Transcript revised Article 3 section 2.

Amendments 11-27
11th – Judicial limits (1795)
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“The Judicial power of the United States shall
not be construed to extend to any suit in law or
equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of
the United States by Citizens of another State,
or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.”
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Partial sovereign immunity - Protects states from
certain types of legal liability (from citizens of other
states and countries) revised Article 3 section 2.
Citizens of the states can sue their own states if a
federal law is violated and the state agrees to it.
12th (1804)
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Revised Electoral College
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Pres and VP have separate elections
Suggests that both candidates should be from
different states
If no candidate gets majority (270) for pres. the
House decides from top 3 “vote getters”; each state
delegation gets one vote
If no VP candidate gets majority the Senate decides
from top 2 candidates
VP candidate must be eligible for president (35,
natural born citizen, etc)
13th (1865)
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Ends slavery and other forms of servitude
Does not apply to community service
punishment, the draft, or taxation
******14th (1868)******
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States can’t deny a citizen’s privileges and immunities
States can’t deny citizens due process (rights of the
accused protected from abuses by state and local gov’ts)
States can’t deny equal protection under the law to all its
citizens
These clauses have been referenced in many civil
liberties and civil rights cases against state and local
governments as well as the power behind US laws such
as Civil Rights Act 1964 and the Americans with
Disability Act 1990.
******14th (1868)******
Slavery References
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Citizenship clause Gave former slaves and
naturalized citizens the rights of other US
citizens (Not Native Americans until a law
was passed in 1924) overturned Dred
Scott v Sanford case
Ended 3/5 compromise for House Rep.
******14th (1868)******
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Confederate soldiers and political officer
holders were barred from serving in US
and state offices (unless a 2/3 vote
permitted it)
US will not absorb the debts of the former
Confederacy or slave owners.
15th (1870)
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States can’t deny a person’s (male) right
to vote based on race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
National gov’t can enforce this with
appropriate legislation (ex – Voting Rights
Act of 1965)
16th (1913)
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Created a standard federal income tax based on
individual citizen’s income.
Prior to this national gov’t got money from tariffs
(tax on imports/exports)
Expanded the size and scope of the national
government because it created more money for
the nat’l gov’t.
Some people say it violates the “rule of
apportionment” in Article I which requires states
to be taxed based on population rather than
income.
17th (1913)
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Direct election of US Senators by people
of the state rather than state legislatures.
18 (1919)
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Prohibition of alcohol
19 (1920)
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Women can vote
Anthony (standing) with Elizabeth Cady Stanton
20 (1933)
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Terms of Congress and President change
Went from March to January to shorten
the lame duck period
21 (1933)
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Repeal Prohibition
Only one ratified by the people instead of
state legislatures
22 (1951)
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2 term limit for president
Created because of FDR
Based on the wording a person can still
serve 10 years if they take over a
president less than halfway through that
term then get elected to their own two
terms.
23 (1961)
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DC can have electoral college votes for
president (3 votes currently)
Side note on DC – Residents of DC only
have non voting representation in the
House
24 (1964)
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No poll tax (people shouldn’t pay to vote)
Poll taxes were created by southern
states to block African-Americans from
voting by asking them to pay a voting fee.
25 (1967)
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Line of succession for president clarified
After Kennedy’s assassination
8 deaths of presidents in office (Kennedy*, FDR, Harding,
McKinley*, Garfield*, Lincoln*, Taylor, Harrison) and 1 resignation
(Nixon)
 * assassinated
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That’s a 9/43 chance or about a 20% chance.
Assassination Attempts
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Andrew Jackson
Theodore Roosevelt
Harry Truman
Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
26 (1971)
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18 year-olds and up could vote
Amendments to Voting Rights Act in 1970 put voting age
to 18 but Supreme Court said this provision could only
apply to federal elections initially.
This constitutional amendment was passed to allow 18
and up the right to vote in state and federal elections.
Public pressure gained momentum to pass this because
18-20 year-olds were dying in Vietnam and they couldn’t
vote.
27 (1992)
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If Congress gives itself a raise an election
must take place before the raise can be
given to Congress members
Originally proposed with Bill of Rights in
1789.
More important amendments
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12,13,14*,15,16,17,19, 22, 23, 24, 26