Transcript SSUSH 20 The student will analyze the domestic and international

SSUSH20
The student will analyze
the domestic and international impact of the
Cold War on the United States.
• Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S.
commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine,
and the origins and implications of the
containment policy.
• Explain the impact of the new communist regime
in China and the outbreak of the Korean War
and how these events contributed to the rise of
Senator Joseph McCarthy.
Continued…
• Describe the Cuban Revolution,
the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban
Missile Crisis.
• Describe the Vietnam War, the
Tet offensive, and growing
opposition to the war.
The Marshall Plan
• AKA: “European Recovery Act” 1948:
-- $ 12 Billion to Western Europe
-- aimed at containing spread of
communism by easing economic
hardship in European nations
Gen. George C. Marshall
 1947 Secretary of State
under Truman
 Speech led to Marshall
Plan; steps should be
taken to avoid …..
“economic, social, and
political collapse” of
Europe in face of
Communism
 Called for U.S. effort to
create condition in which
free institutions could exist
 1953: Nobel Peace Prize
Marshall Plan & U.S. Aid to Europe
Critical
Thinking
Question:
“How could the
signs be
changed to
reflect
contemporary
issues in the
world?”
U.S. Commitment to Europe
Post WWII – Cold War
• Expressed in Marshall Plan
• Reality in Berlin Airlift 1948: Soviets blockade
of Berlin & Western Germany to protest creation
of new West German government post WWII
• British and American Response: airlift food and
supplies to Berlin
• 1949 blockade lifted
• May 9, 1949 West Germany founded
• Soviets responded with formation of East
Germany (German Democratic Republic)
• Division of Germany lasted 40 years as result of
COLD WAR rivalry
NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• 1949: Focus on military preparedness
• Nine Western European nations joined Canada,
Iceland, and USA in military alliance
• Atlantic Pact: members pledged to defend others
in event of outside attack
• 1951 Gen. Dwight Eisenhower became supreme
commander of NATO forces
• 1955: Soviets responded with formation of
Warsaw Pact (communist alliance)
Truman Doctrine
• Truman speech before Congress March
12, 1947:
“It must be the policy of the United
States to support free peoples who are
resisting attempted subjugation by
armed minorities or by outside
pressures.”
• Congress soon voted $ 400 million to aid
Greece and Turkey
• Massive foreign aid program followed in
effort to CONTAIN COMMUNISM
Origins & Implications:
Containment Policy
• Roots of Cold War: born in rivalry between
worlds “superpowers”: USSR & USA!
• Threat of all-out war ever-present
• Profound Differences: economic, political, &
philosophical between COMMUNISM &
CAPITALISTIC DEMOCRACY
• Soviet Ideology: state-run economy, one-party
rule, suppression of religion, & use of force to
crush opposition
• Soviet Expansionism: fueled “containment”
Containment of Communism
• Soviet Union took over Baltic states of
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia during WWII
• Captured large areas of Poland and
Romania
• Stalin & Soviet determination: influence
Eastern Europe by installing pro-Soviet
governments
• Countries under Soviet control known as
“satellite nations”
Containment …..
• 1946 Speech by Stalin: dubbed “Declaration of
World War III” proclaimed that capitalism and
communism could never “coexist” in world
• Churchill responded with “Iron Curtain”
speech: “An Iron Curtain has descended across
the continent”
• George Kennan: U.S. State Department: argued
“the long term aim of the Soviet Union is to defeat
capitalism and expand its sphere of influence”
• Led to development of U.S. Foreign Policy
known as “CONTAINMENT” DOCTRINE
America’s Cold War Strategy
•Contain:
restrict Soviet
expansion and
influence
The Communist Regime in China:
Post WWII – Cold War
• U.S. sought “containment”
• 1945-1949 U.S. aid sent to Chinese
Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek
• Chinese Civil War between Nationalists &
Communists
• Communists led by Mao Zedong gained
control of China 1949
• New Government created:
“People’s Republic of China”
Outbreak of the Korean War
• Post-WWII:
Japanese soldiers in Korea surrendered to
Soviets & Americans (North of 38th Parallel
became communist; South became
democratic)
• June 25, 1950:
North Korean troops backed by USSR
swept across 38th into South beginning
Korean War.
Korean War
• South called on UN to assist
• Truman ordered U.S. troops (along with
other UN forces) to Korea
• Gen. Douglas Macarthur: UN Commander
• Nov. 1950 Communist China joined war to
aid North Korea
• Cease-fire June 23, 1951
• Result: 38th Parallel divides North /
South Korea
Effect in U.S.:
Rise of Joseph McCarthy: “McCarthyism”
• Situation in Asia led to increased fear of
communism in America
• Many believed …. “presence of
communist sympathizers” in American
government.
• Sen. Joseph McCarthy 1952 declared
communists were “taking over the
government”
Accusations became known as “McCarthyism”
• Accused individuals
• Accused Democratic
Party
• Accused U.S. Army 1954
= “Army-McCarthy
Hearings” (televised
Senate Hearings) = loss
of public support
• Fear of Communism still
pervaded America
Cuban Revolution: 1956-1959
• Fidel Castro
• Promised
democracy …
brought more
dictatorship and
Communism with
aid from Soviet Union
Bay of Pigs
Bay of Pigs
• The Bay of Pigs Invasion: unsuccessful attempt by U.S.
backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the government of the
Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
• Pres. Eisenhower broke off diplomatic relations with
Cuba (Jan. 1961.) The CIA had been training antirevolutionary Cuban exiles for a possible invasion of the
island. The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's
successor, JFK.
• April 17, 1961: exiles, armed with U.S. weapons, landed
at the (Bay of Pigs). Hoping to find support from the local
population, they intended to cross the island to Havana.
• President Kennedy had the option of using the U.S. Air
Force against the Cubans but decided against it.
Consequently, the invasion was stopped by Castro's
army.
• The closest the world has come to nuclear
war was the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962.
• The Soviets had installed nuclear missiles in Cuba,
just 90 miles off the coast of the United States. U.S.
armed forces were at their highest state of
readiness. Soviet field commanders in Cuba were
authorized to use tactical nuclear weapons if
invaded by the U.S. The fate of millions literally
hinged upon the ability of two men, Pres. John F.
Kennedy and Premier Nikita Krushchev, to reach a
compromise.
Kennedy placed a naval
quarantine around
Cuba to prevent further
missiles from arriving
The Vietnam War
• A military conflict (1954–1975) between
the Communist forces of North Vietnam
supported by China and the Soviet Union
and the non-Communist forces of South
Vietnam supported by the United States.
• The bloodiest battleground of the Cold
War.
Tet Offensive
• The operations, which
were unprecedented in
their magnitude and
ferocity, was to strike
military and civilian
command and control
centers throughout the
South Vietnam and to
spark a general uprising
among the population
that would then topple the
Saigon government, thus
ending the war in a single
blow.
• Tet: Vietnamese
New Year.
Supposed to be
non-combative, the
North Vietnamese
led a large number
of surprise attacks.
• Great impact on
the American
public. People
began to feel the
war was no longer
winnable.
Tet: 1968
Television and the Vietnam War
• The Tet Offensive made the brutality of the war
very visible to Americans. The US Air Force had
been bombing South Vietnamese villages for
years; during Tet the Air Force was bombing
South Vietnamese cities. The ARVN had been
killing prisoners for years; during Tet the
American television viewing public actually got to
watch a prisoner, with his hands bound behind
his back, being shot through the head by a
South Vietnamese general.
• The Tet Offensive made the US news
media, and the US public, much less
enthusiastic about the war than they had
been previously. General Westmoreland
did not get the 200,000 additional troops
he had requested, and in less than two
years the US began withdrawing
substantial numbers of troops.
• In the long run the Tet Offensive was a
victory for the Communists, because of the
way it reduced the American will to fight.
Growing Opposition
to Vietnam War in U.S.
•
•
•
•
Anti-War Protests
Marches, Sit-ins
Kent State
Peace Movement
Kent State: National Guard
Shooting Victim 1970
POW’S