Transcript Chapter 27 Notes - Davis School District

Chapter 27 Notes
AP World History
Imperialism
►“The
policy of a
state aiming at
establishing control
beyond its borders
over people
generally unwilling
to accept such
control.”
► Encyclopedia
Britannica
I. The New Imperialism: Methods
and Motives
► The
New Imperialism was a
tremendous explosion of territorial
conquest in which the imperial powers
used economic and technological
means to reorganize dependent
regions and bring them into the world
economy
“I unhesitatingly assert-and all
unprejudiced travellers will agree with
me-that the world still wants the black
hand. Enormous tropical regions yet
await the clearing and draining
operations by the lower races, which will
fit them to become the dwelling-places of
civilized man.”
► B.
Political Motives
► One political motive for imperialism was the
desire to gain national prestige.
► The actions of colonial governors also led to
the acquisition of new colonial possessions.
Darwin's Theory of
Evolution
Creationist view:
47%
God created man pretty much in his present
form at one time within the last 10,000 years
Theistic evolution:
40%
Man has developed over millions of years
from less advanced forms of life, but God
guided this process, including man's
creation.
9%
Naturalistic Evolution:
Man has developed over millions of years
from less advanced forms of life. God had no
part in this process.
Four Factors that limited the development
of theory of evolution
1. Lack of knowledge on age of Earth
2. The Concept of speciation
3. Lack of scientific method
4. Notion of separate creation for humans and
animals
Natural Theology:
►He
saw the adaptation of organisms to
their environment as evidence that the
creator had designed each and every
species for a particular purpose
►(based on Judeo-Christian culture)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/religion/revolution/index.html
DARWIN
1809 -1885
► Darwin
trained to be a clergyman
► Beetlemania turned him into a naturalist
► Lyell and Hutton made him rethink the
age of the Earth
► Got a position as the Naturalist on a 5
year voyage
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/darwin/diary/
Beagle Voyage (1831-1836)




Naturalist aboard the Beagle
Collected plant & Animal specimens
Took Lyell’s Book on Geology with him
Visited many places including Galapagos
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/darwin/diary/
500 miles off coast of
South America
New Volcanic Islands
Organisms migrated to
Islands
Developed idea’s on Evolution after the voyage.
Didn’t recognize what he was seeing

Finches
and Tortoises
DARWIN
After the Voyage
► Darwin
developed his theory of Natural
Selection
► What inspired him?
 Hutton – Gradualism (The belief in gradual,
often slow stages)
 Lyell - Earth is Old
 Farmers/Animal Breeder - Variation in
populations
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/darwin/diary/
 Malthus - Populations grow rapidily
All populations have variation
Darwin knew many farmers and animal breeders. From them and his own research
he knew all individuals in a population are different.
DARWIN reads Malthus
1838
In 1838, Darwin reads for amusement
Malthus’s book Population.
In nature, animals and plants produce more offspring than
can survive.
This leads to a struggle for existence.
Darwin see that favorable variations in a population would
tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be
destroyed.
He at last has a theory by which to work.
Darwin publishes the Origin of Species:1865
Didn’t publish is ideas for 20 years!!!
Why?
Wallace comes up with the idea of
Natural Selection independently of
Darwin.
Forces Darwin to finally publish his
book on Evolution
► What
happens when science gets in the way
of religion and politics?
► “I
cannot persuade myself that a beneficent
and omnipotent God would have designedly
created parasitic wasps with the express
intention of their feeding within the living
bodies of Caterpillars.”
► Charles
Darwin
► The
second page of the Origin prominently
displays this quote:
►
“To conclude, therefore, let no man out of a weak conceit
of sobriety, or an ill-applied moderation, think or maintain,
that a man can search too far or be too well studied in the
book of God's word, or in the book of God's works; divinity
or philosophy; but rather let men endeavour an endless
progress or proficience in both.” - Bacon: "Advancement
of Learning"[iv]
Social Darwinism
► Social
Darwinism was
accepted by most
white westerners.
► Popular non-fiction
included the works of
Walter Baghot,
Benjamin Kidd and
Charles Dike.
► Popular fiction writers,
like Rudyard Kipling
echoed their views.
► Tabloid newspapers
upheld these notions.
Social Darwinism
 “Some groups of
people survive and
compete better than
others. The struggle
leads to human
progress. Some
groups advance
human progress
more than others.”
(From Pierre L. van
den Berghe, Race &
Racism. 1967.
Color matters
Herbert Spencer
► Spencer
was a
social
evolutionist.
► He coined the
term Survival of
the Fittest
Social Darwinism.
► Proponents
saw
western science as
providing material
benefits to the
world.
► They observed
ongoing struggles
for territory and
commerce.
► They regarded
conflicts between
men as inevitable.
Social Darwinism
► Soft,
gentle, kind and
humane groups were
apt to lose out to more
diabolical rivals.
► Man, in the
evolutionary process,
bred some races that
were superior to others.
► Survival of the fittest
ensured progress for all
of mankind.
►C.
Cultural Motives
►The late nineteenth century
Christian revival included a
commitment to exporting Western
“civilization” through Christian
missionary activity.
►
.
Missionaries in Africa
► D.
Economic Motives
► The industrialization of Europe and
North America stimulated a demand
for minerals, industrial crops, and
stimulants (sugar, coffee, tea, and
tobacco).
► Entrepreneurs and investors looked to
profit from mines, plantations, and
railroads in Asia, Africa, and Latin
America.
►E.
The Tools of
the Imperialists
►Colonial
Agents and
Administration
►Colonies
were administered with
the cooperation of indigenous
elites. Colonial administrations
used two different types of
indigenous elites: traditional
rulers and youths.
“Women have been taught that, for us, the
earth is flat, and that if we venture out, we
will fall off the edge.”
Suez Canal 1880s
Suez Canal (Egypt)
•In 1841 Egypt broke away in a nationalist revolution
•Muhammad Ali led Egypt & modernized it somewhat
•Egypt worked w/ a French company to build the Suez Canal between
Red & Mediterranean sea, a route which was vital for Europes trade w/
Asia
SC put Egypt in huge debt —did not have the $ to repay European Banks
(especially to the French banks)
British control of Egypt
(Suez Canal) 1882
•GB wanted unlimited access to
SC—did not want to have to ask
any other nation to use it
•Wanted “lifeline” in their
empire to connect all
imperial territory (esp. India)
•1882—GB sent troops to
Egypt and made it a British
“protectorate” —meaning
GB had complete access
& control of nation
"At that time there were many blank spaces
on the earth, and when I saw one that
looked particularly inviting on a map (but
they all look that) I would put my finger on
it and say, "When I grow up I will go there.
. . True, by this time it was not a blank
space any more. I had got filled in since my
boyhood with rivers and lakes and names.
It had ceased to be a blank space of
delightful mystery -- a white patch for a
boy to dream gloriously over. It had
become a place of darkness“ (Conrad 5).
Initial Occupation
 1885 The Berlin Conference
approves King Leopold’s claim
to “The Congo Free State” as
his personal colony until 1908.
 International investors
supported his claim to Congo.
 He established rule with his
personal army and he also
expected the Belgian army to
assist.
Info Source: ("Congo Free State,").
Picture: hbw2000.com
Benefits To The Imperial Power
 Ivory and rubber were the
main exports. Both were
collected through a
system of slave labor
controlled by Leopold’s
agents.
 Pneumatic tires drastically
increases the demand for
rubber.
Picture: vietnambusiness.asia
Info Source: ("Congo- the Brutal," n.d.).
Connect the dots –
Industrialization
leads to Imperialism
Leopold
"I do not want to miss a
good chance of getting us
a slice of this magnificent
African cake."
Belgian Congo Map
Picture: Culturegrams.com
Benefits and modernization
►
►
►
►
The Belgian modernized
the colony
The Belgians built
railroads and automobiles
They brought over
electricity and telephones
("Encyclopedia Britannica,“).
► AT
WHAT PRICE?
http://www.britannica.com/EBcheck
ed/topic/59224/Belgian-Congo
"The station chief selects the victims....Trembling, haggard, they lie face down on the
ground...two of their companions, sometimes four, seize them by the feet and hands,
and remove their cotton drawers....Each time that the torturer lifts up the chicotte, a
reddish stripe appears on the skin of the pitiful victims, who, however firmly held,
gasp in frightful contortions....At the first blows the unhappy victims let out horrible
cries which soon become faint groans....In a refinement of evil, some officers, and
I've witnessed this, demand that when the sufferer gets up, panting, he must
graciously give the military salute.”
-- Stanislas Lefranc, Belgian prosecutor
The chicotte, a particularly vicious type
of whip made from rhinoceros hide.
Women kept hostage to force their
husbands to go and gather rubber.
Rubber was harvested by climbing
the rubber tree, tapping into it and
letting the sap run all over the
slave’s body, where it would
congeal. Later he would peel the
rubber off his body, taking any
body hair with it. Rubber
harvesters were given impossible
quotas to fill each month. In
addition to enduring the hardships
of gathering rubber in the jungle,
many of them were killed by wild
animals.
Two victims (l.) who
lost their hands, one
because his wrists were
tied too tightly, the
other because company
militia cut it off to
claim him as killed and
get a reward. Below, a Belgian
Congo
father looks at the
severed hand and foot
of his daughter
8-9 Million Victims!
(50% of Popul.)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the
soldiers) returning with the hands of
the slain, and to find the hands of
young children amongst the bigger
ones evidencing their bravery...The
rubber from this district has cost
hundreds of lives, and the scenes I
have witnessed, while unable to help
the oppressed, have been almost
enough to make me wish I were
dead... This rubber traffic is steeped
in blood, and if the natives were to
rise and sweep every white person on
the Upper Congo into eternity, there
would still be left a fearful balance to
their credit.
-- Belgian Official
CECIL RHODES (18531902)
► British
businessman and politician in
southern Africa
► Made a fortune from African diamond mines
► Established South African Company
 Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
► Prime
minister of Cape Colony (1890-1896)
 Wanted British control over South Africa
 Wanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad
► Architect
Africa
of British imperialism in southern
 Great Britain became leading colonial
power in southern Africa
CECIL RHODES (18531902)
► WHAT
ABOUT MISSIONARIES?
VICTORIANISM
III. Asia and Western Dominance
► Between
1865 and 1876 Russia was
able to use modern weapons to
advance into Central Asia.
► The
nomadic Kazhaks resisted fiercely
► South
of the Kazhak steppe the decline
of Qing power allowed the Russians to
take over Muslim populations
► B. Southeast Asia and Indonesia
► Burma, Malaya, Indochina, and northern
Sumatra, all independent kingdoms in the
first half of the nineteenth century, were
conquered by stages between 1850 and the
early 1900s. Only Siam remained
independent.
► All
these areas had fertile soil, a favorable
climate, and a highly developed agriculture.
► Colonialism
contributed to an expansion of
the agricultural population, immigration
from China and India, and the spread of
Islam.
C. Hawaii and the Philippines, 1878–1902
By the late 1890s the U.S. economy was in need of
export markets and the political mood was
favorable to expansionism. The Hawaiian Islands,
controlled by American settlers since 1893, were
annexed in 1898.
► In the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo led an uprising
against the Spanish in 1898. He might very well
have succeeded in establishing a republic if the
United States had not purchased the Philippines
from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War.
► In 1899 Aguinaldo rose up against the American
occupation.
►
►
IV. Imperialism in Latin America
►
►
►
A. Railroads and the Imperialism of Free Trade
The natural resources of the Latin American
republics made them targets for a form of economic
dependence called free-trade imperialism.
British and the United States’ entrepreneurs
financed and constructed railroads in order to
exploit the agricultural and mineral wealth of Latin
America.
►
►
►
B. American Expansionism and the SpanishAmerican War, 1898
After 1865 the European powers used their financial
power to penetrate Latin America, but they avoided
territorial conquest. The Monroe Doctrine
prohibited European intervention in the Western
Hemisphere, but this did not prevent the United
States from intervening in the affairs of Latin
American nations.
After defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War,
the United States took over Puerto Rico, while Cuba
became an independent republic subject to intense
interference by the United States.
► C.
American Intervention in the Caribbean
and Central America, 1901–1914
► The United States often used military
intervention to force the small nations of
Central America and the Caribbean to repay
loans owed to banks in Europe or the United
States.
► The United States was particularly forceful
in Panama, supporting the Panamanian
rebellion against Colombia in 1903 and then
building and controlling the Panama Canal.
V. The World Economy and the
Global Environment
►
►
►
A. Expansion of the World Economy
The industrial revolution greatly expanded the
demand for spices, silk, agricultural goods, and raw
materials in the industrialized countries. The
growing need for these products could not be met
by traditional methods of production and
transportation, so the imperialists brought their
colonies into the mainstream of the world market
and introduced new technologies.
The greatest change was in transportation. Canals,
steamships, harbor improvements, and railroads cut
travel time and lowered freight costs.
►
►
►
►
B. Transformation of the Global Environment
The economic changes brought by Europeans and
Americans altered environments around the world.
The expansion of permanent agriculture and the
increased use of irrigation and water control led to
increased agricultural production in both wellwatered and dry areas of the tropics.
Railroads consumed vast amounts of land, timber,
iron, and coal while opening up previously remote
land to development. The demand for gold, iron,
and other minerals fueled a mining boom that
brought toxic run-off from open mines.