Transcript COLD WAR (continued)

THE MODERN ERA
1945-Present
THE COLD WAR BEGINS
• 1945 brings an end to World War II, but the
beginning of a new “war” between the East
and the West (Communism vs. Capitalism)
• Proxy wars will be fought all around the
globe because of the Cold War (Korea,
Vietnam, Nicaragua, Angola, Afghanistan,
Cambodia, etc.)
COLD WAR (continued)
• Berlin Wall built to separate East Berlin from
West Berlin
• “Iron Curtain” symbolizes the divide between
the two great superpowers after World War II
(the Soviet Union and the United States)
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
• The U.S. joined Britain, France,
Holland, Italy, and West Germany in
the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) to protect
western Europe from the threat of the
spread of Communism
• The Soviet Union (USSR) responds with
the Warsaw Pact, a group of Communist
nations from eastern Europe (Soviet
Bloc)
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
THE MARSHALL PLAN
• The United States had a plan to help rebuild western Europe
after World War II
• The hope was that if the U.S. helped them, they would not turn
to the Soviets for help, thus preventing the spread of
Communism in Europe
THE KOREAN WAR
• Early 1950’s, Soviet troops in North
Korea help install a Communist regime
there, resulting in a civil war because
South Korea resisted this change
• The United States helps out the South
Koreans for 3 years…stalemate is the
result and North and South Korea are
still two deeply divided nations
(Communist vs. Capitalists)
THE KOREAN WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
• Former French colony of Indochina is the sight of strong
nationalist movement led by Ho Chi Minh (late 1950’s)
• The Communists from the North (Viet Cong) fight against
the U.S. backed South
• The U.S. wants to stop the spread of Communism in
Southeast Asia (the Domino Theory)
• American escalation to full war for 10 years
• Result: over a million Vietnamese deaths and 58,000
American deaths
• War ends in 1973; North Vietnam takes over South Vietnam
in 1975
• Vietnam changes America (more cautious, hesitant in
foreign conflicts)
VIETNAM
THE SPACE RACE
• The Soviets and the Americans both wanted to be the first
nation into space
• The Soviets launched the first satellite into space in 1957
• The U.S. responded with a concerted effort to improve science
education in schools and the creation of NASA
• The Americans put the first man on the moon in 1969
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, 1962
• Cuba experienced a revolution in 1959 under the leadership
of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara
• The Soviets backed the new Cuban government in their
conversion to socialism…domino theory panic time.
• The United States was worried, having a Communist country
with Soviet backing only miles from Florida’s coast!
Cuban Missile Crisis
(continued)
• The Soviets wanted to use Cuba as a
missile installation since the U.S.
had done the same thing in Turkey
earlier
• A tense standoff occurred, with the
very real threat of a nuclear war
on the minds of all Americans
• Kennedy and Khrushchev both gave a
little ground and avoided
Armageddon
DECOLONIZATION
• The 19th century saw an increase in colonialism throughout
the world, with the core states of Europe and the U.S.
gaining territories globally
• In the 20th century, especially after World War II, colonies
began to experience their own independence movements, fueled
by nationalist feelings, and led by charismatic leaders who
were often educated in the colonizing nation
• Examples: Algeria (French colony in North Africa), Kenya
(British colony in East Africa), India (British colony in
South Asia), Ghana (British colony in West Africa)
• Some colonies were freed without a war, but others had to
fight for their freedom from colonial rule (Algeria vs.
France 1954-1962)
DECOLONIZATION LEADERS
Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)
Mohandas K. Gandhi
(India)
Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya)
PROBLEMS WITH DECOLONIZATION
• Because colonies were managed with maximum profit in
mind for the colonizing nation (not the colonized), there
were many obstacles in the way after independence:
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Lack of educated leadership
Lack of infrastructure, overwhelming poverty
Lack of stable democratic history, corruption from colonial era
Combination of ethnic and religious groups that were traditional
enemies (constant civil wars resulted)
– Jobs that existed were in place to benefit the colonizing nation
(poor economies)
– “Brain Drain” (the best and brightest from the former colonies
often left to attend school in the colonizing country and never
returned to their homeland)
THE PARTITIONING OF INDIA, 1947
• British colonial rule (Raj) lasts until the end of World War II, when
leaders like Gandhi helped gain independence for India through nonviolent resistance (boycott of British textiles, the Salt March, hunger
strikes)
• Three nations are created due to religious tensions between Muslims and
Hindus
– Pakistan and Bangladesh: Islam
– India: Hindu
– Hundreds of thousands die in religiously motivated violence
following independence
APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA
• White minority in South Africa ruled over the Black African majority for
hundreds of years, creating an official policy of “separation” in 1910
known as Apartheid
• African National Congress combats this policy but meets with brutality and
imprisonment
• Nelson Mandela goes to prison for almost 30 years for protesting
Apartheid
• Apartheid finally ends in the early 1990’s, and Nelson Mandela is elected
president
The United States and Latin America
• Dating back to the Monroe Doctrine of 1823,
The U.S. viewed Latin America as their sphere
of influence
• American companies, from railroads to steel
to fruit, were heavily invested in Latin
American economies from Mexico to Chile…
• Economic interests will bring the U.S. into the
political, social, and economic lives of Latin
Americans, especially during the Cold War
U.S./ LATIN AMERICAN RELATIONS
• Intervention in Cuba after Castro’s Revolution
– Bay of Pigs (attempted overthrow of Cuban government…failed)
• Training of armed forces of Latin American nations (in Latin America
and even in the US)
• Funding of secret wars against governments unfriendly to U.S.
interests (Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador)
• Propping up of dictators who were friendly to American economic
interests (Somoza in Nicaragua)
CHAIRMAN MAO & CHINA
• After the Communists defeated the Nationalists in
China, Mao Zedong begins a radical program of
change in the People’s Republic of China
• Collectivization of agriculture and industry in an
effort to strengthen China
• The Great Leap Forward in the late 1950’s was
intended to bring about the Marxist dream, but it
ended up killing up to 30 million people by
starvation
• Soviet Union and China do not get along, even
though both are Marxist theoretically
CHINA & MAO
The Cultural Revolution 1966
Propaganda Poster featuring Mao and
the Little Red Book
MAO’S GREAT LEAP FORWARD (1950’s)
• Mao’s Great Leap Forward was similar to Stalin’s Five Year
Plans
– Attempted to strengthen China by creating huge
communes where people had to do agricultural work…
– Unfortunately millions of people died of starvation as a
result of collectivization (just like Stalinist Russia/Ukraine)
MAO’S CULTURAL REVOLUTION,
1966
• Mao wanted to see China return to its original Communist path, so he set out to
purge the nation of all influences that were not helpful to that end
– Dissidents were jailed or killed
– Western and other influences prohibited
– “elites” (doctors, lawyers, professors) all were sent to work as farmers for
“cultural retraining”
– Farmers became doctors and doctors became farmers
– The program was a failure and forced China to begin to open up in the 1970’s
ISRAEL AND PALESTINE
• Balfour Declaration of 1917 encourages more Jewish immigration to
Palestine, desiring safety as well as a return to what they considered
their ancestral homeland
• Zionism = belief that Jews deserved their own homeland in the
Middle East
• Arab-Israeli War, Six Days War all evidence that Israel’s new
neighbors were not happy about the situation, but Israel always won
these wars (thanks to U.S. support)
THE RISE OF MILITANT ISLAM
• After independence, fundamentalist Islamic leaders arose in
the Middle East
• Populations viewed the West as corrupt, evil infidels and
often referred to the United States as the “Great Satan” (the
main obstacle that stood in the way of the worldwide spread
of Islam)
IRAN
• In the 1950’s and 1960’s the United States was very active in the Middle
East, attempting to keep leaders who were allies in power, and making sure
that leaders who favored Communism and the Soviets were kept out
• This meant keeping some bad leaders in positions of power in countries like
Iran
• The Shah of Iran was hated by many of his citizens for his brutality and
westernization efforts, but he stayed in power for a long time thanks to U.S.
support
The Iranian Revolution, 1979
• Radical Muslims overthrew the Shah and installed a
theocracy led by Ayatollah Khomeini
• The American Embassy in Tehran, Iran was taken over by
militant Muslims who took 55 Americans hostage for over a
year
IRAQ
• Saddam Hussein was an ally of the U.S.
for years until he invaded Kuwait in 1990
• The UN (United States) went to war with
Iraq in 1991 (the Persian Gulf War) and
forced Iraqi troops to leave Kuwait
• Saddam Hussein stayed in power and
another war would start between the U.S.
and Iraq in 2003
afghanistan
• In the 1980’s, the Soviet Union attempted to take
over the nation of Afghanistan
• A group of resistance fighters (Mujahedeen)
fought back using money and weapons from Saudi
Arabia (Osama bin Laden) and the U.S.
• After a decade, the Soviets pulled out of
Afghanistan, leaving the Taliban in charge of the
nation and bin Laden a hero in the Muslim world…
CHINA OPENS UP…A LITTLE
• After Mao’s death in 1976, China began to slowly open
up to the outside world and became part of the world’s
economic community
• Deng Xiaoping became the new leader and subtle
changes were made
• Economic reforms did not mean political reforms, as
Tiananmen Square demonstrated in 1989
COLLAPSE OF THE USSR
• In the 1980’s, the Soviet Union was struggling to keep up with defense
spending with the United States
• Citizens in the Soviet Union were demanding reform
• Mikhail Gorbachev became the Premier, and he promised Perestroika
(restructuring) and Glasnost (openness)
• Changes were made, but it was not enough to keep the Soviet Union from
collapsing in 1991
• The nations comprising the Soviet Union became independent countries
(Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Georgia, etc.)
• The Cold War was over after 45 years and trillions of dollars
Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989
A NEW WORLD
GENOCIDE IN THE MODERN ERA
• Rwanda 1994 (Hutu-Tutsi violence claims almost 1 million
lives or almost 1/7 of the population)
• Balkans 1993(breakup of Yugoslavia leads to nationalist and
ethnic conflict with Muslims the victims of ethnic cleansing)
• Cambodia 1975-79 (Pol Pot and Khmer Rouge attempt to
restore Cambodia to the glory of the past and kill millions of
people)
GLOBALISM
• The 1990’s saw an increase in connectivity in the
world (internet, satellite, multinational
corporations)
DEVELOPED/UNDEVELOPED
• After all of the change experienced in the 20th
century, some problems still remain:
– Income Gap
– Developed vs. Developing World
DEVELOPED/UNDEVELOPED
OPEC
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• 1960 OPEC forms with nations like Iran, Iraq,
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Libya, &Venezuela
• Member nations set production quotas and
prices worldwide
• Has the potential to either help or hurt the
global economy
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
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United Nations
Olympics
Red Cross and Red Crescent
European Union
Women’s Rights
• In the modern era, women gained more rights and took strides toward
greater equality in most parts of the world
• Higher education, career opportunities, health care all have been
major improvements
• Realistically still a struggle but progress has been made
THE WAR ON TERROR
• September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on the U.S. created
ongoing wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
• Osama bin Laden created a terror network known as AlQaeda, whose goal is the destruction of the United States