Transcript Civil Rights Act - Henry County Schools

Desegregation started in what
part of American culture?
Baseball
Importance of Jackie Robinson
■ The first African
American to integrate
Major League Baseball
in 1947 with the
Brooklyn Dodgers
■ This leads to Truman
desegregating the
Military and re-launches
the Civil Rights
Movement after WWII
Early stuff
■ Randolph
■ FDR & Civil Rights
– Defense Industries
■ Truman and Civil Rights
– De segregation of military
■ Who created the NAACP?
– WEB Dubois
■ After sports, what was the 2nd area of
integration?
– Public schools
■ De Jure vs. De Fact
– De Jure – by law
– De fact – by fact
■ Which amendment was used to challenge
segregation?
– 14th
By 1950, the United States was a segregated society:
Jim Crow laws
White flight
throughout the
to the suburbs left
South created
African Americans
a segregated society
in poor inner cities
(de jure segregation)
(de facto segregation)
The modern Civil Rights movement began
in 1954 with the Supreme Court decision
Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
The NAACP took the lead
Their strategy was to
in civil rights; Segregated use lawsuits to challenge
schools became their
that segregation violated
primary target
the 14th Amendment
Brown vs. Board of Education
th
14
Amendment, Section 1
All persons born or naturalized in the United States,
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens
of the United States and of the state wherein they
reside. No state shall make or enforce any law
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any state
deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law; nor deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of the laws.
Brown v Board of Education in 1954
■ NAACP lawyer: Thurgood Marshall
– 14th Amendment : Even“equal” schools, if
separate, imply that black children are
inferior to whites
■ Chief Justice Earl Warren stated that
segregation violated the “equal
protection clause” of the
14th Amendment
■ Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson
■ Eisenhower first left integration up to
states
– Baltimore, St Louis, & Washington
DC integrated quickly
– Many southern states resisted.
Resistance to Brown
“The people of Georgia will
not comply with the
decision of the court…
We're going to do whatever
is necessary in Georgia to
keep white children in
white schools and colored
children in colored
schools."
The “Little Rock Nine”
■ Little Rock Nine- were 9
African-Americans who
integrated Little Rock
Central H.S.
– Arkansas Gov Orville
Fabus called in the
National Guard to
prevent integration
■ President Eisenhower
had to send in the Air
Force to protect them
from angry whites
Little Rock
Nine
What is going on here?
The for Civil Rights outside of
the court system
■Rosa Parks
■MLK’s economic boycott of the
Montgomery bus system
–Results: 1) integration fo city
busses, 2) rise of MLK as a civil
rights leader
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (1957)
■ The SCLC was formed to
use activism & non-violent
protest to bring an end to
segregation
■ The SCLC soon overtook the
NAACP as the leading civil
rights group in America
The SCLC was based on peaceful resistance
& Christian love:
“We will meet your physical force with soul
force. We will not hate you, but we will not
obey your evil laws. We will wear you down
by pure capacity to suffer.”
Martin Luther King’s non-violent approach
inspired other groups to act
In 1960, students from NC A&T led a sit-in at a
segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, NC
The “sit-in” movement led to the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Non-violent resistance training, Atlanta 1960
Freedom Rides!
■ In 1961 “Freedom Riders” rode buses
throughout the South to test whether
integration orders were being enforced
■ Freedom riders faced arrest & violence
but exposed the lack of enforcement
of desegregation laws in the Deep
South
Birmingham March (May, 1963)
■ Birmingham: “most segregated city in
America.”
■ MLK’s strategy – peaceful rallies, boycotts,
and marches
■ Extreme violence used against protestors
– Use of tv – public outrage over police
brutality – made it obvious the
government was going to have to step in.
■ MLK Jailed – “Letter from a Birmingham
jail” (in response to white leaders who believed
King was pushing too fast towards civil rights)
Birmingham Police commissioner Bull Connor
used violence to suppress the demonstrations
Among those watching the violence on TV was
President John F Kennedy who committed to a
national civil rights act to end discrimination
“I Have a Dream Speech” (wordle)
“I Have a Dream” Speech
■Aug, 1963. King’s most famous
speech given in Washington
D.C., it calls for a future of
racial harmony and peace
Civil Rights Legislation (part I)
■ Civil Rights Act (1964) This law signed by
President Johnson banned discrimination of any
kind in any park, restroom, library, theater, and
public building in America
– inspired by King’s “I have a dream” speech
■ Problem – most southern states were still using
literacy tests and poll taxes to prevent blacks
from voting.
The Voting Issue
■ Freedom Sumer
– In 1964, white & black
college students took part
in Freedom Summer to help
register African American
voters in Mississippi
– 3 killed by KKK & police
■ Selma Alabama
March
– Police violence at Selma
convinced President
Johnson to push for a
new federal voting law
Civil Rights Legislation (part II)
■ Voting Rights Act (1965): Banned literacy tests &
sent federal voting officials into the South to
protect voters
– Voter turnout & registration increased among
black citizens
– African Americans elected black politicians for
the 1st time since Reconstruction
■ Civil Rights Act (1968) – Ended discrimination in
housing.
SCLC
Founding
Goal
Original
Tactics
Later
Tactics
Original
Membership
Later
Membership
Philosophy
SNCC
Founded by MLK
Jr. and other ministers and civil rights
leaders
Founded by African American
college students with $800 received from
the SCLC
To carry on nonviolent crusades
against the evils of second-class
citizenship
To speed up changes mandated by
Brown v. Board of Education
Marches, protests, and
demonstrations throughout the
South, using churches as bases
Sit-ins at segregated lunch counters
all across the South; registering African
Americans to vote, in hopes they could
influence
Congress to pass a voting rights act
Registering African Americans
to vote, in hopes they could influence
Congress to pass a voting rights act
Freedom rides on interstate buses
to determine if southern states would
enforce laws against segregation in public
transportation
African American and white
Adults
African American and white
college students
Same as original membership
African Americans only; no whites
Nonviolence
Started Nonviolet, but moved to militancy
and violence; “black power” and African
American Pride.
Other Civil Rights Leaders
■Malcolm X
– Nation of Islam
– Argued at first for armed selfdefense (not non-violence)
but changed after trip to
Mecca.
Other Civil Rights Leaders
(“Black Power”)
■ Stokely
■ Black Panthers
Carmichael
– Formed by
– Leader of SNCC
Huey Newton
and Bobby Seal
– Started the
to protest
“black power”
police brutality
movement
in
Ghettos
– Stopped
allowing whites
into the SNCC.
Other major social movements
Environmental Movement
Women’s Rights
Latino Rights
■Mexican American groups
worked to improve the
lives
of “Chicanos”
■César Chávez
organized the
United Farm Workers
& helped gain better pay,
union recognition, &
better working conditions
for farm laborers.
■Grape boycott for better
labor conditions.
“Brown Power”
Pink Power
•Betty Freidan began
the modern women’s
movement by
publishing Feminine
Mystique in 1963
•Co-founded National
Organization for
Women to protest
discrimination and
promote equal rights.
Pink Power
■ Feminists
demanded an Equal
Rights Amendment
(ERA) to ban sexism
■ The ERA was
defeated in the
1970s by
conservatives &
anti-ERA women
Other Pink Power initiatives
■ Roe v. Wade (1973) – abortion
rights.
■ Title IX – outlawed sexual
discrimination in education
programs.
Green Movemenet
■In 1962, biologist Rachel
Carson published Silent Spring
exposing the dangers of
pesticides on the environment
–Environmental Movement –
Environmental Protection
Agency
–Earth Day (April 22)
Warren Court Cases
Giddeon v.
Miranda v.
Wainwright
Arizona (1966)
(1963)
Must be informed
If someone cannot
of your rights,
afford an attorney,
Affirmative
including
Legalized
abortion
up
one will be
provided
protection
against
action and
to a certain
point in
for them
selfreverse
incrimination
a pregnancy
discrimination
Roe v. Wade
Regents of Univ. of
(1973)
Cal. v. Bakke (1978)
In the 1970s,
Nixon adopted a
policy of détente
It was aimed at
easing Cold War
tensions
In 1972, Nixon visited
China to normalize
diplomacy and exchange
ideas of science and
culture
As tensions with
China eased,
Nixon sought to
end tension with
the Soviet Union
SALT or
Strategic Arms
Limitation
Treaty, limited
the amount of
anti-missile
systems
In 1969, Nixon
and Leonid
Brezhnev
signed SALT
Nixon
• Watergate – CREEP broke into
DNC headquarters
• Nixon participated in the
coverup.
• 1974 – Nixon resigned to avoid
impeachment
Gerald Ford (1974 – 1977)
■ Ford grants Nixon a
Presidential pardon
on Watergate;
people are angry
■ Ford is president
during a recession
and can’t deal with
the high
unemployment and
gas prices
■ Spiraling inflation and
energy crisis.
■ Camp David Accords –
agreement between Israel
& Egypt
■ Iran hostage crisis
– Carter let the Shah of
Iran visit
– Revolutionaries got
mad and took over the
US embassy in Teheran
(capital of Iran).
– Captured 54 captives
for 444 days.
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Regan (1981-1989)
• Conservative!
• Reganomics / “Supply Side” economics /
“trickle down” theory – reduce taxes on
weatlhy, who will then create jobs for the
rest of us.
• Massive amounts of spending on the
military – Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
– protection against missiles.
“I will appoint the first woman to
the Court” – Reagan during
Presidential election of 1980
Sandra Day O’Connor became the
first woman to become a Supreme
Court Justice in 1981
■ Administration officials
sold weapons to Iran––an
enemy of the United
States–– and then violated
more laws by using the
profits from those arms
sales to fund a rebellion in
Nicaragua fought by
rebels called the Contras
(a Spanish nickname for
“counter-revolutionaries”).
Details of this scandal are
still largely unknown to
the public.
■.
Iran Contra
Scandal
Collapse of the USSR
■Reagan’s plan was to force the
U.S.S.R. to keep up in an arm’s race,
which would bankrupt the Soviet
Union. We won because we could
outspend them.
■Michael Gorbachev establishes better
relations with the U.S.
■The collapse of the Soviet Union
marks the end of the Cold War in 1991
In 1989, George H. W.
Bush was elected
president
In 1990, the United
States led a war against
Iraq after it invaded
Kuwait
This conflict became
known as the First Gulf
War, codenamed
Operation Desert Storm
The entire conflict lasted
about 100 hours, until a
ceasefire was agreed
upon
Bill Clinton
■ North American
Free Trade
Agreement
(NAFTA)- this
created a free trade
zone between the
U.S., Canada and
Mexico
– Opponents believed
we would lose too
many jobs to Mexico.
– Supporters believed
it would open up
markets.
Clinton’s impeachment
■ Cause of
impeachment –
improper use of
money from real
estate deal &
lying under oath
about scandal in
office.
■ Acquitted by
Senate.
George W. Bush
■2000 Election – Bush v. Gore
–Gore won popular vote, but
Bush won Electoral vote.
9/11
■Response:
–Patriot Act – Made it easier
to search private records.
–Department of Homeland
Security – deals with
terrorist threats and natural
disasters.
Operation Enduring Freedom
(2001)
Invasion of Afghanistan
(whose Taliban controlled
government had been
harboring Al-Queda).
Part of the
War on
Terrorism
Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003)
■Invasion of Iraq (leader Sadaam
Hussein) for having WMDs.
Turns out, they didn’t have any.