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Chapter 11 and 12 American History Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA Whigs • Opponents of King Andrew I: Andrew Jackson National Republicans: Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Daniel Webster Anti- Masons Alienated Democrats South: urban banking and commercial interests West: farmers who valued internal improvements Whigs: native born British American evangelical Protestants who supported abolition of slavery and temperance (Anti-Liquor) Election of 1836 • Van Buren: Democrat vs. the Field (Whigs and others against Jackson’s policies) • William Henry Harrison of Indiana: Anti-Mason • Hugh Lawson White: anti-Jackson Democrats of Tennessee • Daniel Webster: Massachusetts Electoral College: Van Buren: 170 votes Harrison: 73 White: 26 Webster: 14 Panic of 1837 • Depression in England caused drop in price of cotton: 17.5 cents to 13:5 cents a pound (English banks and investors cut back loans to buy southern cotton) • Failure of wheat crop in U.S.: export helped offset the drain of payments going abroad States stopped internal improvements State banks foreclosed Government lost 9 million dollars it had deposited in pet banks 1/3 of workforce jobless by fall of 1837 Wages reduced by 30 to 50% Prices for food and clothing soared Independent Treasury Act • July 4, 1840 • Government stopped putting its deposits into state banks • Government kept money in own vaults and do business entirely in hard money Van Buren: One term president • Economic malaise led to Van Buren’s presidency as one term Election of 1840 • Democrats: Martin van Buren • Whigs: William Henry Harrison: war hero at the Battle of Tippecanoe, former governor of the Indian Territory Selected John Tyler of Virginia as Vice-President Slogan: “Tippecanoe and Tyler” Cider and log cabin became symbols for Harrison as the simple man of the people Harrison: 234 votes Van Buren: 60 Results from the Age of Jackson • 1. Mass political parties: organized down to the precinct level • 2. proportion of white males increased • 3. Return to Jeffersonian Republic of less government to leave the people to their own devices • 4. Hands off government policies led to unregulated centers of economic power that were far greater than what was exercised by the Bank of the United States Growth of American Society • 1815-1850: United States expanded to the Pacific Coast • Experienced Industrial Revolution • West: Corn, Wheat, and Cattle • South: cotton and the institution of slavery • Transportation Innovations: canals, steamboats, horse-drawn wagons, railroads Resourcefulness & Experimentation Americans were willing to try anything. They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800 41 patents were approved. 1860 4,357 “ “ “ Patent Law • First national patent in law in 1790 After securing a patent, no one else could legally copy the inventor’s work Investor could profit from invention Inventions • Elias Howe: sewing machine (permitted the quicker, cheaper manufacturing of clothing and other cloth products • Samuel Colt: patented and manufactured a “six shooter:” a pistol with a revolving cylinder which allowed the user to fire six times before reloading. Agriculture and the National Economy • Cotton: spreading to the deep south (Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Arkansas) • Long-fiber Sea Island cotton could be separated by rollers • 1793: Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin: one person could separate fifty times as much cotton as could be done by hand. • Cotton production soared: new use for slavery • Cotton became a major export commodity • South supplied the North both raw materials and markets for manufactures. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Farming in the West • Movement to the West 1800: 387,000 west of the Atlantic states 1810: 1, 338,000 1820: 2,419,000 1860: over ½ lived west of the Appalachian Mountains Minimum price per acre had dropped from 1.64 to 1.25 Minimum plot reduced from 160 to 80 acres Farming tools • Iron plow: Jethro Wood of New York: plow with separate parts. (1819) • Steel plow: John Deere: (1837) • Iron and Steel plow: John Oliver: (1855) Grain Reaper: Cyrus McCormick: (1834) Hand sickle: ½ acre per day Reaper: 12 acres per day By 1850s: farming became major commercial activity Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831 John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837) Transportation and the National Economy • Road Construction took off 1795: Wilderness Road: through Kentucky and Tennessee 1794: Philadelphia-Lancaster Turnpike National Road Old Forbes Road: Philadelphia to Pittsburgh Genesee Turnpike: Massachusetts to Buffalo Transportation and the National Economy • Road Construction took off 1795: Wilderness Road: through Kentucky and Tennessee 1794: Philadelphia-Lancaster Turnpike National Road Old Forbes Road: Philadelphia to Pittsburgh Genesee Turnpike: Massachusetts to Buffalo First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities. Cumberland (National Road), 1811 Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s Water Transport • Flatboat: • Keelboat: • River Steamboat: Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston sent the Clermont up the Hudson River to Albany in 1807 Steamboat brought two way traffic to the Mississippi River: Villages along the river became major centers of commercial and urban life. • Canal Barge: Erie Canal. Connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie: (Albany to Buffalo) Reduced travel time from NYC to Buffalo from 20 to 6 days Cost of moving freight dropped from 100 to 5 dollars per ton. Erie Canal System Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825 Railroads • Steam powered locomotives developed in England in 1814. • July 1828: B and O Railroad (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad) first railroad in the United States • 1840: 3,328 miles of rail • 1860: 30, 626 miles Railroads were responsible for the tremendous increase of American cities Railroads provided indirect benefits by encouraging settlement and the expansion of farming. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) The Railroad Revolution, 1850s Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. Slave labor built the So. RRs. Principal Canals in 1840 Ocean Transport • Innovation of the Clipper Ship: (1845) doubled the speed of the older merchant vessels. Helped spur the gold rush in California in 1848. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont Inland Freight Rates Clipper Ships Early Textile Manufacturing • From “putting out” to factory system. Raw materials (Leather, wool, etc). Would be worked up at home, then collected, and sold Beginnings of movement to factories in Britain. 1. Iron smelting by coke: removed impurities and made it stronger 2. Invention of steam engine 3. John Kay: Flying shuttle (1733) 4. James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny (1764) 5. Richard Arkwright: Water Frame: (1769) 6. Samuel Crompton: Spinning Mule: (1779): could do the work of 200 spinners Watt’s Steam Engine The Waterframe The Flying Shuttle The Spinning Jenny Britain wanted to protect its technological secrets Samuel Slater • Worked in a British textile mill • Memorized plan the waterframe • Contracted with a merchant-manufacturer in Rhode Island to build a mill in Pawtucket, RI • First in a series of mills which sprouted across New England Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”) Factory System: Waltham, Massachusetts in 1813 • Boston Manufacturing Company • Francis Cabot Lowell First factory using spinning and weaving by power machinery were brought under one roof All processes were mechanized: from raw material to finished cloth 1822: Lowell • Large capital investment • Concentration of all processes in one plant under unified management • Specialization in coarse cloth that required minimum skill by workers • Designed model factory that would strengthen the fabric of society (paternal supervision) Young women were placed in dormitories, required to attend church, temperance regulations and curfews. Family System of Rhode Island • Factories built in unpopulated areas (relied on water power) • Entire families might be hired (men for heavy labor, and women and children for lighter work) • Promoted paternalism • Employers often paid in goods from the company store The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814 Lowell Mill Early Textile Loom Interchangeable Parts • Eli Whitney: • 1798: took an order to provide 10,000 riles for the U.S. government. • Whitney standardized gun parts and made them identical. • When a piece broke, a new one could easily be inserted. Samuel Morse • Telegraph First message sent on May 24, 1844 between Baltimore and Washington, D.C. 1858: First Trans-Atlantic cable between the United States and Britain American Culture: Efforts to Improve Society • 1. Abolitionism: movement to eliminate slavery. William Lloyd Garrison: editor of the Liberator, a newspaper that attacked the evils of slavery. Garrison angered many in the South and attacked slave holders. Garrison angered people in the north who wanted gradual emancipation or those who didn’t support slavery reform. Formation of Anti-Slavery Societies • 1832: Garrison and his supporters established the New England Anti-Slavery Society • 1833: Arthur and Lewis Tappan founded the American Anti-Slavery Society: Hoped to exploit the publicity gained by the British anti-slavery movement, which had induced Parliament to end slavery that same year. • Set goal of convincing people the evils of slavery and that everyone should work towards its immediate “abandonment.” • Also argued that blacks should be equal to whites American Colonization Society • Formed in 1817 • Proposed to return freed slaves to Africa • 1822: first freed slaves arrived in what would be known as Liberia • By 1860, 15,000 blacks had migrated to Africa. • Monrovia (named after President James Monroe) became the capital The Grimke Sisters • Sarah and Angelina Grimke moved from South Carolina to the north to take part in antislavery, feminism and other reforms. • Called on southern women to speak out against slavery (Appeal to the Christian Women of the South) • Began speaking to crowds of men and women, which was considered unseemly at the time. Nat Turner Rebellion • 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia that resulted in 60 deaths, the most by a slave insurrection. • Turner was convicted, sentenced, and executed. • Southerners blamed this uprising on abolitionist meddling in their affairs. • Fear of another slave revolt created support for the slavocracy Frederick Douglass • Runaway slave and leading advocate against slavery became the best known black man in America. • Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845) • Started an abolitionist newspaper for blacks, the North Star, in Rochester, New York Harriet Tubman/Sojourner Truth • Made 19 trips to the south to help black slaves escape to the North and Canada via the Underground Railroad, a system of safe houses for runaway slaves. • Truth: She preached the ills of slavery and the inequality of women throughout the North during the 1840’s and 1850’s. Horace Mann: Education • Leading public education reformer in New England • Head of Massachusetts Board of Public Education • Every child in the state could go to school for six months of the year • Massachusetts became a model for public education in the rest of the country Women’s Rights Convention • Seneca Falls Convention: 1848 Seneca, Falls, NY • Passed resolutions calling for equal rights for women, especially the right to vote • Birthplace of the modern women’s rights movement Second Great Awakening: religious and cultural movement that spread in the United States between 1800 and 1860’s. • 1800: fear of secularism sparked a revival for a Second Great Awakening • A. Revivals at Yale University and Andover Seminary: Timothy Dwight at Yale. • B. Frontier Revivals: camp meeting (emotional fervor with a spirit of social equality) several day long outdoor religious meetings. • Presbyterian James McGready: originator of camp meeting. • Cane Ridge, Kentucky: 1801. Greatest camp meeting. Attendance from 10,000 to 25,000. • Results: Changed lives of those who converted. Baptists • Baptists: theology grounded in the infallibility of the Bible and the recognition of man’s sinfulness. Universal redemption and adult baptism • Equality of all man before God, regardless of one’s wealth, social standing, or educational training. Methodists More centralized church structure Circuit riding: sought out people in the most remote areas with the message of salvation as a gift free for the taking. Francis Asbury: Father of American Methodism Phase II of Second Great Awakening • Charles Finney: began preaching in small towns in NY and became America’s leading evangelist by the 1830’s. • “New Measures”: new and unusual methods for conducting revivals. • Anxious bench: reserved for sinners who sensed a conviction of sin. • “Protracted meetings:” services held daily for up to several weeks in one location. Results of the Second Great Awakening • 1. thousands of converts: Methodists grew to second largest denomination in the United States. • 2. birth and growth of the American missionary movement • 3. positive moral results: moral sins declined • 4. Drive for moral reform increase • 5. new methods of evangelism