Transcript FLYNN_WWII_The Cold War

THE BEGINNING OF WWII
1939-1945
RESULTS OF WWI:
DIVISIONS IN GLOBAL SOCIETY
• Disillusionment following
World War I, particularly in
Germany.
• The Treaty of Versailles was
the formal agreement that
ended WWI and changed
the map of Europe. New
nations were created (i.e.
Yugoslavia, Lithuania,
Czechoslovakia)
• Germany was required to
pay $ 33 billion dollars in
reparations for WWI’s
destruction.
• The Austria-Hungary and
Ottoman Empires
dissolved.
OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY CAUSES
Axis
Dictatorships
Axis
Militarism
Axis
Nationalism
Axis
Imperialism
Rise of
Dictatorships
GERMANY
• Adolf Hitler began the Nazi Party in
Germany in 1920.
• Hitler told Germans that they should
be proud of their history and that the
Jews and other ethnic groups were
to blame for the nation’s dire
economic problems.
• Hitler became chancellor of
Germany in 1933, and set up a
totalitarian government immediately.
• Critics of this new government were
imprisoned and Jews lost their rights
as German citizens, on top of being
horribly mistreated,
ITALY
• Benito Mussolini started the political
movement fascism in the early 1920s.
• Mussolini rose to power by promising
the Italian people that he would
build a new Roman Empire.
• Mussolini held power in Italy from
1922-43.
• Both Mussolini and Hitler promised to
expand territory and improve living
standards to the Italian and German
people respectively.
THE AXIS POWERS
•
In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini signed an alliance
known as the “Rome- Berlin Axis”.
•
Japan later joined the alliance making these
three countries known as the Axis Powers.
•
September 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria, a
coal rich province of China.
•
October 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia.
•
March 1936: Germany reoccupies the
Rhineland.
•
July1937: Japanese forces move into China.
•
March 1938: Germany annexes Austria.
•
September 1938: Munich Conference.
•
August 1939: Nazi-Soviet Pact signed.
•
September 1939: German troops invade Poland.
Japan
Italy
Germany
The Secondary Causes of WWII
Appeasement
The Failure of
Collective Security
U.S. Neutrality
•Appeasement means to consistently
give in to demands based on the
hope that the nation making the
demands will be satisfied.
• i.e. The results of the Munich
Conference.
•The democracies did not act
collectively together to protect
each other and other nations
from aggression .
•i.e. German-Soviet Pact
•Concerns were raised in the
U.S. that it’s involvement in
WWI was not in its best
interest and should limit it’s
involvement in European
affairs.
THE HOLOCAUST
9.7.2012
EARLY TIMELINE
HITLER’S EARLY POLICIES
• Anti-Jewish boycott of 1933
• Hitler learns that members of
the population more likely to
tolerate attacks against
minorities when they stood to
gain from it
• Nuremberg Laws
• Forbid intermarriage with Jews
and create parameters for
citizenship
• Kristallnacht “the night of broken
glass”
• Burn synaagogues, loot stores,
murder about 100 Jews
ATROCITIES
• The Nazis built special prisons
(concentration camps)
throughout Europe.
• Jews were forced to leave their
jobs, homes, and businesses
and were sent to places such
as Auschwitz, Treblinka, and
Dachau.
• In these camps the Nazis built
gas chambers to eliminate
large numbers of people.
• By the end of WWII 6 million out
of 8.3 million European Jews
had been killed by the Nazis.
CHRONOLOGY
•
July 6, 1941: Einsatzgruppen (mobile
killing units) shoot nearly 3,000 Jews at
the Seventh Fort, one of the 19th-century
fortifications surrounding Kovno
•
August 3, 1941: Bishop Clemens August
Graf von Galen of Muenster denounces
the “euthanasia“ killing program in a
public sermon
•
September 28-29, 1941: Einsatzgruppen
shoot about 34,000 Jews at Babi Yar,
outside Kiev
•
November 7, 1941: Einsatzgruppen round
up 13,000 Jews from the Minsk ghetto
and kill them in nearby Tuchinki
(Tuchinka)
•
November 30, 1941: Einsatzgruppen
shoot 10,000 Jews from the Riga ghetto
in the Rumbula Forest
Historical Context
•
September 17, 1939: The Soviet Union
occupies Poland from the east
•
October 8, 1939: Germans establish a
ghetto in Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland
•
April 9, 1940: Germany invades Denmark
and Norway
•
May 10, 1940: Germany attacks western
Europe (France and the Low Countries)
•
July 10, 1940: Battle of Britain begins
•
April 6, 1941: Germany invades Yugoslavia
and Greece
•
June 22, 1941: Germany invades the
Soviet Union
THE FINAL SOLUTION:
AN OVERVIEW
•
They used the term “Final Solution” to refer to their
plan to annihilate the Jewish people.
•
The genocide, or mass destruction, of the Jews was
the culmination of a decade of increasingly severe
discriminatory measures.
•
After 9/1939, anti-Jewish policy escalated to the
imprisonment and eventual murder of European
Jews.
•
The Nazis first established ghettos in the
Generalgouvernement (a territory in central and
eastern Poland overseen by a German civilian
government) and the Warthegau (an area of
western Poland annexed to Germany).
•
Polish and western European Jews were deported
to these ghettos where they lived in overcrowded
and unsanitary conditions with inadequate food.
•
German SS and police murdered nearly 2,700,000
Jews in the killing centers either by asphyxiation
with poison gas or by shooting. In its entirety, the
"Final Solution" called for the murder of all European
Jews by gassing, shooting, and other means.
PERSONAL HISTORIES
• Sam Itzkowitz
Born: 1925, Makow,
Poland
• Ruth Webber
Born: 1935, Ostrowiec,
Poland
• Describes gas
chambers in Auschwitz
[Interview: 1991]
• Describes the
Auschwitz crematoria
[Interview: 1992]
• http://www.ushmm.org
/wlc/en/media_oi.php
?ModuleId=10005151&
MediaId=1217
• http://www.ushmm.org
/wlc/en/media_oi.php
?ModuleId=10005151&
MediaId=1207
LONDON BLITZKRIEG
PEARL HARBOR
BATTLE OF MIDWAY
D-DAY
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
IWO JIMA
BATTLE OF BERLIN
LIBERATION OF AUSCHWITZ
GERMAN SURRENDER
HIROSHIMA
JAPANESE SURRENDER
THE COLD WAR
1945-1991
CHRONOLOGY
EARLY YEARS
• 1945: United Nations is
officially formed.
• 1947: Truman Doctrine
• 1948: Berlin Airlift begins
• 1949: NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization) is
formed. Members included
US, Canada and a number
of European nations.
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
• Ideological
• Free Elections vs. Communist Party
• Economic
• Free Trade vs. totalitarian regime
• Political
• US vs. Soviet Union
• Immediate Causes:
• Incipient conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States
began at the peace-time conferences.
• Their conflict was intensified after President Truman declared the
Truman Doctrine and launched the Marshall Plan in 1947.
SOVIET EXPANSION
• Post WWII the Soviet Union was the strongest power in
Europe and was still ruled by Joseph Stalin.
•
By the fall of 1944, the Red Army had liberated and
controlled a large part of eastern Europe.
• By 1945, at the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union
obtained the Curzon Line as her new boundary line
with Poland and also the control of the eastern zone
of Germany.
• By May 1945, the Red Army began by influencing the
post-war elections. They intimidated the voters and
changed the voting lists as they desired.
• Although the non-communists could still gain some
votes, most of the votes went to the communists. Thus
the coalition governments formed immediately after
the war were largely dominated by the communists.
• In late 1946, the French and Italian Communists were
becoming the most powerful parties in France and
Italy.
THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE
• President Truman supported a policy
of containment.
•
The US would work in military and
non-military ways to prevent
communism from spreading
throughout the world.
• Truman believed that without
American action Turkey and Greece
might fall under Soviet control.
Truman asked Congress for $400
million to assist these countries.
• “I believe it must be the policy of the
US to support free peoples who are
resisting attempted subjugation by
armed minorities or by outside
pressures.” – Truman Doctrine
• Became the foundation of American
foreign policy til the 1990s.
CONTAINMENT VS. ROLLBACK
Containment means
preventing the
expansion of a state.
Critical Thinking: What areas of the world have seen Rollback or
“regime change” strategies in recent years?
THE MARSHALL PLAN
• The goal of the Marshall Plan
was to rebuild the cities, farms,
and industries of Europe in the
post WWII years.
• American leaders hoped that
if people’s basic needs for food
and housing were met that
Europeans would be able to
prosper.
• The unstated reality was that US
leaders hoped that through
healthy economies, people
would resist communism.
• By 1951, Western European
economies were booming and
democracy had been saved.
)
AIRLIFT TO BERLIN
• In 1945 Germany had been divided into
zones.
• West Germany was occupied by troops
from the US, France, and Britain.
• East Germany was occupied by Soviet
troops.
• Berlin was also separated into halves.
• In 1948, Soviet troops closed all
entrances to Berlin so the US and Britain
began the airlift to Berlin.
• For about 1 year, American and British
cargo planes carried tons of food to W.
Berlin.
Berliners watching a C-54 land at
Tempelhof Airport (1948)
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BERLIN
BLOCKADE
• Though Stalin lifted the blockade,
the -western -powers failed to
obtain Russian recognition of their
rights of a land route to West
Berlin.
• This meant that even in moments
of defeat Russia was determined
to show strength and
determination.
• The following September saw the
setting up of a West German
Federal Republic through free
elections.
THE CREATION OF NATO
• In 1949, western leaders decided
to form an organization to defend
against Soviet attack.
• This organization, formed by the
U.S., Canada and 10 other
European nations is called the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO).
• The formation of NATO had a
huge impact on world politics
and defense. NATO has brought
more peace and security to the
world, dramatically improved
European unity, and helped
Europe emerge as a collective
power
• Congress' decision to join NATO
significantly changed U.S.
foreign policy.
THE WARSAW PACT
• In 1955, the Soviet Union
created the Warsaw Pact.
• It was a military alliance of
the communist nations of
Eastern Europe.
• By 1948 the Cominform had
been formed and Russia had
concluded mutual assistance
treaties with Poland, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary
and Romania.
• The confrontation over Berlin
(1948-49) and the formation
of NATO meant that the Cold
War would continue.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WARSAW PACT
• The Pact allowed Russia to station her troops in
eastern European countries. This meant that Russia
could attack western Europe at any moment and
could suppress any sign of rebellion in her satellite
countries.
• By 1955 when the most critical phase of the Cold War
was over both Russia and the United States had
organized their satellites into opposing alliances.
Political tension between the East and the West will
continue.
TENSIONS BEGIN TO EASE (EARLY
1950S)
• The first reason was that since 1953,
both the United States and the
Soviet Union possessed hydrogen
bombs.
•
Both sides realized that the use of
these destructive weapons in war
would destroy each other. Thus
they were determined to improve
their relations in order to avoid
direct military clash.
• The second reason was that since
1954, the bonds between the
'Super Powers' and their 'satellites'
began to slacken.
•
As their 'satellites' did not fully
support their leader - the United
States and the Soviet Union, it
made political sense for the two
Super-Powers to improve their
relations.
THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION
Hungary 1956
•
After Stalin died in 1953, Soviet bloc
members were able to enjoy greater
freedom of action as a result of a change
in Russian policy.
•
Stalin's successors were more willing to give
greater freedom to the Russian satellite
states. The Hungarians were greatly
encouraged. They demanded not only
economic and political autonomy.
•
They made an uprising against Russian
domination in 1956.
•
On October 23, 1956 before the Polish
embassy in Hungary, 50,000 people
participated in an anti-Russian
demonstration. The Russian-dominated
government appealed to the Russians for
help. On November 4, Russian troops
entered Budapest to put an end to the
uprising
CZECHOSLOVAKIA 1967
Prague,
1968
• In the 1960s, changes in the
leadership in Prague led to a series of
reforms to soften or humanize the
application of communist doctrines
within Czech borders.
•
The Czech economy had been
slowing since the early 1960s, and
cracks were emerging in the
communist consensus as workers
struggled against new challenges.
• On August 20, 1968, the Soviet Union
led Warsaw Pact troops in an invasion
of Czechoslovakia to crack down on
reformist trends in Prague.
Alexander
Dubcek
• Although the Soviet Union’s action
successfully halted the pace of
reform in Czechoslovakia, it had
unintended consequences for the
unity of the communist bloc.
CZECH NOTES
• The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia was significant in the sense that it delayed the
splintering of Eastern European Communism and was concluded without provoking any
direct intervention from the West. Repeated efforts in the UN Security Council to pass a
resolution condemning the attacks met with opposition from the Soviet Union, and the effort
finally died away. The invasion did, however, temporarily derail progress toward détente
between the Soviet Union and the United States. The NATO allies valued the idea of a
lessening of tensions, and as a result they were determined not to intervene. Still, the invasion
forced U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson to cancel a summit meeting with Soviet leader
Leonid Brezhnev. Although Brezhnev knew this was the most likely outcome of the invasion,
he considered maintaining Soviet control in the East Bloc a higher priority in the short-term
than pursuing détente with the West. As it turned out, the progress on arms control
agreements were only delayed by a few years in the aftermath of the Prague Spring.
• There were also long-term consequences. After the invasion, the Soviet leadership justified
the use of force in Prague under what would become known as the Brezhnev Doctrine,
which stated that Moscow had the right to intervene in any country where a communist
government had been threatened. This doctrine, established to justify Soviet action in
Czechoslovakia, also became the primary justification for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
in 1979, and even before that it helped to finalize the Sino-Soviet split, as Beijing feared that
the Soviet Union would use the doctrine as a justification to invade or interfere with Chinese
communism. Because the United States interpreted the Brezhnev Doctrine and the history of
Soviet interventions in Europe as defending established territory, not expanding Soviet power,
the aftermath of the Czech crisis also lent support to voices in the U.S. Congress calling for a
reduction in U.S. military forces in Europe.