Transcript The Great War - Caddo Mills ISD

The Great War
Part One
Leading to War
After the Assassination
of
1. Austria-Hungary
declared war on Serbia
Archduke
Ferdinand
2. Russia mobilized
its army
on the Austrian
border
3. Russia ignored Germany’s request to
stop…Germany declared war on Russia
4. Germany declared war on France for
violating its territory
5. Great Britain declared war on Germany for
not leaving Belgium
Great Britain was also afraid of an
increasingly powerful Germany upsetting
the ‘balance of power’ in Europe
Steps To War : The Great War
1914 1918
Step One: 1914
--Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne
of Austro-Hungarian empire, in Sarajevo, Bosnia
Europe exploded into war
--U.S. President Woodrow Wilson declared a policy of neutrality
Step Two: 1915
--Germany declared a blockade of Great Britain:
U.S. saw this as a threat to U.S. businesses trading with
Britain.
--The Lusitania was sunk by a German u-boat
--President Wilson drafted defense plans
Step Three: 1916
--President Wilson launched a nationwide ‘peace plan’ to
generate support for ‘preparedness’
--Sussex Pledge: Germany states it will not sink ship without
a warning
--Wilson re-elected. His slogan… ”He Kept Us Out of War”
Step Four: 1917
--Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in an
attempt to end the war before the U.S. entered
--U.S. severed diplomatic ties with Germany
--Zimmermann Telegram is passed to the US by Britain
--U.S. declared war on Germany
--Selective Service Act… the draft… signed by Wilson
Nationalism
A feeling of pride and loyalty people have for
their country or for a shared language and
customs
• Example: a common language, religion,
history, culture, institutions
•
Central Powers v. Allied Powers
The Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
The Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Italy
Entered the Triple Alliance with
Germany and Austria-Hungary
in 1913, but declared it only a
defensive treaty when war broke out.
Central Powers Deaths in the War
The Allies
• Entente Powers or the Triple Entente
•
•
•
•
•
•
France
Britain
Russia
Italy 1915
Empire of Japan
United States 1917
Allied Deaths in the War
██ Allies (some entered the war or dropped out later)
██ Central Powers
██ Neutral Countries
American Neutrality
Most Americans don’t want
war
But effect
German-Americans
"The
of the war upon the United States will
and upon
Irish-Americans
depend
what American citizens say and do.
hoped Germany won
Every man who really loves America will act and
speak in leans
the truetoward
spirit of neutrality,
Wilson
Great which is the
spiritBritain,
of impartiality
and fairness and friendliness to
but endorses
neutrality all concerned."
Arbitration Treaties
Agreements between nations
to try and settle differences
and avoid war
Many had a one year cooling
off period
Both countries must wait one year before
going to war
Taft and Wilson signed dozens
of them with a number of
nations.
Wilson’s Foreign Policy
1. United States did not need any new territory
2. U.S. had no enemies
3. U.S. did not want to injure any foreign country
4. Being rich and powerful, U.S. should help less
fortunate (International Progressivism)
5. U.S. should not control other countries, but
encourage democracy
6. America’s past Imperialism was a mistake
Pre-War Problems in Mexico
Mexico Revolution began 1910
1. Revolutionary leader
Francisco Madero, a
progressive type reformer,
forced out dictator Porfirio
Diaz in 1911
2. In 1913,Madero is killed by
Gen. Victorano Huerta,
who sets up military
dictatorship.
3. Wilson called Heurta’s
government a
“government of
butchers”.
He refused to recognize
Huerta as President.
Wilson proclaimed a new
doctrine of
nonrecognition
Carranza
4. Led by Venustiano
Carranza, a new Mexican
revolt erupted in 1914
The Tampico Affair
American sailors in Veracruz
1914
a. On shore leave at
Tampico, Mexico, U.S.
sailors ‘strayed’ into a
restricted area and were
arrested
b. They are soon released,
but Wilson was angry.
c. Wilson made a show of
force to punish Huerta.
Sent a naval force to occupy
Veracruz.
d. Battle erupted..
19 Americans and 126
Mexicans were killed
before Veracruz was
taken
ABC Powers (Argentina,
Brazil and Chile)
intervened, offered to
settle the dispute.
Huerta abdicated
Carranza, with his generals
Villa and Zapata, took
power
Zapata 1919
Pancho Villa
a. Villa soon turned on
Carranza
b. Wilson supported Villa over
Carranza.
He was angry Carranza
won’t be a puppet to the
U.S.
c. Carranza drove Villa into the
hills of Mexico
d. Wilson finally decided to
recognize Carranza as the
proper leader of Mexico
Villa Attacked Americans
• Killed 17 Americans on a train
in Mexico in an attempt to
--provoke a US intervention
--discredit Carranza, and
--build himself up in the eyes
of Mexicans
• That failed...so he crossed the
border, killed another 17
Americans, burnt the town of
Columbus, New Mexico
General John J. Pershing
• Sent by Wilson to
capture Villa with
11,000 men
• This meant invading
Mexico
• Chased him around
Mexico for 9
months....never
caught him
• Within a few years
both Villa and
Carranza both killed
by assassins
• Company M from
Adams was sent to
guard the Mexican
border from invaders
Zimmermann Note
• Foreign Secretary of the German
Empire, Arthur Zimmermann sent a
telegram to the German
Ambassador in the U.S. to be
forwarded to the German
Ambassador in Mexico
• The telegram instructed the
ambassador that if the U.S entered
the war he was to approach the
Mexican government with a
proposal for military alliance.
• The Offer: If Mexico sided with
Germany, and they won the war,
Mexico would get back land lost to
the U.S
• Specifically the states of Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona
RMS Lusitania
• A British luxury ocean liner torpedoed by the German
submarine U-20 on May 7, 1915.
• The great ship sank in just 18 minutes,
eight miles off the Ireland, killing 1,198 of
the people aboard.
The sinking turned public
opinion against Germany
It probably was a
major factor in the
eventual decision
of the U.S. to
join the war in 1917.
The ship was in
fact blockade
runner, and thus
a legitimate
target, which the
German embassy
pointed out in a
public
advertisement
prior to sailing in
a New York
paper.
It was carrying
war munitions
for use against
Germany
RMS Lusitania Today
Sussex Pledge
1916
• Early in 1916, Germany had instituted a policy of
unrestricted submarine warfare
• This allowed armed merchant ships - but not
passenger ships - to be torpedoed without warning.
• Despite this, a French cross-channel passenger ferry,
the Sussex, was torpedoed without warning on About
50 lives were lost.
• Although no U.S. citizens were killed in this attack, it
prompted President Wilson to threaten to break
diplomatic relations with Germany.
• Fearing the entry of the United States into the war,
Germany attempted to appease the United States by
issuing the Sussex Pledge, which promised a change
in Germany’s naval warfare policy.
Sussex Pledge
1. Passenger ships would not be targeted
2. Merchant ships would not be sunk
until the presence of contraband on
the boats had been established, if
necessary by a search of the ship
3. Merchant ships would not be sunk
without provision for the safety of
passengers and crew.
Election of 1916
• President Wilson vs.
Charles Evan Hughes
• Hughes was a Progressive
Governor of New York, like
Teddy Roosevelt.
• Wilson a powerful advocate
for American
neutrality
in be neutral in fact, as well as in
“…The United
States must
name…….We
must be impartial in thought, as well as action, must
the war in Europe.
put a curb upon our sentiments, as well as upon every transaction
that might be construed as a preference of one party to the
struggle before another.”
• Election was
close....Wilson went to
bed on election night
believing he had lost
• Election comes down
to state of California
• Wilson Campaign
Slogan:
“He Kept Us Out
Of War”
End of Part
One