as
their southern and western border.

The Republic of Texas chose Sam Houston as its first president, created
a legislature and court system, and received diplomatic recognition
from the United States, Great Britain, and France.

Most Texans, however, expected and wanted their independence to be
short-lived. But the Republic's petition for annexation to the United
States was refused in 1837, and Texas did not become a state until 1845.
Mormon Trek

Origin of the Mormons

Who are the Mormons?

Smith and his followers faced persecution
wherever they went because of their
radical teachings, particularly their
endorsement of polygamy.

Ohio and Missouri -> Nauvoo, Illinois ->
Great Salt Lake -> Utah

Because of its communitarian form of
social organization, its centralized
government, and the religious dedication
of its inhabitants, this frontier society
prospered.

Although Mormons were initially
encroaching illegally into Mexican
territory, they soon seceded to America.
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Election of 1844

Polk was an expansionist: annexation of Texas and claims of Oregon

Had a narrow win: due to the Liberty party candidate, Birney, taking
away enough votes from Whig party candidate, Clay

This narrow win meant that Democrats would have a harder time
with their expansionist policies

Congress reconsidered the annexation of Texas: approved before
Polk took office
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Election of 1844
Candidate
Party
Popular Vote
Electoral Vote
Polk
Democratic
1,338,464
170
Clay
Whig
1,300,097
105
Birney
Liberty
62,300
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Polk Administration

Polk was able to avoid a
war with Great Britain by
making the 49th Parallel

During the Polk
administration America
got bigger: the addition of
500,000 square miles of
territory


However the price
being high with $100
million and 13,000
lives
The political dissent after
Polk’s administration
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Manifest Destiny

The phrase “Manifest Destiny”
was coined by O’Sullivan

Three main ideas
 God was on the side of
American expansionism
 Free Development, idea
was that the spread of
American rule meant what
other propagandists for
expansion described as
“extending the area of
freedom.”
 Population growth required
the outlet that territorial
acquisitions would provide
Primary Source: John O’Sullivan, “The Great Nation of Futurity”
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Activity 1

We will divide the class into two groups and have a game.
The group that finds the most symbols will win.
Look at the following picture and identify the symbols that
encourage Americans to move westward and support
Manifest Destiny?
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Mexican American War
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Causes

Mexico rejected that
Texas’ claims to the
unsettled territory
between Nieces River
and the Rio Grande

When US annexed Texas,
Mexico broke off
diplomatic relations and
prepared armed forces

Polk placed troops in
Louisiana on alert

Dispatched John Slidell
to Mexico City to resolve
the boundary dispute
 Goal: persuade the
Mexicans to sell New
Mexico and California
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Events

April 24: 1600 Mexican soldiers crossed the river and attacked a small
American detachment, killing 11 and capturing rest

Congress declares war May 13

Mexicans refused to make peace despite a succession of military defeats

Taylor was national hero and possible candidate for president: won many
battles that were big for US
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Kearny expedition captured Santa Fe and proclaimed the annexation of New
Mexico
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California is founded- declared independence from Mexico as the Bear Flag

April 17,18: Scott met forces under General Santa Anna at Cerro Golfed

September 15 Mexico City is captured
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Settlement
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Nicholas P. Trist, diplomat
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February 2, 1848 Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

Added New Mexico and California for $15 million

Rio Grande- southwest border of Texas

Substantial claims of American Citizens against Mexico

Gained 500,000 square miles of territory
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California, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, parts of
Colorado and Wyoming
Gadsden Purchase- small piece of land for $10 million:
contained a pass through the mountains suitable for a
railroad
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Effects of Mexican American War

Expansionism started to die out
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Racism and anti-colonialism

People who were of mixed Spanish and Indian origins wouldn’t
have been able to fit in as citizens of the United States

Ruled in the way British governed India, however the
possession of colonial dependencies was contrary to American
ideals and traditions
Racism arose against the Hispanic American: became second
class citizens of the United States
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Activity 2

Now that you have learned about the Manifest Destiny and
the Mexican American war, time to analyze some documents!

Using APPARTS, analyze The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
For the sake of time, this treaty is cut to Article 3.

On your own time, if you are interested check out the rest of
the treaty here.
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Assessment

On the page provided color and label the territories that we
have covered so far. Use different color for each incident.
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Bibliography
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/faculty/hodgson/Courses/City/Tur
ner/maps2/US_Terr_1840.jpg
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_O%27Sullivan.jpg
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http://www.historycentral.com/mexican/cerra.html
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http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/smithson/polk.html
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APP Text Book