Transcript President_Eisenhower

Dwight D. Eisenhower, our 34th President of the United States
BACKGROUND
Dwight D. Eisenhower:
• Born on: October 14,1890 in
208 East Day Street in Denison,
Texas. Eisenhower was also the
first president to be born in this
state.
• Nickname: "Ike"
• School: Abilene High School in
Abilene, Kansas and the Naval
Academy at Annapolis,
Maryland.
• Religion: Presbyterian
• Political Party: Republican
• Occupation: Solider,
Commander, General,Military
Governor, and President
• Died: March 28,1969
• Personal Quality: Optimistic
FAMILY
Father: David Jacob Eisenhower mechanic and manager.
Mother: Ida Elizabeth Stover - A
deeply religious pacifist.
Siblings: Five brothers:
• Arthur Bradford Eisenhower
• Edgar Newton Eisenhower
• Roy Jacob Eisenhower
• Earl Dewey Eisenhower
• Milton Stover Eisenhower
Wife: Marie "Mamie" Geneva Doud She moved with her husband many
times before retiring at the end of his
presidency.
Children: One son - John Sheldon
Doud Eisenhower. (Deceased - Doud
Dwight "Icky" Eisenhower at the age
of 3 of scarlet fever)
POLITICAL RISE TO PRESIDENCY
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When Eisenhower enlisted into the Military,
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participating in the War Departments, he
accompanied Gen. Douglas MacArthur to the •
Philippines as an assistant military advisor; his
principal duty was helping MacArthur and his
staff develop a viable Filipino Army.
Following the Japanese bombing of Pearl
Harbor on December 7, 1941, Eisenhower was
again called to the War Department where
Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall
placed him in charge of plans for the Pacific
War.
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Two months later, Marshall promoted him to
chief of the War Plans Division where he
received his second general’s star.
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In June 1942, Marshall sent him to England on
a special mission to build cooperation among
the Allies as Commanding General, U.S.
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Army, European Theater.
General Eisenhower served as Chief of Staff
of the United States Army from November
1945 until February 1948.
He resigned from the Army on February 7, 1948
to serve as president of Columbia University.
In 1950, at President Truman's request
Eisenhower took a leave of absence from
Columbia to command the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. As Supreme Allied Commander,
Europe, during the following two years he would
stay in touch with Columbia and especially with
the American Assembly, a university innovation
to which he had devoted substantial energy and
time.
On June 1, 1952 Eisenhower returned to the
United States to campaign actively for the
presidency.
The fight for the Republican nomination was
largely between General Dwight D. Eisenhower
and Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio.
Eisenhower campaigned by attacking the
failures of the outgoing Administration, and
promising to go to Korea and resolve the war.
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PIRATES
POLITICAL
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June 4, 1952: Announced his candidacy for the Republican
Party nomination for President in Abilene, Kansas.
The stalemated war in Korea, corruption in the Truman
administration, and Communist subversion were the issues that
Republicans emphasized throughout the campaign. Eisenhower
held a clear lead over his opponent Stevenson in the polls, as
voters looked to Eisenhower to clean up what even Stevenson
had called 'the mess in Washington.
One of Eisenhower's most difficult political problems involved
Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, who had been in headlines since
1950 because of his charges that Communist spies or
sympathizers held high positions in the federal government.
In 1954, Americans got a good look at McCarthy in action when
he held televised hearings on Communist influence in the U.S.
Army & the Senate voted to censure McCarthy. Never again
was the senator a major force in national politics.
Before the 1956 campaign, he dealt with a heart-attack, unsure
of pursuing a second term. However, His recovery pleased all,
winning the election again.
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Eisenhower was the first candidate since Zachary Taylor
to win the presidency without having his party gain a
majority of seats in either the House or the Senate. The
election of 1956 was a resounding personal victory for
Eisenhower but not a triumph for the Republican Party.
In 1957, he signed the first civil rights legislation since the
period of Reconstruction after the Civil War. The law
provided new federal protection for voting rights. In 1960,
Eisenhower signed a second civil rights law, but it provided
only small advances over the earlier law. The President
also used his constitutional powers, where he believed that
they were clear and specific, to advance desegregation,
for example, in federal facilities in the nation's capital.
Eisenhower refused to use his moral authority as
President to advance the cause of civil rights
After elected, but before inaugurated, Eisenhower went to
Korea end Korean War, but was unsuccessful. In 1953,
U.S. officials sent indirect hints to the Chinese government
that Eisenhower may expand the war into China or even
use nuclear weapons.
In 1954, he used U.S. military power in the Taiwan Strait
when PRC attacked the Nationalist Chinese islands of
Quemoy and Matsu. The crisis escalated when he
declared at a news conference that he would authorize the
use of nuclear weapons against military targets “exactly as
you would use a bullet.” U.S. and PRC negotiators met in
occasional negotiations, but a second Taiwan Strait crisis
occurred in 1958.
PIRATES
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POLITICAL continued...
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The "Spirit of Geneva" eased tensions between the Soviets
and the United States. Khrushchev rejected Eisenhower's
proposal for an "Open Skies" program that allows both sides
to use aerial surveillance to gather information about each
other's military capabilities. A year later, the President
authorized the CIA top-secret flights over the Soviet Union
by using the brand-new high altitude U-2 reconnaissanc
planes.
In 1956, Eisenhower decided not to take action to aid the
Hungarian freedom-fighters since any intervention carried
the risk of a U.S.-Soviet war that could lead to a nuclear
exchange.
Eisenhower authorized another U-2 flight over Soviet
territory. It crashed on May 1, 1960, during the Soviet
celebration of May Day. When Khrushchev wanted an
apology for the U-2 incident, Eisenhower refused, and thus,
the Cold War resulted; Eisenhower was so distraught that
he talked about resigning.
Eisenhower prosecuted the Cold War vigorously even as
he hoped to improve Soviet-American relations. Eisenhower
relied on this to avoid having to take public responsibilty for
controversial interventions. He used the CIA to carry out
secret or covert actions against governments or leaders.
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The intense rivalries in the Middle East brought Eisenhower
into a confrontation with his most important allies, Great
Britain and France. The origins of the Suez crisis of 1956 lay
in the difficulties of the western powers in dealing with Gamal
Abdel Nasser, the nationalist president of Egypt who followed
an independent and provocative course in his dealings with
major powers.
Eisenhower, tired of the Egyptian leader’s playing off of ‘East
against West by blackmailing both’, halted negotiations over
aid and resulted in Nasser nationalizing the Suez Canal. This
affected the British, since it was their waterway—their lifeline
to their colonies in Asia. Both the British and French disliked
Nasser’s inflammatory anticolonial rhetoric. The Israelis, with
constant border skirmishes with Egypt, joined Britain and
France. The Israelis launched the first attacks into the Sinai
Peninsula on October 29, 1956 without letting Eisenhower
know.
Eisenhower quickly condemned the attacks and used U.S.
diplomatic and economic power to force all three nations to
withdraw their troops. The Eisenhower Doctrine was used to
provide economic and military aid to Middle Eastern nations,
forcing Communist aggression.
In Southeast Asia, Eisenhower sent U.S. weapons and dollars
to provide military aid to the French quartered at Cambodia,
Laos, and Vietnam.
PIRATES
POLITICAL continued...
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To salvage a partial victory, Eisenhower provided U.S. aid and support to Ngo Dinh Diem to establish a non-Communist
government in South Vietnam in order to prevent Ho Chi Minh from establishing a Communist government over all of Vietnam.
Eisenhower considered the creation of South Vietnam a significant Cold War success, yet his decision to commit U.S. prestige
and power in South Vietnam created long-term dangers that his successors would have to confront.
In his Farewell Address, Eisenhower concentrated not on the threats he had confronted abroad but on the dangers of the Cold
War at home. He told his fellow citizens to be wary of the 'military-industrial complex,' which he described as the powerful
combination of 'an immense military establishment and a large arms industry.' Defense was a means to an end, and the
American people had to be careful that they did not allow special interests to absorb an ever-increasing share of national
wealth or to 'endanger our liberties or democratic processes.'
PIRATES
INTELLECTUAL
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People knew Eisenhower as a "do
nothing" president but they did not
actually look what good things that
Eisenhower accomplished.
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Eisenhower believed peace within
other countries even if it took war to
have peace.
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Eisenhower was a very optimistic
person, and it is shown through the
way he talked. An example would
be, "Plans are nothing; planning is
everything. " - Dwight Eisenhower
RELIGION
• Dwight Eisenhower was
a Presbyterian.
• Presbyterianism is consisted to
many different Christian churches
that parted to the Calvinist tradition
within Protestantism also that is
organized in a certain characteristic
Presbyterian polity.
PIRATES
ARTS/CULTURE
TECHNOLOGY
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The following are written works of
Dwight D. Eisenhower:
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Crusade in Europe (1948)
The White House Years (2 vols.)
vol. 1: Mandate for Change (1963)
vol. 2: Waging Peace (1965)
At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends
(1967)
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Millions of families got their first
television and their second car and
enjoyed new pastimes like hula hoops
or transistor radios.
By 1954, 56 percent of American
homes had television.
Eisenhower used it to his advantage; he
was the first President to hold a
televised news conference and the first
to have an advertising agency produce
a television campaign commercial for
his reelection.
PIRATES
SOCIAL
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ECONOMICS
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Eisenhower favored a more moderate
course, one that he called Modern
Republicanism, which preserved
individual freedom and the market
economy yet insured that government
would provide necessary assistance
to workers who had lost their jobs or
to senior citizens.
Eisenhower presidency, personal
income increased by 45 percent.The
poverty rate declined during
Eisenhower's presidency, but still forty
million Americans were poor when
Eisenhower left office.
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Eisenhower did not like dealing with
racial issues, but he could not avoid
such matters after the Supreme Court
ruled in 1954 in the case of Brown v.
Board of Education of Topeka that
racial segregation in public schools
was unconstitutional.
Governor Orval Faubus saw political
advantages in using the National
Guard to block the entry of the first
African American students to Central
High. After meeting with Eisenhower,
Faubus promised to allow the
students to enroll, but then he
withdrew the National Guard, which
allowed a violent mob to surround the
school. Eisenhower dispatched
federal troops and explained that he
had a solemn obligation to enforce the
law.
KEY DOMESTIC POLICY ISSUES
• Civil Rights Revolution
• Maintaining the New Deal Programs
• Eisenhower had to deal with the the controversial Social
Security program
• Highway Act of 1956
• Operation Wetback 1954
FOREIGN POLICY
• Dwight D. Eisenhower came into office with the whole nation ravaged by
the depression and to make matters worst, two decades of war such as
World War I, Work War II, and the Korean War
• Eisenhower really wanted to end the Korean War because he felt that it
was really time to create peace.
• The Eisenhower administration created the "policy of boldness" or
Eisenhower Doctrine (which was named by the Secretary of state, John
Foster Dulles) because they wanted to end the spread of Communism,
the liberation of nations that suffered from Communism, postpone
funding from armed forces to nuclear weapons, and war as a last resort.
• Eisenhower's other policy, "The New Look" policy focused on
Brinkmanship. It used to convert action by the CIA to interfere with
communist governments abroad.
• War with Korean, the United States ended this war as a tie
• War with Vietnam, the United States ended this war as a loss
• War with Cuba, the United States ended this war as a loss
• Having to deal with the USSR
"Only Americans can
hurt America."
We chose this quote because we felt that though this quote was
made during the time of Eisenhower's presidential years, it is
still happening today and this quote still makes a big impact in
today, and even tomorrow future.
POLITICAL CARTOON
"Tsk Tsk -- Somebody Should Do
Something About That" Made on
April 3, 1956 Published in the
Washing Post (145)
President Dwight Eisenhower was frequently
accused of failure to provide leadership on
domestic problems. Among Herb Block's
criticisms of the administration was
Eisenhower's lack of support for the Supreme
Court's 1954 ruling for desegregation.
Eisenhower said we all have opinions and
lamented that "you can't change the hearts of
men by laws." The leadership vacuum persisted
long after the Court's ruling, which allowed time
for the organization of White Citizens councils,
of "massive resistance" and confrontations that
continued beyond Eisenhower's term. In 1956,
two years after the Court's ruling, Eisenhower's
view on integration was that it should proceed
more slowly.
April 3, 1956
Reproduction of original drawing
Published in the Washington Post (145)
CHARTS
Electoral Results
SUCCESSES AND FAILURES
SUCCESSES
• Being able to create interstate highways, it has been a great success since that time. We
wouldn't have numbered freeways and transportation wouldn't have been organized and
easier for consumers.
• Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 195.
• He was able to inform the nation about what was going on and didn't leave them
clueless.
• He Balanced the Budget, not just once, but three times.
• He Ended the Korean War.
• He Kept America at Peace.
FAILURES
• He Failed to Improve the Plight of the American Farmer. The goal of his farm policy was
to get government out of agriculture and strengthen the family farmer. He failed at both.
• He Failed to Moderate the Republican Party.
• He Failed to Provide Leadership in Civil Rights.
• He Failed to Defuse the Cold War. He tried but when Eisenhower left office, the Cold
War was even more threatening than when he embarked upon the presidency eight
years before.
"ONE WORD SLIDE"
UNOBJECTIONABLE
Though Dwight D. Eisenhower was a great president, he also had moments where
he made wrong decisions. Because of this, we chose the word unobjectionable
because we cannot object to both sides. The reason to our decision is because he
always tried to do what was best for America, as well as creating peace for other
countries, but he made mistakes that had affected many citizens of the nation, and
also left the next president after him with more burden from the Cold War. But from
the start, Eisenhower was handed over with a nation that was dealing with the
depression, World War I, World War II, and the Korean war. Though World War I
and World War II already happened, he was able to end the Korean war as well
which was a big success. As a president, he was in office for eight years but he
had to deal numerous wars. One of the highlights that you cannot object to is his
creation of the interstate highway system. This has made the United States
organized with it's roads. We also feel that because his strive for peace, it made
him someone we cannot object to. His decisions were inevitable, but it was enough
to make a difference. He was very optimistic as well. But he failed at trying to
create world peace, but the effort still remains. We chose unobjectionable because
we really do like Eisenhower, but some of the decisions he made and the outcome
of them makes us in between the decision about his presidency being good or bad.
OPINION
Eisenhower was a great president, but of course he wasn't the
best. We respect his views and what he tried to change, such
as having world peace, but a lot of the decisions he made made
us feel that he could have done so much to make better
decisions since he was more optimistic. We feel that he was
just in a bad situation, just like Van Buren. Many people saw
Van Buren as a bad president for he could not really make
things better for everyone, just like how Eisenhower's
presidency was as well. It was either many people liked them,
or many people hated them. Our opinion was that we liked him.
Even though he was a general and a commander, he still felt
that world peace was very important and that's something that
many presidents overlooked. Overall, though he isn't the best
president out there, we feel that he did do his part as a
president.
CABINET MEMBERS
Secretary of State:
• John Foster Dulles, 1953
• Christian A. Herter, 1959
Secretary of the Interior
• Douglas McKay, 1953
• Frederick A. Seaton, 1956
Secretary of the Treasury:
• George M. Humphrey, 1953
• Robert B. Anderson, 1957
Secretary of Agriculture:
• Ezra Taft Benson, 1953
Secretary of Defense:
• Charles E. Wilson, 1953
• Neil H. McElroy, 1957
• Thomas S. Gates, Jr., 1959
Attorney General:
• Herbert Brownell, Jr., 1953
• William P. Rogers, 1958
Postmaster General:
• Arthur E. Summerfield, 1953
Secretary of Commerce:
• Sinclair Weeks, 1953
• Lewis L. Strauss, 1958
• Frederick H. Mueller, 1959
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare:
• Oveta Culp Hobby, 1953
• Marion B. Folsom, 1955
• Arthur S. Flemming, 1958
Secretary of Labor:
• Martin P. Durkin, 1953
• James P. Mitchell, 1953
POST-PRESIDENTIAL ACTIVITIES
• Dwight D. Eisenhower ended up retiring to the place where he and
his wife Marie had spent most of their post-war time. They worked
on a farm near the battlefield at Gettysburg Pennsylvania.
• In 1967, they decided that they were going to donate the farm to the
National Park Service and since 1980 it has been open to the public
as the Eisenhower National Historic Site.
• After he retired, he was still involved in political life. He spoke at the
1964 Republican National Convention and appeared in a republican
campaign commercial with Barry Goldwater in Gettysburg.
• Eisenhower died on March 28,1969 at Walter Reed Army Hospital
of congestive heart failure.
• Eisenhower is now buried alongside his son Doud who died at the
age of 3 in 1921, and his wife was buried next to them as well in
1979.
• John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower is alive today at the age of 87.
EISENHOWER NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE
• Located in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania.
• Area: 690 acres
• Visitation: 70,243 (2006)
• Governing body: National Park
Service
• Added to the National Register of
Historic Parks: November 27,
1967
• Designated as a National Historic
Landmark: May 23, 1966
• This was the house that
Eisenhower and his wife Marie
Spent their post-war and
post=presidential moments
together. They farmed here and
ended up donating it to National
Historic Site before he died.
VIDEO OF EISENHOWER'S FAREWELL SPEECH:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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"Accuracy Project ". President Dwight D Eisenhower. 04/06/10 <http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbeEisenhower,DwightD..html>.
"Cabinet Members Under Eisenhower". Infoplease. 04/06/10 <http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0101255.html>.
"Dwight D. Eisenhower ". Wikipedia. 04/06/10 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower#Early_life_and_family>.
"Eisenhower's Foreign Policy". Radessays.com. 04/09/10
<http://www.radessays.com/viewpaper.php?nats=MTAxMzoyOjE,0,0,0,0&request=58666>.
"Eisenhower National Historic Site". Wikipedia . 04/09/10 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_National_Historic_Site>.
"Herblock's President". Herblock's History . 04/06/10 <http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/presidents.html>.
"IKE'S TOP 5 PRESIDENTIAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS". National Park Service. 04/09/10
<http://www.nps.gov/archive/eise/5accompX.htm>.
Kelly, Martin. "Dwight D. Eisenhower - Thirty-Fourth President of the United States". About.com. 04/06/10
<http://americanhistory.about.com/od/dwightdeisenhower/p/peisenhower.htm>.
"Was Eisenhower a good president?". Tribe. 04/09/10 <http://ifindmyselfwondering.tribe.net/thread/26b86f2e-631c-4cb8-bd7b20ad62a2926e>.
"President Dwight D. Eisenhower". 04/09/10 <http://millercenter.org/eisenhower>.
PICTURES
•
http://lefteyeonthemedia.wordpress.com/2008/10/23/do-republicans-care-if-anybody-is-smarterthan-a-third-grader/general-dwight-d-eisenhower/ (first slide)
• http://www.dwightdeisenhower.com/photo3 (third slide)
• http://www.cracked.com/funny-3296-7-most-badass-generals-ever/ (second slide)
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/presidents.html
• http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html/ (thirteenth slide)
• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eisenhower_Interstate_System.svg/60
0px-Eisenhower_Interstate_System.svg.png (ninth slide)
• http://patdollard.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/ussr.gif (tenth slide)
• http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=71332&rendTypeId=4 (fourth slide)
• http://www.bobcesca.com/images/eisenhower_soviets.jpg (eleventh slide)
• http://www.thelivingmoon.com/48michael_salla/04images/Articles/General_Eisenhower.jpg
(fifteenth slide)
• http://cdn3.ioffer.com/img/item/110/987/542/98KZ.jpg (sixteenth slide)
• http://static.squidoo.com/resize/squidoo_images/250/draft_lens1532294module13184866photo_12
30306567dwight-eisenhower.jpg (seventeenth slide)
• http://www.lonabarpres.net/Images/First_Presbyterian_Church__Lonaconing__MD_sm.JPG (sixth
slide)
VIDEO:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v4qUqxmLS4&feature=related
Thank you for going through our journey with us through
the presidential times of out good friend Dwight! We love
DWIGHT and you should too because he's TIGHT. Thank
you for your time! Have a great day!
LOVE,
MARYAN DIMATULAC
BRITTNEY SIA
DENIZA SABIO
(Dwight D. Eisenhower)