Transcript The Berlin Blockade

COLD WAR TIMELINE
The Berlin Blockade
1945- 1949
Background Information

WW2 ended in August 1945, in Japan, with
the bombing of Hiroshima

The 4 allied forces had to decide what to
do with Germany
Britain,
 USA
 Russia
 France

Great Britain
Soviet UnionRussia
France
USA



As soon as the 4 zones were established
each Ally power began establishing their own
rules going against this policy
Berlin, Germany’s capitol, was situated in the
Soviet Union zone
It was granted separate status, and was
divided into 4 zones again for each Allie
power
Berlin- 1945
There began to be disagreements
between the Allies as to what their
mission was in Germany
 How did The West respond?



Soviet Union began putting restrictions on
traffic to Berlin from Western Zones
(March 30, 1948)
The US had to figure out the intentions of
the Soviets
 Before they could do this, West Berlin was
running out of food and supplies
 The Western zones had no way of getting
these supplies to their people, except by
air
 The airlift began on June 26, 1948,
delivering food and fuel to West Berlin


The airlifts continued until Sept. 1948
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=-FNXegtQYhE

March 1949- they entered negotiations
with USA, UK and France to lift the
blockade. Results were a 3 point plan;
– Restriction on communications, transportation
and trade between Berlin and Western zones
will be removed May 9, 1949
– Restrictions the Western zones imposed will
be removed May 9, 1949
– On May 23, 1949, the 4 powers will meet in
Paris to discuss questions surrounding
Germany and the currency
NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
Military or defense alliance formed in 1949
by 12 countries in Western Europe and
North America
 Original purpose – to protect its members
from a possible attack from the Soviet
Union (Containment)
 First peacetime alliance in U.S. history
 An alliance of nations with shared values.
All members are DEMOCRACIES

NATO Treaty – Article 5
“The Parties agree that an armed attack
against one or more of them in Europe or
North America shall be considered an attack
against them all…”
 No NATO member was ever attacked during
the Cold War – it never had to use its
military forces

Who is in NATO?

1949 – 12 Original Members
– U.S.
– France
– Belgium

Britain
Portugal
Luxembourg
1952 – A Little Farther from the North
Atlantic (Demonstration of Truman Doctrine)
– Greece

Canada
Iceland
Netherlands
Turkey
1954 – A New Democracy
– Germany

1982 – Death of Fascist Dictator Franco
– Spain
The NATO Alliance
o In 1950, Communist North Korea, supported by Communist
China invaded South Korea.
oThe US supported South Korea against this Communist
aggression.
oUnder American influence the Security Council of the United
Nations condemned the attack by North Korea and called on UN
members “to render every assistance” to South Korea.
o
o
o
o
o
At first UN troops fought only North Korea (who
were armed by the Soviets.
The UN forces had to fight a massive Chinese army
that entered the war to support the North Koreans.
However, neither side was able to defeat one
another.
The war, much like the first World War, settled
into a war of limited movement.
When the war ended the Koreans were divided in
much the same way they had been before the war.
Demilitarized Zone Area between South & North
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=-X7nbwFxGRU
First Hydrogen bomb: 1952

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6e0_
6laRCA
The Warsaw Pact
1955 - The Soviet response to the
creation of NATO
 Consisted of the Soviet Union and its six
satellite countries in Eastern Europe

– East Germany
– Poland
– Hungary
– Czechoslovakia
– Bulgaria
– Romania

The Warsaw Pact no longer exists
1956 - Soviet union Suppresses
Hungarian Revolt

Following nearly two weeks of protest and
political instability in Hungary, Soviet
tanks and troops viciously crush the
protests. Thousands were killed and
wounded, and nearly a quarter-million
Hungarians fled the country.
1957 – Sputnik

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvPzU
AeWZZY
Berlin was a massive problem for East Germany. It was an
escape route through to the West. Between 1945 and 1961
nearly one-sixth of the East German population had fled to the
West.
The new leader of the USSR,
Khrushchev, like Stalin, wanted the
West out of Berlin. Both sides accused
the other of spying (which was entirely
accurate!) and the Soviets continued to
see Western influence in Berlin as
dangerous and troublesome.
Containing the East Berliners – the Wall
In August 1961 Berliners awoke to find their city divided in half. The
construction of the Berlin Wall had begun. East German guards patrolled
the wall and shot anyone trying to escape over it.
What effect did the wall have?
Graph showing the number of defectors to the West.
40000
35000
30000
25000
Number of
Defectors
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
What do you notice about the number of defectors after 1961? What
does this tell you about the success of the Berlin Wall?
“The building of the wall was at once a sign of failure and success. It was a
sign that there would be no settlement … of the problem of divided
Germany … But it also reduced the possibilities of future crises in Berlin. The
wall contributed to peaceful co-existence …”
Peter Lane, 1985.
Bay of Pigs Invasion,
Berlin Crisis, and Cuban
Missile Crisis 1961-62
The Bay of Pigs Invasion
Started with Eisenhower and followed with Kennedy.
Conceived by the CIA to overthrow Fidel Castro, the
invasion involved Cuban exiles who had fled Castro’s
rule and settled in the United States.
The Bay of Pigs mission failed.
Kennedy took responsibility
for the mission’s failure.
The President said,
however, that he would
continue to resist efforts
by the communists to
control other countries in
Western Hemisphere.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
The Failed Invasion
• Information was leaked early- New York Times
• Air strikes failed.
• Castro prepared for a land attack.
• Invaders were captured and ransomed back to
United States for $52 million in food and aid.
• Strengthened Castro’s ties to the Soviet Union
Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1962, American
intelligence
agencies
photographed
Soviet
nuclear missile
installations
in Cuba.
The missiles
at these
Cuban sites
threatened
major cities in
the United
States.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• Kennedy assembled a group of advisors, known as
the ExComm, to help him plan a response.
Managing
the
Crisis
– ExComm military members favored an air strike,
perhaps followed by a land invasion of Cuba.
– Others argued for a naval blockade. Kennedy
agreed with this plan.
• The world watched as Soviet ships carrying missile
parts approached the naval blockade. They turned
back.
Effects
of the
Crisis
• Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missiles if the
United States pledged to never invade Cuba.
• Both Kennedy and Khrushchev took steps to ease
tensions between their countries.
• They set up a hotline to allow direct communication
during times of crisis.
• The Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed,
ending atmospheric and underwater testing of
nuclear weapons.
To resolve the Cuban missile crisis, Kennedy worked
In Public
Behind the Scenes
In a television address,
Kennedy blamed Khrushchev
for reckless action that
threatened world peace.
Kennedy told the Soviets that
Kennedy initiated a U.S.
naval blockade of Cuba.
removed their missiles from
the United States would
remove U.S. missiles from
Turkey and Italy if the Soviets
Cuba.
After six tense days, the Soviets backed off.
Nikita Khrushchev agreed to honor the
blockade and removed the missiles.
The crisis prompted the two leaders to establish
a period of cooperation. They set up a hot line
between Washington, D.C. and Moscow to
improve communication.
Conflict Between France & Vietnam

The Vietnam War grew out
of the long conflict between
France and Vietnam.
– In July 1954, after one
hundred years of colonial rule
a defeated France was forced
to leave Vietnam.
The Geneva Peace Accords
The Geneva Peace Accords,
signed by France and
Vietnam in the summer of
1954, provided for the
temporary partition of
Vietnam at the 17th parallel,
 In the North, a communist
regime, supported by the
Soviet Union and the
People's Republic of China,
set up its headquarters in
Hanoi under the leadership
of Ho Chi Minh.

The Vietnam war occurred in Vietnam. Laos and
Cambodia during 1959 and 30 april1975. the war
started when communist north Vietnam tried to take
over the republic of south Vietnam. It was the longest
war America ad ever fought in and it lasted 15 years.
North Vietnam wanted to take over
South Vietnam. If they succeeded then
it’ll be likely that Laos and Cambodia
will turn Communist.
Laos and Cambodia might’ve turned
Communist because they are so vulnerable
FOR:American troops in Vietnam had vastly
superior weapons than the Vietcong.
American soldiers had machine guns and
were supported by tanks and helicopters.
They had napalm which was a type of
petroleum jelly which burns the skin. The
Americans used this to burn down all of
the jungles and see where the guerrillas
were hiding.
Against:America couldn't find the guerrillas
because they were really good at
blending inn with everyone. The
Americans couldn’t tell if they guerrillas
were normally civilians. They were
always ready to ambush them. Also the
people in south Vietnam would not tell
the American troops were the guerrillas
were hiding.
Deaths During the War
Deaths During
Vietnam War
American
S.Veitnam
N.Vietnam
August 1, 1975 The Helsinki Accords, Helsinki Final Act,
or Helsinki Declaration was the final act of the Conference
on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Finlandia Hall
of Helsinki, Finland. Thirty-five states, including the USA,
Canada, and most European states except Albania, signed the
declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the
Communist bloc and the West. The Helsinki Accords, however,
were not binding as they did not have treaty status.
Berlin Wall falling down
1989
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=zmRPP2WX
X0U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CvQOuNecy4
Israel:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ol_FO
XTwX88
India and Pakistan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yReaR
1p-PV0
Mexican Revolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HqTF
vCtVgI
Gandhi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WW3u
k95VGes