Transcript trench warfare

World History
Ch. 23 War & Revolution
The Impact Today
• World War I led to the
disintegration of empires and
the creation of new states.
• Communism became a factor in
global conflict as other nations
turned to its ideology.
The Impact Today
• The Balkans continue to be an
area of political unrest.
Chapter Objectives
• Name the members of the
Triple Alliance and the Triple
Entente.
• Summarize the causes of World
War I.
• Describe the stalemate on the
Western Front and events on
the Eastern Front.
Chapter Objectives
• Explain innovations in warfare.
• Explain what is meant by “total
war” and its effects on society.
Chapter Objectives
• Trace the fall of czarist Russia
and the rise of the
Communists.
• Explain the Allies’ victory.
• List the major provisions of the
Treaty of Versailles.
Section 1
The Road to World War I
Daily Objectives
• Discuss how militarism,
nationalism & a crisis in the
Balkans led to World War I.
• Explain why Serbia’s
determination to become a
large, independent state
angered Austria-Hungary &
initiated hostilities.
I. Nationalism & the System of
Alliances
• Increase competition
• Rivalries over colonies & trade
• 1882 Triple Alliance: Germany,
Austria-Hungary & Italy
• 1907 Triple Entente: France,
Great Britain & Russia
I. Nationalism & the System of
Alliances
• Each state was guided by its
own self-interest & success
• Not all ethnic groups had
become nations
• Slavic minorities in the Balkans
& the Hapsburg Empire
II. Internal Dissent
• Socialist labor movements
• Conservative leaders feared that
their countries were on the
verge of revolution
• The desire to suppress internal
disorder may have encouraged
them to plunge into war.
III. Militarism
• Growth of mass armies
• Conscription, a military draft
• European armies doubled in size
between 1890 & 1914
• Militarism - aggressive
preparation for war
• Influenced by Military leaders
IV. The Outbreak of War: Summer
1914
• Militarism, nationalism, desire to
stifle internal dissent & the crisis
in the Balkans in the summer of
1914 led directly to the conflict
A. The Serbian Problem
• Serbia, supported by Russia
wanted to create a large,
independent Slavic state in the
Balkans
• Austria-Hungary which had its
own Slavic minorities was
determined to prevent this
B. Assassination in Sarajevo
• The Black Hand, a Serbian
terrorist organization wanted
Bosnia to be free of AustriaHungary
• June 28, 1914, Archduke
Francis Ferdinand, the heir to
the throne of Austria-Hungary
was killed by Gavrilo Princip
C. Austria-Hungary Responds
• Wanted to attack Serbia
• Sought the backing of their
German allies
• Emperor William II of Germany
responded with a “blank check”
& could rely on “full support”
• July 28, war was declared
D. Russia Mobilizes
• Czar Nicholas II mobilized the
Russian army against AustriaHungary
• Mobilization is the process of
assembling troops & supplies &
making them ready for war.
• Based on a war against both
Germany & Austria-Hungary
E. The Conflict Broadens
• Germany declared war on Russia
on August 1, 1914
• Germany’s military plans had
been drawn up under General
Alfred von Schlieffen
E. The Conflict Broadens
• Schlieffen Plan, called for a
two-front war with France &
Russia. By declaring war on
France, Germany brought Great
Britain into the war.
• Germany declared war on France
on August 3, 1914
E. The Conflict Broadens
• August 4, 1914, Great Britain
declared war on Germany
the Archduke Francis
Ferdinand and his
wife
Sarajevo
to avenge the
seizure of Bosnia
by Austria
Section 2
The War
Daily Objectives
• Report how the stalemate at the
Western Front led to new
alliances, a widening of the war
& new weapons.
Daily Objectives
• Summarize how governments
expanded their powers,
increased opportunities for
women & made use of
propaganda.
I. 1914 to 1915: Illusions &
Stalemate
• propaganda, ideas spread to
influence public opinion for or
against a cause
• Most people believed the war
would be over in a few weeks
A. The Western Front
• Germany made a vast encircling
movement through Belgium
(who was neutral) into northern
France
• Halted a short distance from
Paris
• First Battle of the Marne
A. The Western Front
• The Western Front reached a
stalemate due to trench warfare
• trench warfare, ditches
protected by barbed wire
• two lines of trenches soon
reached from the English
Channel to the frontiers of
Switzerland
trench warfare
http://collections.ic.gc.ca/courage/jpegs/soldierintrench.jpg
Trench Warfare
Warfare in the trenches of
the Western Front
produced unimaginable
horrors. Battlefields were
hellish landscapes of
barbed wire, shell holes,
mud, and injured and
dying men. The
introduction of poison gas
in 1915 produced new
forms of injuries.
A. The Western Front
• The Western Front had become
bogged down in trench warfare
that kept both sides in virtually
the same positions for four years
B. The Eastern Front
• Russian army defeated by the
Germans at the battle of
Tannenberg & the Battle of
Masurian Lakes as a result,
Russia was no longer a threat to
German territory
• Austrians defeated by the
Russians in Galicia
B. The Eastern Front
• Italy, attacked Austria in May
1915, & thus joined the *Triple
Entente, now known as the
Allied Powers, or Allies
• German-Austrian army defeated
the Russian army in Galicia &
pushed Russians back
B. The Eastern Front
• Russian causalities stood a 2.5
million
• The Russians had almost been
knocked, out of the war
• Joined by Bulgaria in September
1915, Germany & AustriaHungary eliminated Serbia
B. The Eastern Front
• Their successes in the east
would enable the Germans to
move back to the offensive in
the west
• The Eastern Front was a more
typical war of movement &
maneuver
II. 1916 to 1917: The Great
Slaughter
• Trenches protected by barbed
wire entanglements
• Concrete machine-gun nests,
heavy artillery
• Troops lived in holes in the
ground, separated by “no-man’s
land”
http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-color.html
http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-color.html
A. Tactics of Trench Warfare
• developments baffled military
leaders
• “Breakthrough” by throwing
masses of men against enemy
lines
• Offensive began with an artillery
barrage
A. Tactics of Trench Warfare
• “softening up” the enemy”
• flatten the enemy’s barbed wire
& leave the enemy in a state of
shock
• Soldiers would climb out of their
trenches with fixed bayonets &
work their way toward enemy
http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-color.html
Advancing troops in the
Battle of the Somme
British artillery firing on the Germans at the Battle of the
Somme
A. Tactics of Trench Warfare
• Attacks rarely worked
• Advancing unprotected across
open fields could be fired at by
the enemy’s machine guns
• In 10 months at Verdun, France
in 1916, 700,000 men were
killed over a few miles of land
A. Tactics of Trench Warfare
• World War I had turned into a
war of attrition, a war on
wearing the other side down by
constant attacks & heavy losses
B. War in the Air
• Airplanes first used to spot the
enemy’s position
• Later, began to attack ground
targets, especially enemy
communications
• At first, pilots fired at each other
with handheld pistols
• Later, machine guns
B. War in the Air
• Germans, used giant airships the zeppelins - to bomb London
• Caused little damage but
frightened many people
• zeppelins were filled with
hydrogen gas, when hit became
raging infernos
http://chem1.snu.ac.kr/~chemlab/icons/hindenberg.jpg
III. Widening of the War
• Ottoman Empire joined with
Germany in August 1914
• Russia, Great Britain & France the Allies - declare war on the
Ottoman Empire
• Allies land at Gallipoli,
southwest of Constantinople in
April 1915
The map on the
right shows the
Middle East
front during
World War I.
Study the map
and then
answer the
questions on
the following
slides.
III. Widening of the War
• Bulgaria, entered the war on the
side of the Central Powers,
Germany, Austria-Hungary & the
Ottoman Empire were called
• Gallipoli was a disastrous
campaign, Allies forced to
withdraw
III. Widening of the War
• Italy joins the Allies and opened
up a front against AustriaHungary
• In the Middle East, a British
officer known as Lawrence of
Arabia, in 1917, urged Arab
princes to revolt against their
Ottoman overlords
III. Widening of the War
• British forces from Egypt
destroyed the Ottoman Empire
in the Middle East
• British mobilized forces from
India, Australia & New Zealand
• Japan seized a number of
German-held islands in the
Pacific
III. Widening of the War
• Australia seized German New
Guinea
IV. Entry of the United States
• Involvement grew out of the
naval war between Germany &
Great Britain
• Britain set up a navel blockade
of Germany
• Germany retaliated with its own
blockade of Britain
IV. Entry of the United States
• Germany used unrestricted
submarine warfare
• May 7, 1915, the British ship
Lusitania was sunk by German
forces killing 1,100 civilian,
including 100 Americans
http://www.greatships.net/scans/PC-LU26.jpg
Lusitania
IV. Entry of the United States
• The Germans suspended
unrestricted submarine warfare
in Sept. 1915 to avoid
antagonizing the United States
• Jan 1917, Germany resumed the
use of unrestricted submarine
warfare
IV. Entry of the United States
• The return of unrestricted
submarine warfare brought the
United States into the war in
April 1917
• Psychological boost & a new
source of money & goods
V. The Home Front: The
Impact of Total War
• Total war, a complete
mobilization of resources &
people
• Affected the lives of all citizens
• increased government powers &
manipulation of public opinion
A. Increased Government
Powers
• Drafted young men
• Free market capitalist systems
were temporarily put aside
• Price, wage & rent controls
• rationed food supplies &
materials
A. Increased Government
Powers
• Regulated imports & exports
• took over transportation systems
& industries
• planned economies, systems
directed by government
agencies
B. Manipulation of Public
Opinion
• As casualties grew worse,
patriotic enthusiasm waned
• civilian morale was beginning to
crack
• Authoritarian regimes relied on
force to subdue their populations
B. Manipulation of Public
Opinion
• Democratic states expanded
their police powers to stop
internal dissent
• British Parliament passed the
Defence of the Realm Act
• Allowed government to arrest
protestors as traitors
B. Manipulation of Public
Opinion
• Newspapers were censored, &
publication suspended
• Propaganda to arouse
enthusiasm for the war
• Exaggerated German atrocities
• Citizens only to willing to believe
B. Manipulation of Public
Opinion
• As moral sagged, government
was forced to devise new
techniques for motivating
• Recruiting posters
http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/images/us_destroythismadbrute.jpg
http://hsc.csu.edu.au/modern_history/core_study/ww1/posters/jbull.gif
C. Total War & Women
• New roles for women
• Asked to take over jobs that had
not been available to them
before
• Chimney sweeps, truck drivers,
farm laborers & factory workers
in heavy industry
C. Total War & Women
• Governments quickly remove
women from the jobs at the end
of the war
• Positive impact: the right to vote
Russia
Germany
Germany had the
largest number of
soldiers and great
wealth and so was
likely to be a
strong opponent
in a war.