Transcript 2-11 Ch 21-4 Brinksmanship

Ch 21 Sec 4 - Brinksmanship
•
brinksmanship – the willingness to go to war in hopes
that the opposing side will back down. This was
justification for the nuclear buildup during the Cold War
•
End of Korean War – When Eisenhower was elected he
threatened to use nuclear weapons to end the war. The
Chinese and North Koreans agreed to the 38th Parallel
•
Nikita Khrushchev – became the new Premier of the
Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin
•
summit meeting – a proposed meeting between
Khrushchev and Eisenhower in Paris that never happened
because the Americans were caught lying about a U2 spy
plane over Soviet airspace in 1959
•
Military Industrial Complex – when Eisenhower stepped
down from the Presidency he warned not to let the ones
who build weapons have to much power in government
Textbook Assignment (pp. 673-680)
Ch 21 Sec 4: Eisenhower’s Policies
1) In order to survive a nuclear attack, what were
Americans suppose to do and what were they
asked to build? (p. 674)
2) Eisenhower’s new defense policy wanted to get
more “Bang for the Buck”, how was this
accomplished? (p. 676)
3) What was Sputnik, how did it effect the American
psyche and what did the U.S. government do to
respond to this challenge? (p. 677)
4) How did the uprising in Hungary and the
launching of Sputnik change Nikita Khrushchev’s
policies towards dealing with the United States?
(p. 680)
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Chapter Objectives
Section 4: Eisenhower’s Policies
• Evaluate Eisenhower’s military policy known
as the “New Look.” 
• Debate the effectiveness of Eisenhower’s
foreign policy.
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Guide to Reading
Main Idea
As president, Eisenhower developed plans to
reduce world tensions while containing and
competing with communism. 
Key Terms and Names
• massive retaliation 
• Sputnik 
• brinkmanship 
• covert 
• Central Intelligence
Agency 
• developing nation 
• military-industrial
complex
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Brinkmanship In Action
• President Eisenhower’s willingness to threaten
nuclear war to maintain peace worried some people.
• Critics argued
that
brinkmanship,
the willingness
to go to war to
force the other
side to back
down, was too
dangerous.
(pages 677–679)
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Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)
• The Korean War ended with the signing of an
armistice in 1953.
• This came after
Eisenhower had
gone to the brink and
threatened to use
nuclear weapons.
• The battle line
became the border
between North Korea
and South Korea.
• Although there was
no victory, it had
stopped communism
from spreading.
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(pages 677–679)
Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)
• In 1954 China threatened to take over two of the
islands from the Nationalists in Taiwan.
• Eisenhower
threatened
the use of
nuclear
weapons if
China tried
to invade
Taiwan.
• China
retreated.
(pages 677–679)
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Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)
• Eisenhower wanted to prevent Arab nations in the
Middle East from aligning with the Soviet Union.
• To gain support, the
United States offered
to help finance the
construction of a dam
on the Nile River for
Egypt.
• Congress forced the
United States to
withdraw the offer.
• Egyptians took control
of the Suez Canal to
use its profits to pay
for the dam.
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(pages 677–679)
Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)
• British and French
troops responded
by invading the
Suez Canal.
• Soviets threatened
rocket attacks on
Britain and France.
• Eisenhower put
American nuclear
forces on alert, and
through strong
American pressure
the British and
French called off
their invasion.
(pages 677–679)
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Fighting Communism Covertly
• Brinkmanship would not work in all situations, and it
could not prevent Communists from revolting within
countries.
• To prevent
this,
Eisenhower
used covert,
or hidden,
operations
conducted by
the Central
Intelligence
Agency
(CIA).
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Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.)
• The CIA operations took place in developing
nations, or those nations with mostly agricultural
economies.
(pages 679–680)
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Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.)
• Covert operations did not always work.
• After Stalin died, Nikita
Khrushchev became the
new leader of the Soviet
Union in 1956.
• He delivered a secret
speech to Soviet leaders,
which the CIA broadcast
to Eastern Europe.
• Eastern Europeans,
frustrated by Communist
rule, staged riots, and a
full-scale uprising took
place in Hungary.
(pages 679–680)
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Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.)
• Eastern Europeans,
frustrated by
Communist rule,
staged riots, and a
full-scale uprising
took place in
Hungary.
• Soviet tanks
entered
Budapest, the
capital of
Hungary, and
stopped the
rebellion.
(pages 679–680)
Continuing Tensions
• Eisenhower and Soviet leader Khrushchev agreed to
a summit in Paris in order to improve relations.
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Continuing Tensions
• Khrushchev stopped the summit after the Soviets
shot down an American spy plane piloted by
Francis Gary Powers.
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Continuing Tensions (cont.)
• In his farewell address, Eisenhower warned
Americans to be on guard against the influence of a
military-industrial complex in a democracy.
• It was a new
relationship
between the
military
establishment
and the
defense
industry.
(page 680)
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