Transcript 6:v - The War of 1812

War of 1812
[Image source: http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/lec.1812.html]
Causes of the War of 1812
• British interference with American
shipping:
-impressment of American sailors
-seizure of American goods
• British support for Indians in the
Northwest Territory
The Shawnee
warrior Tecumseh
worked to rally
Native Americans
to the common
cause of repelling
settlers moving
into the Northwest
Territory.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 191.]
His brother,
the Prophet
Tenskwatawa,
urged his
followers to
return to their
traditional
ways of life.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 190.]
An army led by
General William
Henry Harrison
defeated the
Indians led by
the Prophet at
the Battle of
Tippecanoe.
The War Hawks, people who
favored war with Great Britain
as a means to force them out of
North America, were motivated
by:
• land hunger
• impressment
• Indian atrocities
[Image source:
http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C
Speaker of the
House,
Representative
Henry Clay of
Kentucky, was
instrumental in
getting the
United States to
declare war on
Great Britain.
He was
assisted by
Rep. John
C. Calhoun
of South
Carolina.
[Image source:
http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/gallery/21gal.html]
The United
States
Congress
formally
declared
war on 18th
June 1812.
[Image source: http://www.iltrails.org/dow1812.htm]
Many Americans fatuously believed
that Canada could be “liberated” and
made a state of the United States.
The American Fort Mackinac was
captured before they received news
that war had been declared.
The planned three-prong attack was
actually executed in reverse-order,
yielding disastrous results.
Tecumseh
fought on
the side of
the British
and was
given the
rank of
general.
The United
States invaded
Canada across
the Detroit
River 12th July
1812.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Hull.html]
As a result of
ineptitude on the
part of American
General Hull, and
the use of
psychological
warfare on the
part of the
British, Detroit
was surrendered.
One major
reason for
Hull’s failure
was that the
bulk of his
army was
composed of
unreliable
militia.
Prairie du
Chien
Fort
Dearborn
The British
quickly
capitalized
on their
initial
victories.
Prairie du
Chien was an
important
outpost in
the fur trade
of the
Northwest
Territory.
General Hull ordered the
evacuation of Fort Dearborn.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/batmac.html]
The troops were ambushed 15th August
1812 as they marched around the
southern end of Lake Michigan.
[Image source: http://www.chicagohs.org/AOTM/May98/may98fact1a.html]
The battle is remembered as
the Fort Dearborn Massacre .
[Image source: http://www.chicagohs.org/AOTM/May98/may98fact1a.html]
The
Territory
of Illinois
was left
virtually
defenseless.
[Image source: http://www.iltrails.org/1818map.htm]
[Image source:
http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilcumbe
r/ilctybnd/il1812.htm]
The
Honorable
Ninian
Edwards was
the governor
of the Illinois
Territory
during the
War of 1812.
In 1813,
General
William Henry
Harrison
assembled an
army and
invaded Upper
Canada.
[Image source:
http://jupiter.wvec.k12.in.us/battle/harrison.html]
In order to invade Canada, America
first needed to establish naval
superiority on the Great Lakes.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/eirie.html]
Commodore Perry’s victory in the
Battle of Lake Erie 10th September
1813 paved the way for Harrison’s
invasion of Upper Canada.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/declares.html]
Tecumseh was killed during the
ensuing Battle of the Thames.
The
American
offensive on
the Niagara
Frontier was
successfully
parried by
the British.
American forces were defeated at
the Battle of Queenston Heights
13th October 1812.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/qheights.html]
In April of 1813, American forces
captured York, the capital of Upper
Canada, and burned it to the ground.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/york.html]
[Image source:
http://www.pikespeaktravel.com/essays/pike.html]
One of the
casualties
was the
promising
career officer
Brigadier
General
Zebulon
Pike.
[Image source:
http://www.kcmuseum.com/explor05.html]
• http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/ref
erence/maps/main.asp
During the winter of 1813-1814,
the Americans succeeded in
training a professional army on
the banks of the Niagara River.
[Image source: http://www.militaryheritage.com/1812.htm]
Brigadier
General
Winfield Scott
was largely
responsible
for training
the new
American
army.
The American army succeeded in
defeating the British at the Battle
of Chippewa 5th July 1814.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/chippewa.html]
One of the reasons for this is because
the British mistook the grey-clad
soldiers of Scott’s Brigade for militia.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/greyuniform.html]
The American
victory was
followed-up
twenty days
later with a
victory at
Lundy Lane
25th July 1814.
[Image source:
http://www.multied.com/1812/Lundy.html]
British
victories
American
victories
The British
attempted
their own
three-prong
strategy in
1814 in an
effort to
bring the war
to a swift
conclusion.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Washington.html]
Francis Scott Key
• Francis Scoot Key was
a lawyer who
witnessed the bombing
of Fort McHenry
– During that time he
wrote the StarSpangled Banner
– American forces
were able to turn
back British troops
The War of 1812
• Many Americans disagreed with this war an
named it “Mr. Madison War”
• At the Hartford Convention New Englanders
sent delegates to see if they could leave the
nation
– They did not leave, but there were
amendments put into the constitution giving
them more power
[Image source:
http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/batplatts.html]
The
Americans
won the
Battle of
Lake
Champlain
in September
1814.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Champlain.html]
The Treaty of Ghent was signed
24th December 1814.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Ghent.html]
The Battle of New Orleans was
fought after the treaty was signed.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/batorleans.html]
General
Andrew
Jackson’s
victory at New
Orleans
propelled him
to national
prominence.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/jackson.html]
Results of War of 1812
• combatants return to pre-war
borders
• psychological umbilical cord
with Great Britain cut
• acceptance of America as a
nation
• Panic of 1819
The Missouri Compromise
• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established
that no state northwest of the Ohio River
could be a slave state
– Missouri was not covered by this because it
wasn’t northwest of the Ohio River
– The North objected because they did not
want to increase the power of the South
The Missouri Compromise
• The South replied that the federal gov’t had no
business dictating to states what they could and
could not do
• In 1820 was signed to law slavery would be
permitted in Missouri
• Maine would be admitted as a free state
• Congress established the 36/30 line
Missouri Compromise
1. Slavery permitted in Missouri
while Maine was carved out of
Massachusetts
2. New states admitted north of
36-30 north would be free states