Transcript Anson Jones and Annexation Chapter 9: The Republic of

Lone Star: The Story of Texas
Chapter 9
The Republic of Texas:
1836 - 1845
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Lone Star: The Story of Texas
Chapter 9: The Republic of Texas: 1836 - 1845
Section 1:
Houston’s First Term
Section 2:
Lamar Takes Office
Section 3:
Houston’s Second Term
Section 4:
Anson Jones and Annexation
Section 5:
Daily Life in the Republic
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Houston’s First Term
Chapter 9, Section 1
• What challenges did interim president
David Burnet face?
• How were the relations between the
Republic of Texas and its neighbors, the
United States and Mexico?
• What challenges did the Republic face
internally?
Launching the New Government
Chapter 9, Section 1
• Under Sam Houston’s leadership, the new
congress began work in October of 1836.
• His first task was to form a cabinet.
• Houston named Stephen F. Austin as secretary of
state. Austin would be in charge of relations with
other countries.
• Columbia became the site of the new capital.
Later, the capital moved to the town of Houston.
A cabinet is a group of people who take charge
of certain duties.
Relations With Other Nations
Chapter 9, Section 1
• Houston had two main foreign policy goals.
Foreign policies are a government’s plan to deal
with issues outside the country.
• Texans voted to ratify the Constitution of 1836
and to support annexation by the United States.
Annexation is when one country takes over all or
part of another country.
• The United States was the first nation to
recognize Texas. Great Britain, France, and other
nations waited to see if Texas could hold on to its
freedom.
Relations With Other Nations
Chapter 9, Section 1
• Relations between Mexico and Texas were tense.
• Mexico rejected the Treaty of Velasco.
• Mexico rejected the Rio Grande as the border of
the new Republic.
• Texas objected to Mexico’s offer to sell Texas to
the United States. Texans believed that this offer
suggested that Mexico still owned Texas.
Houston’s Policies at Home
Chapter 9, Section 1
• Domestic policies are a government’s plans to deal with
issues inside the country.
• Armed forces - Most of Houston’s new troops were from the
United States. They had missed the Texas Revolution, and
they wanted to attack Mexico. Houston sent many of them
home on leave. This would save money and keep them from
causing trouble.
• Relations with Texas Indians - Houston sent messages of
friendship to several tribes. He tried to make treaties and
set up trading posts. He had little support from Congress.
• Economic policies- Houston tried to cut government
spending and impose taxes. However, few Texans could
pay. He printed money, which proved to be worth very little.
Houston’s First Term - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 1
Foreign policy is a government’s plan to deal with
(A) its enemies.
(B) immigration.
(C) issues inside the country.
(D) issues outside the country.
Why was Houston able to understand the problems of Native American
tribes?
(A) He was a Native American himself.
(B) He had lived among the Cherokees for several years.
(C) His mother was a Native American.
(D) He was married to a Native American.
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Houston’s First Term - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 1
Foreign policy is a government’s plan to deal with
(A) its enemies.
(B) immigration.
(C) issues inside the country.
(D) issues outside the country.
Why was Houston able to understand the problems of Native American
tribes?
(A) He was a Native American himself.
(B) He had lived among the Cherokees for several years.
(C) His mother was a Native American.
(D) He was married to a Native American.
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Lamar Takes Office
Chapter 9, Section 2
• Why did Mirabeau Lamar move the capital
to Austin?
• Why did Lamar want Santa Fe to join the
Republic of Texas?
• What was Lamar’s policy toward the
Cherokees and the Comanches?
A New Capital
Chapter 9, Section 2
• In 1838, Mirabeau Lamar became president of the
Republic. During his three years in office, he
undid many of Houston’s policies. He also
changed the flag of the Republic to the Lone Star
flag.
• Lamar persuaded Congress to move the capital
to a small frontier settlement called Waterloo.
• As Waterloo grew, Congress renamed it Austin, in
honor of Stephen F. Austin.
Lamar’s Foreign Policy Toward Mexico
Chapter 9, Section 2
• Lamar offered Mexico $5 million to resolve the
ongoing conflict between Texas and Mexico. In return,
Mexico had to:
• recognize Texas independence
• accept the Rio Grande as the southern border of
Texas
• Mexico rejected the offer. Peace talks failed because
Mexico refused to negotiate with Texas.
• Lamar tried to convince Santa Fe and eastern New
Mexico to join Texas. His Santa Fe expedition angered
Mexico.
Expedition - a journey made for some special purpose
Lamar’s Foreign Policy/Other Nations
Chapter 9, Section 2
• Lamar wanted the Republic of Texas to become a
great nation and compete with the United States.
• France became the first European nation to
recognize the Republic of Texas and agree to
trade with the new nation. Great Britain was next,
followed by the Netherlands and Belgium.
Lamar’s Domestic Policies
Chapter 9, Section 2
• Armed forces - Lamar strengthened the army and
navy. He fired Houston’s soldiers and built a new
army. He recruited soldiers from the United States and
paid them with land.
• Relations with Indians - Lamar believed that Native
Americans blocked the Republic’s westward
expansion. He used the newly strengthened army to
drive the Indians from the frontier.
• Economic policies - Lamar ordered millions of paper
dollars printed. He planned to back the money with a
loan from France, but the loan fell through. This
mistake lost him much support among the voters.
Lamar Takes Office - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 2
When Lamar moved the capital to Waterloo, Congress changed the town’s
name to
(A) Houston.
(B) Santa Fe.
(C) Austin.
(D) Rutersville.
What was the purpose of the Santa Fe expedition?
(A) To find silver for the Republic’s treasury
(B) To increase trade between Austin and Santa Fe
(C) To drive the Comanches out of Texas
(D) To convince Santa Fe and eastern New Mexico to join Texas
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Lamar Takes Office - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 2
When Lamar moved the capital to Waterloo, Congress changed the town’s
name to
(A) Houston.
(B) Santa Fe.
(C) Austin.
(D) Rutersville.
What was the purpose of the Santa Fe expedition?
(A) To find silver for the Republic’s treasury
(B) To increase trade between Austin and Santa Fe
(C) To drive the Comanches out of Texas
(D) To convince Santa Fe and eastern New Mexico to join Texas
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Houston’s Second Term
Chapter 9, Section 3
• What problems did Houston face during
his second term as president?
• Why did the people of Austin prevent the
movement of government documents
during the Archives War?
• What happened to the men of the Mier
expedition?
Houston Resumes Command
Chapter 9, Section 3
Houston began his second term as president. Texas was
bankrupt, and Indian raids still threatened the frontier.
The Texas Economy Under Houston
Houston reduced government spending by millions, but
interest caused the debt to keep growing. Interest is the
price paid for the use of borrowed money.
Native American Peace Treaties
Houston convinced many tribes to attend a “grand
council” where a peace treaty was signed. He supported
trade posts set up by the government.
Continued Conflict With Mexico
Chapter 9, Section 3
The Battle of Salado Creek
• Mexican troops captured
San Antonio. A group of
Texans hid near Salado
Creek and lured Mexican
troops into a trap. Though
outnumbered, the Texans
were victorious.
• In a nearby battle,
Dawson’s Massacre, 50
Texans were killed, even
though they surrendered
to the Mexicans.
The Archives War
• Fearing attack by the
Mexicans, Houston
ordered Rangers to move
the archives from Austin to
Houston. Archives are
collections of important
public documents, such as
constitutions and other
public records.The people
of Austin resisted this
move and attacked the
Rangers.The archives
remained in Austin.
Texas Responds to the Mexican Invasion
Chapter 9, Section 3
Somervell’s Expedition
Houston sent General Alexander Somervell to make sure that
the Mexican army had left Texas. He was told to invade Mexico
only if he could beat the Mexicans. He felt he could not, so he
withdrew his troops.
The Mier Expedition
Some 300 of Somervell’s men refused to go home. Instead
they attacked the Mexican town of Mier. When they ran out of
supplies, they surrendered. Many escaped but were
recaptured. As punishment, Santa Anna ordered 10 percent of
them executed. In the Black Bean Episode, a lottery selected
which 17 Texans would die.
Houston’s Second Term - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 3
Why did Houston order Texas Rangers to move the archives?
(A) He wanted to show the city of Austin how much power he had.
(B) He feared they would fall into the hands of the Mexicans.
(C) He wanted them kept in his namesake town.
(D) He did not like the city of Austin.
What did the lottery in the Black Bean Episode determine?
(A) Whether or not Texans would attack Mexico
(B) Who would get to name the capital of the Republic
(C) Which parcels of land in Texas would be given away
(D) Which Texans would be executed by Santa Anna’s troops
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Houston’s Second Term - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 3
Why did Houston order Texas Rangers to move the archives?
(A) He wanted to show the city of Austin how much power he had.
(B) He feared they would fall into the hands of the Mexicans.
(C) He wanted them kept in his namesake town.
(D) He did not like the city of Austin.
What did the lottery in the Black Bean Episode determine?
(A) Whether or not Texans would attack Mexico
(B) Who would get to name the capital of the Republic
(C) Which parcels of land in Texas would be given away
(D) Which Texans would be executed by Santa Anna’s troops
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Anson Jones and Annexation
Chapter 9, Section 4
• What was the most pressing issue of
Anson Jones’s presidency?
• What were the arguments for and against
Texas joining the Union?
• What were the key points of the Joint
Resolution of 1845?
Anson Jones Becomes President
Chapter 9, Section 4
Anson Jones’s Early Life
• Practiced medicine in
Brazoria
• Fought in the Texas
Revolution
• Served in Congress
• Appointed Minister to the
United States by Sam
Houston
• Later served in the U.S.
Senate
• Served as secretary of
state during Houston’s
second term
Presidential Policies
• Maintained Houston’s
peace policy toward Native
Americans in Texas
• Tried to make peace with
Mexico
• Tried to convince Mexico
to recognize the
independence of Texas
• Tried to convince the
United States to annex
Texas
Arguments For and Against Annexation
Chapter 9, Section 4
Arguments For Annexation
• Being part of the United States would protect Texas
from being retaken by Mexico.
• Joining the Union would enable Texans to use U.S
currency, or money.
• Many Texans had family ties in the United States.
Arguments Against Annexation
• As a slave state, Texas would upset the balance of
free and slave states in the U.S. Congress.
• The United States was reluctant to admit a state so
deeply in debt.
Negotiating an Agreement
Chapter 9, Section 4
The Treaty of 1844
Most Texans agreed to the Treaty of 1844, but it was vetoed
by the United States Senate.
• Texas would become a territory of the United States.
• Texas would give up its public lands (lands owned by
the government rather than by individuals).
• The United States would pay the debts of the Republic.
Jones’s Strategy
Jones enlisted the help of Great Britain to win a better deal
for Texas. Britain was willing to help Texas in the hope that
the Republic would remain independent.
Negotiating an Agreement
Chapter 9, Section 4
The Joint Resolution of 1845
• Texas would join the United States as a state after its
people approved a constitution.
• Texas would keep its public lands. Money used from the
sale of public lands would be used to pay off the Texas
debt.
• Texas could divide into as many as four states.
• Texas would be a slave state.
• Mexico offered to recognize Texas independence—if
Texas rejected annexation by the United States.
Joint resolution - an act of both houses of Congress that
has the power of law
Anson Jones and Annexation - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 4
Who was nicknamed the “Architect of Annexation”?
(A) Stephen F. Austin
(B) President John Tyler
(C) Sam Houston
(D) Anson Jones
Under the Joint Resolution of 1845, what was Texas required to do with
any money it made from the sale of public land?
(A) Create a public school fund
(B) pay down the debts of the Republic of Texas
(C) Invest in trading posts to help the Native Americans
(D) Increase the strength of its military force
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Anson Jones and Annexation - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 4
Who was nicknamed the “Architect of Annexation”?
(A) Stephen F. Austin
(B) President John Tyler
(C) Sam Houston
(D) Anson Jones
Under the Joint Resolution of 1845, what was Texas required to do with
any money it made from the sale of public land?
(A) Create a public school fund
(B) pay down the debts of the Republic of Texas
(C) Invest in trading posts to help the Native Americans
(D) Increase the strength of its military force
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Daily Life in the Republic
Chapter 9, Section 5
• What was the main reason people moved
to the Republic of Texas?
• Why did some Texans go into the ranching
business?
• What goods and services were available in
Texas towns?
• What was the name of the first college
established in Texas?
The New Texans
Chapter 9, Section 5
• Between 1836 and 1845, many people moved to Texas
for its abundance of cheap land. Texas leaders gave
land to veterans and families of Texans killed in the
revolution. No land was offered to African Americans
or Native Americans.
• Texas required new settlers to live on the land for
three years before they were given full ownership. The
government did this to discourage land speculators.
• To speed up settlement, the government brought back
the empresario system.
Veteran - a person who served in the armed forces
Population Growth of Texas, 1834 - 1847
Chapter 9, Section 5
Life on the Farms and Ranches
Chapter 9, Section 5
Farmers
• The majority of farms in
the Republic were small
family farms.
• Most farmers practiced
subsistence farming.
They grew just enough
crops to support the
farm.
• Some planted cash
crops, crops that are
sold for profit.
Ranchers
• Cattle ate for free on
public grazing land.
• Cattle meat supplies
often outpaced demand.
• Ranchers were
challenged by thieves,
drought, and disease.
• Sheep ranching grew as
U.S. textile mills began
requesting wool.
Life in Towns and Forts
Chapter 9, Section 5
• Towns - Most towns grew when farms and ranches
appeared in an area. Some grew around one
business. Towns offered goods and services not
available on the farm. Many townsfolk were
immigrants. Most Texas towns stayed small.
• Armed forces - All fit men between 17 and 50 were
eligible to serve. The military was mostly volunteer.
Types of troops included infantry, artillery, and
rangers.
• Daily life in the armed forces was routine, and
consisted of drills and assigned tasks. Meals included
salted beef, beans, and hardtack (stiff wafers of
bread).
Education and Worship
Chapter 9, Section 5
Schools
• The first Texas public school
opened in Houston in 1839
and closed in 1840.
• Children were needed on the
farm, so mothers often taught
their children at home.
• Religious groups built the
first places of higher learning
in Texas.
• Rutersville College opened in
1840. Baylor University is the
oldest continually operating
university in Texas.
Religion
• The Republic of Texas had no
established church.
• The fastest growing religious
groups in the Republic were
Protestants.
• They held revivals to attract
new members. A revival is a
meeting designed to
reawaken strong religious
beliefs.
• Churches also published
newspapers and built
schools.
Daily Life in the Republic - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 5
The practice of growing just enough crops to support a farm is called
(A) Speculation farming.
(B) Revival farming .
(C) Cash crop farming.
(D) Subsistence farming.
Why did Texas law require people to live on the property for three years
before obtaining full ownership?
(A) To find out if the people would like living in Texas
(B) To discourage land speculation
(C) To encourage only strong settlers to move to Texas
(D) To determine the land’s potential for growing crops
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Daily Life in the Republic - Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 5
The practice of growing just enough crops to support a farm is called
(A) Speculation farming.
(B) Revival farming .
(C) Cash crop farming.
(D) Subsistence farming.
Why did Texas law require people to live on the property for three years
before obtaining full ownership?
(A) To find out if the people would like living in Texas
(B) To discourage land speculation
(C) To encourage only strong settlers to move to Texas
(D) To determine the land’s potential for growing crops
Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!