Transcript us history teks review

U.S. HISTORY TAKS REVIEW
PowerPoint Presentation
By Mr. Dennis J. Hataway
Created 04/12/04
Tammany Hall and Era
of Political Machines

Informal organizations that control
formal processes of government,
created by elected officials to
guarantee their power.
Friends rewarded with jobs within the
government – spoils system
 Engaged in bribery, force, and
gerrymandering.

Tammany Hall and Era of
Political Machines

Tweed Ring




Most notorious of the
political machines
Led by William “Boss”
Tweed
Used bribes and fraudulent elections to
wrest $200 million dollars from New York
City.
Exposed in 1871.
Growth of Labor Unions


In the late 1800s, two
out of three working
Americans depended on
wages instead of selfemployment.
Laborers formed unions


oppose unfair treatment
corporations continued to
wield more power than
labor.
c1900. Labor Day parade,
Main Street, Buffalo, N.Y.
Growth of Labor Unions


National Labor Union (1866) – first union
American Federation of Labor
(1886)



Founded by Samuel Gompers
Sought better wages, hours,
and general improvement in
working conditions.
Supported walkouts and
boycotts
Growth of Labor Unions


Public support for labor increased during the
latter part of the 19th century.
In 1894, Labor Day was declared a legal
holiday by the federal government.
Open Door Policy

In an effort to protect U.S. trade with China,
Secretary of State John Hay opposed the
increase of British, German, Russian, French,
and Japanese trade with China.
Open Door Policy

He wrote letters to the respective
governments requesting that they
support an Open Door Policy in China
(1899-1900).


State that all nations would have equal
trading rights in China.
Most nations abided by the agreement and
worked to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in
1900, a Chinese uprising against foreign
influences including business and
missionary interests.
Progressive Era

Occurred over a period of time between
1890s and the Great Depression.



First called such by Pres. Wilson in 1911
Movement coincided with the rise of big
business and increased interest in scientific
engineering and organization.
Reform movement concentrated in
urban areas and in industry.
Progressive Era

Features:


Decrease in voter participation
Increase in special interest groups
striving to reform society, the economy,
and politics.
Progressive Era

Features:

Commissioner Form of Government

Following the Galveston Hurricane in 1900,
people were hired to rebuild the city based
on their knowledge of city planning, not
because of political connections.
Progressive Era

Features:



Drug inspection and labeling began
Child labor laws and minimum wage
measures were considered
Women’s rights gained attention.
Progressive Era

In the early 1900s a series of political
reforms was enacted to improve the
efficiency and response of city and state
government. These included initiative
and referendum which served to give
voters a greater role in the lawmaking
process and recall which increased a
voter’s ability to eject an elected official
from office.
Spanish-American War (1898)

Triggered by explosion of the Maine on
Feb. 15, 1898, in Havana Harbor.
Spanish-American War (1898)


On April 11, 1898, Pres.
McKinley asked Congress
to authorize armed
intervention against
Spain to free the
oppressed Cubans.
The Navy, commanded
by Cmdr. George Dewey,
sailed into Manila Bay in
the Philippines on May 1.
Spanish-American War (1898)

The “Rough
Riders,” led by
Theodore
Roosevelt, rushed
San Juan Hill,
Cuba, on July 1
Spanish-American War (1898)



American Fleet destroyed Spanish ships
in Santiago Harbor, Cuba, on July 3.
Disease ravaged U.S. forces; 400 died
in battle or due to injuries while more
than 5,000 succumbed to malaria,
typhoid, dysentery, and yellow fever.
Results:


Cuban received independence.
U.S. acquired Puerto Rico, island of Guam,
and the Philippines.
Panama Canal

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

Gave the U.S. right to construct and defend a
canal through Central America.
Panama Canal

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)


Many nations had sought quicker, safer access to
the east from the west, and the narrow isthmus of
Panama offered a link.
Once the 50-mile long canal was completed in
1914, it changed the world’s systems of
transportation, communication, and economics.
16th and 17th Amendments

16th Amendment

Gave Congress
the power to tax
income (1913)
16th and 17th Amendments

17th Amendment

Guaranteed to the direct election of
senators by the voters (1913)
World War I: The Great War
(1914-1918)

Triggered when a
Serb assassinated
Austrian-Hungarian
heir Franz
Ferdinand.
World War I: The Great War
(1914-1918)

Combatants:


Central Powers:
Germany, AustriaHungary, Turkey, and
Bulgaria.
Allied Powers: France,
Britain, and Russian
and later Japan, Italy,
and the United States.
World War I: The Great War
(1914-1918)


American Trade with
Central Powers limited by
British control of the
shipping channels in the
Atlantic.
German U-boats sank
British passenger liner
Lusitania on May 7,
1915, at the cost of 128
American lives.
World War I: The Great War
(1914-1918)


Germany announced its plan to wage
unlimited submarine warfare.
Sank four U.S. merchant marine vessels in
March.
World War I: The Great War
(1914-1918)

On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked
Congress to declare war.
World War I: The Great War
(1914-1918)

American Expeditionary
Force sent to Europe
under the command of
John J. Pershing.


U.S. troops participated in
the last major offensive of
the war.
Battle of Meuse-Argonne
lasted 42 days and
involved 1.2 million U.S.
troops.
World War I: The Great War
(1914-1918)

Germany surrendered on Nov. 11, 1918.


Peace negotiations completed in 1919.
U.S. does not join the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles





Formal agreement ending World War I.
Challenge to divide the territory contained in
four empires which collapsed at the end of
the war: Russia, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
Empire, and Germany.
Establishment of the League of Nations
Charged Germany with responsibility for the
war, requiring war reparations paid to the
Allies and stripping it of all colonies.
U.S. Senate refused to ratify the treaty.
Teapot Dome Scandal

Worst of many
scandals in the
Warren G. Harding
administration
(1921-1925)

Harding had brought
to Washington a
group of corrupt
friends and political
advisors from Ohio.
Teapot Dome Scandal

Teapot Dome, Wyoming





A rich oil reserve
Harding’s Secretary of the Interior, Albert
B. Fall
leased reserves to oilmen who paid him
kickbacks.
Scandal involved other members of the
administration
Investigations and trials continued for
nearly a decade.
Prohibition

18th Amendment
adopted in 1919


In 1919 it became illegal
to manufacture, sell, or
transport alcoholic
beverages.
Emerged from the
Progressive era’s push for
moral, social, and
political reform.
Prohibition

18th Amendment adopted in 1919



Temperance leagues began working to reduce
alcoholism and social problems result from it
as early as the 1820s.
The Women’s Christian Temperance Union
was founded in 1874.
Laws to ban alcohol were adopted in states as
early as 1846.
Prohibition

Negative effects




The ability to sell grapes and
barley was reduced and hurt
farmers.
Enforcement was difficult
Gangs made millions of dollars
dealing in illegal liquor; crime
actually increased.
Repealed in 1933.
Al Capone, 1930
(National Archives,
Still Picture Branch,
306-NT-163.820C )
Great Depression (1929-1939)


Pres. Hoover’s efforts to slow the
speculation in paper profits through the
Federal Reserve Board had little effect.
Stocks fluctuated considerably during
the fall of 1929.
Great Depression (1929-1939)


Erratic sales on
“Black Thursday,”
October 24, caused
investors concern.
October 29,
“Black Tuesday,” over
16 Million shares
were sold on the
stock exchange.
Great Depression (1929-1939)

By late 1929,
investors lost $40
billion in paper
values, an
amount greater
than total U.S.
expenditures for
WWI.
Great Depression (1929-1939)

The stock market
collapse preceded a
world-wide economic
depression.


By the end of 1930,
more than 4 million
workers were jobless in
the U.S.
By 1932, 12 million
were unemployed.
New Deal (1933-1941)


Pres. Franklin Roosevelt's plan to end
the Depression.
Funds to pay for New Deal programs
came from increasing income taxes
on corporations and the rich, and
increasing estate and gift taxes.
New Deal (1933-1941)


Bills passed during the first 100 days of
his presidency in 1933 stressed “the
three R’s” of relief, recovery, and
reform.
Relief programs for the needy


Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
New Deal (1933-1941)

Recovery programs


Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)



Monitored crop acreage and livestock numbers
Set quotas and maintain prices
National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Worked with business to manage prices and
wages
New Deal (1933-1941)

Reform Efforts

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(FDIC)


Guaranteed individual deposits
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Required investment firms to provide accurate
information on their finances.
New Deal (1933-1941)

Social Security Act (1935)


Levied a tax on employers to provide
compensation and protection for Americans
unable to work.
Employees and employers shared
contributions to the fund which would
provide monthly payment to workers
following their retirement.
Time of the Dictators

A dictator is a ruler who
wields absolute authority
and controls the
government within a state
or nation.




Adolf Hitler: Germany
Benito Mussolini: Italy
Joseph Stalin: Soviet Union
Francisco Franco: Spain
Time of the Dictators

The League of Nations did not oppose
the actions of dictators


Nor did nations such as Britain, France, or
the United States intercede as the
republican government of Spain fell to
Franco.
This encouraged the dictators as they
organized and strengthened their control of
Europe.
World War II (1941-1945)


Totalitarian dictators were on the rise in
Europe throughout the 1930s as the
depression set in.
In Japan, the military began to make
moves without the direction of the
government or the Emperor invading
Manchuria (China) in 1931.
World War II (1941-1945)

Dec. 7, 1941
Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor
prompted the U.S.
to declare war.
World War II (1941-1945)


Germany and Italy
responded by
declaring war on the
U.S.
The U.S. entered
WWII in 1941 fight
a two front war:
Europe and Pacific.
World War II (1941-1945)



Nearly 15 million men and 200,000
women were enlisted.
More than 6 million women worked
outside the home to help keep the
economy going.
In 1942 Allied troops invaded North
Africa and in 1943 Allied troops invade
Italy.
World War II (1941-1945)

D-Day


On June 6, 1944,
Gen. Dwight
Eisenhower led 3
million Allied troops in
cross-channel invasion
of France, landing at
Normandy.
Liberated Paris by
August.
World War II (1941-1945)

Battle of the Bulge

Dec. 16, 1944, Adolf
Hitler countered with
a concentrated attack
on American forces in
the Ardennes Forest.
German advance was
stalled and finally
repulsed.
World War II (1941-1945)


Eisenhower’s troops advanced through
Germany, meeting Soviet troops at the
Elbe River in April 1945.
Pres. Roosevelt died of massive cerebral
hemorrhage on April 12, 1945.
World War II (1941-1945)
V-E Day = May 8, 1945
World War II (1941-1945)

War with Japan continued until August


Fire bombed Tokyo Mar. 9-10, 1945
August 6, 1945, first atomic bomb dropped on the
military base city of Hiroshima.


180,000 killed or missing
August 9, 1945, second bomb fell on the naval-base
of Nagasaki

80,000 killed or missing
World War II (1941-1945)

V-J Day


August 10, 1945
Surrender ceremony occurred on the
U.S.S. Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay on
Sept. 2, 1945
G.I. Bill

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944)


Part of a strategy to avoid economic
downturn after WWII.
GI Bill allotted funds to send former
soldiers to school.


Enabled 8 mllion veterans to seek vocational
and technical training or college degrees.
Allowed the Veteran’s Administration to
guarantee $16 billion in loans to veterans
to purchase homes, farms, or small
businesses.
U.S. as a World Power

Factors contribute to rise of U.S.:




1880s industrial revolution allowed the
country to compete with Britain for
economic dominance.
Increasing transportation and ports-of-call
in major trading areas.
Following WWII, the U.S. surpassed Britain
as a world power.
The USSR and the USA were considered
world powers because their foreign policy
impacted world decisions.
Soviet Aggression



In 1922 communists created the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or
the Soviet Union)
Following WWII, communists sought to
take over Greece and establish an
airbase in Turkey.
President Truman managed to persuade
Congress that this was a global struggle
for freedom over Communism
Soviet Aggression

Police of Containment


Support “free peoples who
are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside
pressures.”
Basis for the Truman
Doctrine
Soviet Aggression

Marshall Plan

Proposed economic aid
to Europe and help
generate trade between
the United States and
European nations.
Soviet Aggression

Berlin Blockade


1948 Stalin
attempted to
eliminate
involvement of the
west in Berlin.
The U.S. flew tons of
supplies into Berlin in
an operation called
the Berlin Airlift.
Soviet Aggression

NATO


The blockade of Berlin
prompted the United
States to join Canada,
Iceland, and nine other
Western European
nations in the North
Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO).
Each pledged loyalty to
the other in case of
attack.
Korean War

Korea divided after
WWII.


North Korea
occupied by Soviets
South Korea
occupied by U.S.
Korean War

June 26, 1950


Following withdrawal of
U.S. and Soviet forces,
communist North Korea
invaded South Korea
United Nations troops,
under command of
Gen. Douglass
MacArthur, order to lead
a “peace action” in
Korea.
Korean War

Truman vs. MacArthur


Difference of opinion over application of
force resulted in MacArthur being fired.
Their conflict mirrored public sentiment


Some Americans felt we should not be
involved
Other Americans felt we should intervene in a
decisive way to bring an end to the conflict
and the expansion of communism.
Korean War

President Eisenhower negotiated peace
in 1953 but communism continued as a
presence in Asia.
McCarthyism


Cold War era begins
Fear of communism increased
throughout the 1950s as Americans
became sensitized to the threat
through publicized investigations of
critics of the government.
McCarthyism

Joseph McCarthy, a
senator from
Wisconsin and
staunch anticommunist

Worked to identify
known communists
and accused others
based on
association.
McCarthyism

Joseph McCarthy


Many public figures
lives were ruined when
they were blacklisted.
Employers refused to
hire those suspected
of communist activities
because McCarthy’s
tactics of guilt by
association made the
employee suspect.
McCarthyism

Army-McCarthy
Hearings

In 1954, televised
Senate investigations
failed to substantiate his
claims of communists
collusion and lost favor
with the Senate, and the
American public.
1957: Year of the Space Race

October 4, 1957



Soviets launched the world’s
first space satellite, Sputnik.
One month later they
launched Sputnik II with a
dog on board.
American scientists quickly
developed a small satellite
and launched in early 1958.
1957: Year of the Space Race

National Defense and Education Act
(1958)


Education system fell under scrutiny; fear
we were falling behind “backward” Soviet
Union.
Authorized $887 million for loans and
grants to improve science, mathematics,
and language education.
Brown v. Board of Education
(1954)


Outlawed racial segregation in public schools
in this landmark case.
Reversed the 1896 decision, Plessy v.
Ferguson, which held that states could
segregated public facilities as long as all
facilities were equal.
Brown v. Board of Education
(1954)

Case was argued by
Thurgood Marshall and
other NAACP lawyers.


Proved that separate
schools were not equal and
never would be because
segregation implied
inequality.
Referenced the 14th
Amendment’s equal
protection clause.
Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968)


Civil Rights are the legal and political
rights enjoyed by Americans, especially
the rights guaranteed by the 13th and
14th amendments to the U.S.
constitution.
For nearly 100 years, until the adoption
of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African
Americans and women sought equality
before the law and protection of their
rights.
Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968)

Beginning in the
1940s, nonviolent tactics
were adopted in
an effort to unify
protest.
Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968)

Civil Rights Act of 1964



Signed by President Lyndon Johnson
Made racial, religious, and sex
discrimination by employers illegal.
Gave the federal government power to
enforce all laws governing civil rights
including the desegregation of schools and
public places.
Civil Rights Movement (19541968)

March on Washington
(1963)

Important step for the black
community in gathering
national attention to its
plight.
Civil Rights Movement (19541968)

Civil Disobedience

Black activists, often affiliated with church
groups, continued to offer passive
resistance to the unjust civil laws.
Civil Rights Movement (19541968)

Equal Rights Amendment
(1972)


Accepted by Congress after
more than 130 years of effort
on the part of women.
However, after ten years, twothirds of the state legislatures
had not ratified the measure
and it died in 1982.
Native American Policies


Since the arrival of Columbus in North
America, Native Americans have faced
European diseases, expansion, and
competitiveness.
Native American were forcibly removed
from their ancestral lands, isolated on
reservations, and forced to abandon
their traditions and rituals.
Native American Policies

Dawes Act (1887)



Effort to assimilate the Native Americans.
Ended tribal ownership of land, gave heads
of families 160 acres of land, granted
citizenship after 25 years if they complied.
All Native Americans given citizenship in
1924.
Native American Policies

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934


Tried to restore the tribal basis of life.
American Indian Movement

Following the example of African
Americans in their quest for civil rights.
In 1973 Indian activists staged a twomonth protest at Wounded Knee,
South Dakota, part of a widespread
Native American movement in the
'70s in support of treaty rights, Indian
sovereignty, and cultural preservation.
© Black Star Picture Collection, Inc.
Vietnam Conflict

Freedom Movement



Vietnam, a long, narrow country in
Southeast Asia, sought to maintain its
independence despite centuries of Chinese
and French occupation.
During WWII, Japan seized the country
from the French in 1941.
Communist leader Ho Chi Minh organized
the independence movement.
Vietnam Conflict

The U.S. supported Ho Chi Minh’s
opposition to Japan, but agreed to
support Vietnam’s return to French
rule following the war.
Vietnam Conflict

French Indochina War
(1946-1954)



Divided the country at
the 17th parallel
N. Vietnam capital at
Hanoi under Minh
S. Vietnam capital at
Saigon led by Ngo Diem
Vietnam Conflict


President Eisenhower support Diem from
1954 to 1960, a corrupt politician who
manipulated voting and repressed
nonconformists.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution


August 1964, U.S. Navy ships exchanged fire
with North Vietnamese
Congress passed the Resolution empowering
Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson to direct military
support to Southeast Asia.
Vietnam Conflict

Deeper Involvement
in a Civil War


After a Viet Cong
raid on an American
air base, Johnson
ordered American
troops to land.
By 1965, 184,000
American troops
were involved.
Vietnam Conflict

Deeper Involvement
in a Civil War


Foreign policy officials
presented the issue as an
effort to protect the noncommunist south from the
communist north.
In reality the confrontation
was between supporters of
Diem and their opposition,
the Viet Cong.
Vietnam Conflict

Decline of American Support

As more American tax dollars
and troops were expended on
the military offensive, and as
the Viet Cong and North
Vietnamese countered every
escalation with more
manpower and guerrilla
tactics, public support for the
war waned.
Vietnam Conflict


The Vietnam war
continued until
January 1973.
It was the longest
military engagement
in U.S. history and
the United States’
first defeat.
War Powers Act


Result of the growing negative
sentiment on part of the American
public toward the Vietnam War.
Congress Passed the War Powers Act on
Nov. 7, 1973, following the withdrawal
of U.S. troops from Vietnam.
War Powers Act

Required:


President to inform Congress within two
days of any use of American troops in a
foreign country
Withdraw troops with 60 days if Congress
did not support their deployment.
Watergate Scandal


Result of Nixon bid for reelection
Break-in at the Watergate Office
Complex in Washington, D.C.


Began with arrest of five burglars, paid by
the Nixon campaign committee
They had broken into the Democratic
National Committee headquarters
Watergate Scandal

“Cover-up”

Some of Nixon’s
staff tried to limit
the investigation.
Watergate Scandal

Nixon resigned August 9, 1974 to avoid
impeachment charges that he:




Knowingly obstructed justice
Used government agencies to violate the
constitutional rights of citizens
Illegally withheld evidence from Congress.
Nixon Pardoned by Pres. Gerald Ford
The Cold War

Following World War II, the United
States and the USSR emerged as
superpowers.



Arms Race that lasted nearly 50 years.
Used diplomacy and nerves to compete for
resources, markets, and political strength
in a world economy.
Bomb shelters
The Cold War

Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct. 1962)

Soviets placed ICBMs in Cuba.
The Cold War

Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct. 1962)


Pres. Kennedy warned Soviet leader Nikita
Khrushchev that an attack launched from
Cuba on the U.S. would be considered an
attack from the Soviet Union.
Resulted in the nuclear test-ban treaty of
1963 and a direct communications line
between Moscow and Washington, D.C.
The Cold War

SALT Agreement (1972)

Pres. Nixon strove to slow the arms race
through the Strategic Arms Limitations
Talks
The Cold War

Strategic Defense
Initiative (1983)



Derisively called the “Star
Wars” program
Pres. Reagan’s proposal to
establish a missile defense
system.
A strategy based in
advanced technology
aimed at outpacing the
Soviet defense.
The Cold War

By the late 1980s the United States and
the Soviet Union combined deployed
more than 16,000 nuclear warheads.
The Cold War

Fall of Communism

Combination of factors including the rise of
pro-democracy movements in eastern
Europe and China and the overthrow of
communist governments in Poland,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Romania
thawed the Cold War.
The Cold War

Fall of Communism

1989


The Berlin Wall came
tumbling down.
The Two Germanys
were reunited in
October 1990 after 45
years of political and
military separation.
The Cold War

Fall of Communism (cont.)

The USSR dissolved during the tenure of
Mikhail Gorbachev as his policies of
glasnost and perestroika worked to
undermine communism.
The Cold War

Fall of Communism
(cont.)

Replacing the USSR,
the Commonwealth
of Independent
States developed, 15
new governments
which adopted freemarket economies.
The Cold War

Fall of Communism (cont.)

Forty years of American foreign policy had
to be reassessed


to cope with the new realities as former Soviet
nations struggled with adopted western-style
capitalism and politics;
western European nations were forced to
develop strategies to cope with refugees and
challenges to their stable economies posed by
their weaker neighbors in Eastern Europe.

On the sunny morning
of September 11, 2001,
19 terrorists, working in
teams of 4 or 5,
hijacked four
commercial jetliners and
turned them toward
targets chosen for
destruction.
September 11, 2001
Terrorist Attack on the United States

Two of the planes,
loaded with fuel and
passengers, were
flown at full speed
into the twin towers
of the World Trade
Center in the
financial district of
New York City.
September 11, 2001
Terrorist Attack on the United States

A third terrorist crew
smashed their plane
into the Pentagon,
headquarters of the
U.S. military in
Arlington, Virginia.
September 11, 2001
Terrorist Attack on the United States

The hijackers of the
fourth airliner
apparently intended to
hit another target in the
Washington, D.C.,
area, but passengers on
the plane realized what
was happening and
fought back crashing
the airplane in a field in
rural Pennsylvania.
September 11, 2001
Terrorist Attack on the United States

The coordinated
terrorist strike on the
United States killed
nearly 3,000 people
and shook the nation
to its core.
End of Slide Show