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The Progressive Movement
Chapter 10
Section 1
The Progressive
Movements goals were that
they attempted to bring
under control the problems
created by industrial
growth and change.
Conservative Viewpoint
People who took a conservative, antiprogressive view thought that
businesses should be free to compete
as they saw fit.
In their view, businesses should not be
regulated by government commission
and agencies.
Laissez faire (hands off business)
should continue into the 20th century.
Progressive Viewpoint
People who sided with progressive
politicians thought that the time had
come to abandon laissez faire.
They wanted laws that would stop
businesses from competing in unfair
ways and provide some protection
for consumers and the general
public from the unpleasant effects of
industrialism.
In their view, government
should act toward
businesses as a good police
officer making them obey
rules that would ensure
safety and fair treatment for
all.
Effects of Developing
Technologies
They helped expand the railroad and
make it safer with such things as the
Bessemer steel process, the
Westinghouse air brake, Pullman cars
for comfortable train riding, and the
development of refrigerated cars that
enabled railroads to carry large
shipments of food for long distances
without fear of spoilage.
Some technological developments
that helped women get into the
workforce were the typewriter,
dictaphone, and telephone.
Florence Kelly was responsible for a
law in Illinois prohibiting
employment of women for more
than eight hours a day.
Lochner v. New York (1905)
A New York law prohibited bakers
in the state from working more than
60-hour week or a 10-hour day. The
United States Supreme Court
decided that the New York law
violated a business owner’s right
under the Fourteenth Amendment
not to be deprived of the use of
property without “due process of
law.” The Court therefore ruled the
state law to be unconstitutional.
Case of Muller v. Oregon (1908)
An Oregon law provided that women
could not work more than ten hours a
day in factories and laundries. Defending
the law before the United States
Supreme Court, a brilliant lawyer named
Louis Brandeis used scientific studies of
women workers to demonstrate that
women’s health could not be injured by
overly long hours of physical labor. His
arguments persuaded Congress the Court
to permit Oregon’s law to stand.
Social Darwinists believed that
wealth was an outcome of the
fittest and best rising to the top.
The progressive candidates that
were running for office
depended on the backing of
middle class voters and
publishers of city newspapers.
Middle Class
The chief characteristics of the
middle class were their practice
of reading popular books,
newspapers, and magazines.
These publications influenced
the readers’ economic and
political views.
Most members of the middle
class took their civic duties
seriously.
The men voted regularly and
the women participated in
clubs and charities and
sometimes joined reform
movements.
Joseph Pulitzer and William
Randolph Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer owned the
New York World, and
William Randolph Hearst
owned the New York
Journal.
Both these publications by
these two men reached an
enormous public by selling
newspapers for only a penny
and running feature stories
that appealed to people’s
appetite for scandal and
sensation.
Yellow Journalism
Pulitzer and Hearst used a
method called yellow
journalism.
Muckrakers
Monthly magazines like the Ladies
Home Journal and McClure’s carried
lengthy articles about corruption in city
government and shocking conditions in
factories and slums.
The writers of these articles played dirty
politics, or “muck” all that seemed
dishonest, immoral, and ugly.
Theodore Roosevelt referred to these
writers as muckrakers.
Two influential magazine writers
who were considered
muckrakers were Lincoln
Steffens, and Ida Tarbell.
Muckrakers in our time are
known as investigative reporters.
Lincoln Steffens
Lincoln Steffens
wrote magazine
articles and a
book, The Shame
of the Cities
(1904), revealed
how thoroughly
corrupt the city
politicians of his
time were.
Ida Tarbell
Ida Tarbell did a
thorough investigation of
the monopolistic methods
of John D. Rockefeller
and published it as a
series of magazine
articles and then as a
book, History of the
Standard Oil Company.
Upton Sinclair
Upton Sinclair’s
novel The
Jungle (1906)
exposed the
dreadful
conditions in
Chicago
meatpacking
plants.
The public outcry following the
publication led directly to a
U.S. law providing for federal
inspection of meat (the Meat
Inspection Act, 1906).
A related law, the Pure Food
and Drug Act (1906), regulated
the manufacture of foods.
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
It banned the manufacture
and sale of impure foods,
drugs, and liquors.
Required commercially
bottled and packaged
medicines to be truthfully and
fully labeled.
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
It gave U.S. officials the
power to check the quality
and healthfulness of meats
shipped in interstate
commerce.
Jacob Riis
He wrote How
the Other Half
Lives which
were about the
welfare of
people living in
urban slums.
Jane Addams
Established the Hull House,
a settlement house in
Chicago.
A Settlement house a
building located in a poor
immigrant neighborhood
were women and children
could go for help in
adjusting to American life.
The women’s suffrage
movement tried persuade state
legislatures to allow women
the right to vote.
The 19th Amendment granted
women the right to vote.
Booker T. Washington founded a
vocational training institution in
the late 1800s to improve economic
opportunities for African
Americans.
The NAACP stands for the
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP).
Four things that NAACP lawyers
managed to win concerning civil
rights in the Supreme Court that
were declared unconstitutional
The “grandfather clause”
A segregated housing law
The practice of denying African
Americans the right to serve on
juries
The practice of denying African
Americans the right to run for office
in party primaries
Ida Wells wrote a muckraking
book about the evil of lynching.
Marcus Garvey urged African
Americans not to seek acceptance
by the white majority. Instead, he
believed that they should build
their own institutions and leave
the United States for Africa, their
ancestors’ homeland.
Reformers in the temperance
movement urged people not to drink
alcoholic beverages.
The Anti-Defamation League were
composed of Jewish immigrants from
Europe were often the target of
native-born Americans’ religious and
cultural prejudices. To combat the
unfair statements made about them,
Jewish Americans organized the AntiDefamation League in 1913.