Transcript File

Routes of Human Mobility
Global Immigration Patterns
• NET OUT-MIGRATION
• Asia
• Latin America
• Africa
• NET IN-MIGRATION
• North America
• Europe
• Oceania
• The global pattern reflects the
importance of migration from
less developed countries to
more developed countries.
Global Immigration Patterns
• The population of the US includes
about 30 million immigrants.
• Largest number of immigrants in
the world but a smaller percentage
- 1/10th of total population
• ½ Latin America
» More than 1/2 are from Mexico
• ¼ Asia
• ¼ Europe
• Australia – 1/4th of total population
• Canada – 1/6th of total population
• Highest percentage of immigrants
can be found in the Middle East –
approx. ½ of the total population
US Immigration Patterns
• About 70 million people have migrated to the
United States since 1820. (30 million currently alive)
• The US has had three main eras in immigration
– and has drawn from areas all over the globe.
Colonial Immigration from England & Africa
• Immigration to the American
colonies and the newly independent
United States came from two
sources: Europe & Africa.
• Most of the Africans were forced to
migrate to the U.S. as slaves.
• Approx. 650,000 to “USA”
• Most Europeans were voluntary migrants
– although harsh economic conditions
and persecution in Europe blurred the
distinction between forced & voluntary
migration for many Europeans.
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1 million before Independence
1 million between 1776-1840
90% Great Britain
10% Dutch, Swedes, French, Germans,
Swiss, Spanish, Portuguese
19th & early 20th Century European
Immigration to the United States
• In the 500 years since Christopher
Columbus sailed from Spain to the
Western Hemisphere, about 65 million
Europeans have migrated to other
continents.
• For 40 million of them the destination
was the United States.
• There are three peaks of
European Immigration
First Peak of European Immigration
• 1607–1840 – 2 million (90% Great Britain)
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• 1840-1860 – 4 million
• 90% came from Northern
& Western Europe
• 2/5th Ireland – economic
• 1/3rd Germany – economic &
political
• Immigration declined
during the 1860s
Second Peak of European Immigration
• 1870-1890 – ½ million annually
• Again, more than 3/4th came from
Northern and Western Europe.
• Germans & Irish
• Scandinavian countries
» Entered into stage 2 of the
demographic transition due to the
Industrial Revolution – too many
people, not enough opportunities
• Economic problems in the US
discouraged immigration in the
1890s
Third Peak of European Immigration
• 1900-1920s –
approx. 1 million annually
• Southern & Eastern Europe
• Most came from countries that previously
had sent few people.
• 1/4th from Italy, Russia, & Austria-Hungary
• The shift coincided with the diffusion of
the Industrial Revolution…to southern &
eastern Europe
• 1910 – 13 million US residents were either
foreign born or had at least one foreign-born
parent
• 14% of the 92 million Americans at the time
Recent Immigration from Less Developed Regions
• Immigration to the United States
dropped sharply in the 1930s
and 1940s, during the Great
Depression and World War II
• Steadily increased in the 50s,
60s, & 70s
• Surged to historically high
levels during the 80s, 90s, 00s
Immigration from Asia
• 1800s-1960s – only 1 million
• 1970s-today – over 7 million
• Asia was the leading source of
immigrants between the late 1970s
and the late 1980s until overtaken
by Latin America
• Four leading Asian
sources today
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China
Philippines
India
Vietnam
Immigration from Latin America
• 1820-1860 – approx. 2 million
• 1960-2000 – approx. 11 million
• 1960s – began entering Stages 2 & 3
• Pushed by poor economic conditions
• Lured by economic opportunity &
social advancement
• Mexico passed Germany during the
1980s as the country that has sent to
the United States the most immigrants
ever, currently more than 8 million –
legal
Internal US Migration
Internal US Migration
Colonial Times
• Few colonists ventured far from
coastal locations because they
depended on shipping links with
Europe to receive products and to
export raw materials
• Hindered by intervening obstacles
• Appalachian Mountains
• Hostile Indigenous residents (Indians)
Internal US Migration
Early Settlement in the Interior
• Encouraged by the opportunity to
obtain a large amount of land at a
low price, people moved into river
valleys and fertile level lowlands
as far west as the Mississippi R.
• Transportation improvements
helped to open the interior
– Erie Canal
• The diffusion of steam powered
boats further speeded water
travel.
Internal US Migration
Early Settlement in the Interior
• The population center shifted west
rapidly because most western
pioneers during the mid nineteenth
century passed through the interior of
the country on their way to California
• Westward advancement of settlement
stopped at the 98th meridian
• Maps labeled the region west of the
98th meridian as the Great American
Desert. (Great Plains)
• No trees and little rainfall
• Ironically, this is one of the world’s richest
farming areas
Internal US Migration
Settlement of the Great Plains
• The US population center continued to
migrate westward but at a much slower
pace after 1880
• Large scale migration to the East Coast by
immigrants offset some of the westward migration
• It also slowed down as people began to fill
in the area between the 98th meridian and
California
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The Railroad created towns between destinations
Omaha, Kansas City, Salt Lake City, Denver
Someone had to live and work there
Realization of the fertile soil
• In 1980 the Center of US Population
jumped west of the Mississippi River
for the 1st time.
Internal US Migration
Recent Growth of the South
SUNBELT
• During the 1990s, for the first
time more Americans moved
out of the West than into the
West.
• Americans are now migrating
into the South
• Economic opportunities
• Environmental Reasons
• Interregional migration has
slowed in the 21st Century.
African American
Internal Migration
• From 1890 – 1960 approximately
seven million African Americans
migrated from the South to the
North, Midwest and West.
– Migrated to
• Escape Racism
• Seek Employment in Industrial
Cities
• Get a better Education
(self/family)
• Since 1970 the trend
has reversed.
• De-industrialization of northern
cities
• Growth of jobs in the “New
South”
• Improving race relations
Intraregional Migration in the U.S.
• Far more people
move within the
same region,
which is known as
intraregional
migration.
• Less than 5
percent of the
world’s people
lived in urban
areas in 1800,
compared to 50
percent today.
Urban vs. Rural
• Urbanization—is the growth of city
populations and the movement of
people from rural areas to urban areas.
• Urbanization began in the 1800s in the
countries of Europe and North America
that were undergoing rapid industrial
development.
• Migrations from rural to urban areas
has skyrocketed in recent years in the
less developed countries of Africa, Asia,
and Latin America.
Urban vs. Rural
• In more developed countries,
most intraregional migration is
from central cities out to the
suburbs.
• As a result of suburbanization,
the territory occupied by urban
areas has rapidly expanded.
• URBAN SPRAWL
Problems Associated with
Growth of Urban Areas
• Transportation problems
• Rich/Poor neighborhoods—isolated from one another
• Providing essential services (fresh water, sewage, disposal,
electricity, schools, clinics) becomes a problem
• Air, water, and noise pollution increase
• Sprawl results
• Rapid Immigration leads to Shantytowns
• In Developing countries, major cities are more connected to
regions outside the country than to regions within the country
Counter-urbanization
• During the late 20th Century – the
more developed countries
witnessed a new trend as more
people immigrated into rural areas
than emigrated out of them –
Counter-urbanization
• Like suburbanization, people
move for lifestyle reasons.
• Many migrants are retired
people
Why Do People Migrate Within other
Countries?
– Russia
• Komsomol
– Government incentives in Brazil and
Indonesia
– Economic migration within European
countries
– Restricted migration in India
Migration in Europe
Figure 3-20