Transcript USG Chapter 22

Chapter Focus
Section 1 Development of
Foreign Policy
Section 2 Shared Foreign
Policy Powers
Section 3 State and Defense
Departments
Section 4 Foreign Policy in Action
Chapter Assessment
Chapter Objectives
•
Development of Foreign Policy Describe the
goals and development of United States
foreign policy.
•
Shared Foreign Policy Powers Explain how
the executive and legislative branches share
foreign policy powers.
•
State and Defense Departments Summarize
the roles of the Departments of State and
Defense in foreign policy making.
•
Foreign Policy in Action Describe the tools of
foreign policy.
Development of Foreign Policy
Key Terms
foreign policy, national security, isolationism,
internationalism, containment
Find Out
• What are the major objectives of United States
foreign policy?
• Why has a reevaluation of foreign policy been
necessary since the end of the Cold War?
Development of Foreign Policy
Understanding Concepts
Public Policy How did United States foreign policy
contribute to winning the Cold War?
Section Objective
Describe the goals and development of United
States foreign policy.
The president of the United States exercises
great powers, especially in the area of foreign
policy. Even with the best advice of military and
diplomatic experts, the U.S. president must
make final, sometimes agonizing, decisions
about the lives and safety of Americans.
President Johnson confessed his deep worries
about the growing conflict in Vietnam in these
words: “I stayed awake last night thinking of this
thing [the conflict] ...It looks to me like we are
getting into another Korea ...I don’t think we can
fight them more than 10,000 miles away from
home ...And I don’t think that we can get out.”
I. Goals of Foreign Policy (pages 607–609)
A. Foreign policy guides the nation’s relations
with other countries.
B. Principal goals of American foreign policy:
1) preserve the security of the United States;
2) maintain trade and preserve access to
natural resources;
3) work for world peace;
4) aid democratic nations and help
create democracies;
5) provide help for victims of
natural disasters.
I. Goals of Foreign Policy (pages 607–609)
With which major foreign policy goals do
you think the United States is having the
most success?
Answers will vary. Students should assess
current international conditions.
II. Development of Foreign Policy (pages 609–613)
A. In the early years the nation’s leaders
followed a path of isolationism.
B. In 1823 the Monroe Doctrine ended
the isolationism.
C. By the 1890s the United States had become
a world power.
D. The United States became involved in
foreign wars in 1898, 1917, and 1941.
E. After World War II the United States
struggled with the Soviet Union in the Cold
War, leading to a costly arms race between
the two superpowers.
II. Development of Foreign Policy (pages 609–613)
F. The United States adopted a policy known
as containment to keep Soviet communism
from expanding its power.
G. The Truman Doctrine in 1947 outlined the
Marshall Plan, providing economic aid to
nations threatened by totalitarian regimes.
H. The United States fought two wars that were
the consequence of containment: the
Korean War (1950–1953) and the Vietnam
War (1964–1973).
I. In 1989 the Soviet Union collapsed, splitting
into Russia and 14 other separate nations;
this ended the Cold War and changed the
political environment of the world.
II. Development of Foreign Policy (pages 609–613)
J. In the years after the Cold War, the United
States sent troops to Iraq, Somalia, Haiti,
and the former Yugoslavia in order to protect
American trade interests, encourage
democracy, and advance human rights.
K. In the Persian Gulf War, the United States
defended Kuwait against Iraq, protected
American oil interests in the Middle East,
and began programs aimed at preventing
Iraq from developing weapons of
mass destruction.
II. Development of Foreign Policy (pages 609–613)
L. The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on
the United States led to President George
W. Bush’s war on terrorism and the
preemptive invasion of Iraq.
M. After the initial military deployment, the
United States kept a large number of troops
in Iraq and pledged long-term aid toward the
development of a stable democratic
government there.
II. Development of Foreign Policy (pages 609–613)
Explain how the United States changed from
a nation following a policy of isolation to a
nation with interests in all parts of the world.
For discussion of changes from isolation
through the end of the Cold War see text
pages 609–613.
Checking for Understanding
1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one
below to show two foreign policy issues that are
part of the nation’s new global agenda.
finding ways to open world markets to U.S.
business, dealing with the increased threat
of terrorism
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___
E foreign policy
___
D national security
___
A isolationism
___
B internationalism
___
C containment
A. the avoidance of
involvement in world affairs
B. involvement in world affairs
C. the policy designed to keep
the Soviet Union from
expanding its power
D. protection of a nation’s
borders and territories
against invasion or control
by foreign powers
E. the strategies and goals that
guide a nation’s relations
with other countries
Checking for Understanding
3. Identify Cold War, preemption.
The Cold War was a war of words and
ideologies rather than a shooting war between
the United States and the Soviet Union.
Preemption means that the United States will
strike first with military force against any terrorist
groups or rogue states that might threaten the
nation with weapons of mass destruction.
Checking for Understanding
4. What are the basic aims of American
foreign policy?
The basic aims of American foreign policy are
national security, free and open trade, world
peace, democratic governments, and
humanitarian concerns.
Checking for Understanding
5. How did the United States carry out its
policy of containment?
The United States carried out its policy of
containment through economic and military aid
to nations threatened by communism.
Critical Thinking
6. Drawing Conclusions Do you believe the
United States could follow a policy of
isolationism at this time? Support your answer.
Answers should show an understanding of the
global interdependence in today’s world and of
the abundance of long-range weapons that
make isolationism nearly impossible.
Public Policy In recent years, the
development of an interdependent
global economy has led to an ongoing
debate about the degree to which free
trade helps or hurts the United States.
Create a political cartoon about this topic
illustrating either the benefits of free
trade or the potential problems that may
result from global interdependence.
Shared Foreign Policy Powers
Key Terms
ambassador, treaty, executive agreement,
bipartisan
Find Out
• How is the executive branch structured to carry
out United States foreign policy?
• What are the constitutional foreign policy powers
of the president and Congress?
Shared Foreign Policy Powers
Understanding Concepts
Checks and Balances What powers of Congress
act as a check upon the president’s power to
conduct foreign policy?
Section Objective
Explain how the executive and legislative branches
share foreign policy powers.
In October 1983 President Ronald Reagan
sent U.S. marines and paratroopers to the
island of Grenada in the Caribbean. He took
this action to oust an anti-American Marxist
regime that was friendly to the Soviet Union.
As commander in chief, President Reagan
was empowered to order this military action;
however, he did so without asking Congress
to declare war.
I. Presidential Powers and
Responsibilities (pages 614–615)
A. The Constitution makes the president
commander in chief, and it gives the
president diplomatic powers.
B. As head of state the president symbolizes
the leadership and the policies of the
United States.
I. Presidential Powers and
Responsibilities (pages 614–615)
How does the president’s role as head of
state increase his power in formulating
U.S. foreign policy?
Americans look to the head of state for
leadership in formulating policy.
II. Foreign Policy Advisors (pages 615–617)
A. Presidents have final responsibility for
foreign policy decisions.
B. Important advisers include the secretaries
of state and defense and the national
security adviser.
C. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
gathers and coordinates information about
other nations and advises the president.
D. Presidents also consult government
foreign policy experts, trusted political
friends, and cabinet members.
II. Foreign Policy Advisors (pages 615–617)
Explain the role of secretary of state in
helping the president shape foreign policy.
The secretary of state supervises diplomatic
activity and provides advice on policy.
III. Powers of Congress
(pages 617–619)
A. The president directs United States foreign
policy; Congress plays an important role
based on Constitutional powers.
B. Only Congress has the power to declare war.
C. In 1973 lawmakers passed the War Powers
Act, which forbids the president from sending
armed forces into combat for more than 60
days without the consent of Congress.
D. Congress can refuse to provide funds for
military action.
III. Powers of Congress
(pages 617–619)
E. The Senate must approve all treaties
negotiated by the president.
F. The Senate can overturn the president’s
granting of most favored nation status.
III. Powers of Congress
(pages 617–619)
What was the effect of the War Powers Act
passed by Congress in 1973?
It gave Congress some control over the use
of troops, but Congress is reluctant to use it.
IV. The President and Congress (pages 619–620)
A. Congress passes most foreign policy bills and
treaties the president proposes although it
could block presidential foreign policy
proposals and even initiate policies of its own.
B. Presidents’ policies have enjoyed bipartisan
support in Congress.
IV. The President and Congress (pages 619–620)
C. The president has advantages over
Congress in conducting foreign policy.
1) As head of state, the president is the
leader of the entire nation, and only
the president can speak for the
United States.
2) The president receives advice daily from
the Department of State and the National
Security Council, in order to respond
rapidly to events.
IV. The President and Congress (pages 619–620)
What advantage does the president have
over Congress in conducting foreign policy?
As leader, the president is a single voice for
the nation, can take quick action, and has
access to vital secret information.
V. Influence of Public Opinion (page 620)
A. Both the president and Congress are
influenced by public opinion.
B. Organized interest groups may affect foreign
policy bills.
V. Influence of Public Opinion (page 620)
How did the Vietnam protests
demonstrate the influence of public
opinion in foreign affairs?
It influenced Johnson’s decision not to run for
reelection and Nixon’s to withdraw troops.
Checking for Understanding
1. Main Idea Use a Venn diagram like the one
below to compare executive agreements
and treaties.
executive agreements—do not require
Senate approval;
treaties—require Senate approval;
both—the president uses them to execute
foreign policy
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___
A ambassador
___
D treaty
A. an official of the government
who represents the nation in
diplomatic matters
___
B executive
agreement
B. an agreement made between
the president and a head of
state
___
C bipartisan
C. consisting of members of
both major political parties
D. a formal agreement between
the governments of two or
more countries
Checking for Understanding
3. Identify secretary of state, national security
adviser, Central Intelligence Agency.
The secretary of state supervises all the
diplomatic activities of the American
government.
The national security adviser serves as the
director of the National Security Council and
plays a major role in foreign affairs.
The Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA, is
responsible for gathering and coordinating
information about the governments, economies,
and armed forces of other nations.
Checking for Understanding
4. Which cabinet members generally work most
closely with the president on foreign policy?
The secretaries of state and defense
generally work the closest with the president
on foreign policy.
Checking for Understanding
5. What are the foreign policy powers of Congress?
The foreign policy powers of Congress are the
power to declare war, appropriate money, ratify
treaties, and confirm diplomatic appointments.
Critical Thinking
6. Forming an Opinion Do you think the
president has too much power in making foreign
policy? Explain your answer.
Some students may believe that certain
situations need immediate action that Congress
cannot provide; other students may believe that
the longer time required by Congress would
help avoid rash or hasty actions.
Checks and Balances Use library
resources to find specific examples of
how public opinion changed U.S. policy
in Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s.
Prepare a poster that illustrates the
public’s reaction to the war and the
government’s responses. Be sure to
include pictures, captions, and headlines
in your poster.
State and Defense Departments
Key Terms
embassy, consulate, consul, passport, visa,
conscription
Find Out
• How is the State Department structured to carry
out United States foreign policy?
• What constitutional powers do Congress and the
president have over the military?
State and Defense Departments
Understanding Concepts
Separation of Powers What constitutional
provisions separate the powers of Congress and
the president in developing and carrying out
foreign policy?
Section Objective
Summarize the roles of the Departments of State
and Defense in foreign policy making.
Millions of Americans who travel to foreign
countries each year on vacation or on
business trips have one thing in common;
they need a passport. U.S. citizens can
obtain a passport by paying a fee and
submitting to the Department of State proof
that they were born in the United States.
Passports include the place and date of birth
and a photograph of its holder.
I. The Department of State (pages 621–623)
A. The secretary of state, head of the
Department of State, advises the president
on foreign policy.
B. The Department of State has four main duties:
1) to keep the president informed about
international issues,
2) to maintain diplomatic relations with
foreign governments,
3) to negotiate treaties, and
4) to protect the interests of U.S.
citizens abroad.
I. The Department of State (pages 621–623)
C. The Department of State is organized into
six geographic bureaus that analyze
information about specific foreign policy
topics in those regions.
D. More than half of State Department
employees serve in other countries.
E. The United States maintains embassies in
the capitals of136 foreign countries where
U.S. ambassadors and their staffs reside.
I. The Department of State (pages 621–623)
F. Embassy staff members advise the State
Department about the politics and policies of
the host government.
G. The United States also maintains
consulates in major cities of foreign
nations to promote U.S. business interests
and safeguard travelers.
I. The Department of State (pages 621–623)
Why does the United States maintain
embassies and consulates in foreign nations?
To facilitate communications with foreign
governments and to promote American interests.
II. The Department of Defense (pages 623–625)
A. The Department of Defense (DOD)
supervises the armed forces of the United
States and ensures that those forces are
strong enough to defend its interests.
B. The Founders wanted to ensure that
civilians had the ultimate authority in military
affairs. Therefore, the president and
Congress control the armed forces.
C. The Department of Defense is the largest
executive department, with more than
700,000 civilian employees and about
1 million military personnel.
II. The Department of Defense (pages 623–625)
D. The Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air
Force are major divisions within the DOD.
The United States Marine Corps, under the
jurisdiction of the Navy, maintains its own
leadership, identity, and traditions.
E. The president, the National Security Council,
and the secretary of defense rely on the
Joint Chiefs of Staff or military advice.
F. The military has used two methods to recruit
soldiers: conscription, or the draft, and
volunteer enlistments.
G. Women as well as men may volunteer to
serve in any branch of today’s all volunteer
armed services.
II. The Department of Defense (pages 623–625)
II. The Department of Defense (pages 623–625)
How do the president and Congress share
authority over the armed forces of the
United States?
The president is the civilian head of the military;
Congress provides the funding.
Checking for Understanding
1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one
below to show the organizational structure of
the State Department.
Secretary of State; regions—African,
European/Canadian, East Asian/Pacific,
Inter-American, Near East/South Asian;
topics—intelligence and research, political and
military, education and culture
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___
C embassy
A. compulsory military service
___
F consulate
B. a document entitling a traveler to
certain protections established by
international treaty
___
D consul
___
B passport
C. an ambassador’s official residence
and offices in a foreign country
___
E visa
D. a government official who heads a
consulate in a foreign nation
___
A conscription
E. a special document that is issued
by the government of the country
that a person wishes to enter
F. office that promotes American
business and safeguards its
travelers in a foreign country
Checking for Understanding
3. Identify Foreign Service, Joint Chiefs of Staff.
The Foreign Service includes officials who are
assigned to serve abroad in foreign countries.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff are the top-ranking
officers of the armed forces who advise the
president, the National Security Council, and
the secretary of defense on military matters.
Checking for Understanding
4. What are the powers of Congress in
military matters?
Congress controls military spending and how
the military will be organized and governed.
Critical Thinking
5. Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment Do you
think an armed forces of volunteers will perform
better or worse than one of draftees?
Answers will vary, but may include that
some volunteers may join for other than
patriotic reasons.
Separation of Powers What foreign
policy goals do you think the State
Department should carry out today?
Review the major foreign policy goals of
the United States outlined in Section 1.
Choose the two goals that you think are
most important today. Present a twominute speech outlining why you think
these goals are the most important.
Foreign Policy in Action
Key Terms
mutual defense alliance, regional security pact,
multilateral treaty, bilateral treaty, collective
security, sanction
Find Out
• What are the main alliances of the United
States today?
• What are some ways the United States can
influence the policies of other nations?
Foreign Policy in Action
Understanding Concepts
Growth of Democracy What changes in the role
of NATO are consistent with the promotion of
democracy in Europe?
Section Objective
Describe the tools of foreign policy.
The United States fought the Korean War
from 1950 to 1953 to stop the spread of
communism in Asia. More than 54,000
Americans were killed, and more than 4
million people, most of them civilians in
North and South Korea, lost their lives.
Under the truce agreement that finally
ended the war, Korea was divided into two
nations separated by a demilitarized zone
near the 38th parallel. American troops were
stationed along this zone to protect South
Korea from future attack. Today, a half
century later, troops remain there.
I. Alliances and Pacts (pages 627–629)
A. The United States has committed itself to
defending three regions of the world:
1) Western Europe and the North Atlantic,
2) Central and South America, and
3) the island nations of the South Pacific.
B. After World War II, the United States and
several Western European nations formed
NATO to protect themselves from
domination by the Soviet Union.
I. Alliances and Pacts (pages 627–629)
C. After the Cold War ended, NATO’s role
changed: NATO expanded its mission to
include global crisis intervention and
peacekeeping, opened membership to
former Soviet satellite nations, and formed a
partnership with Russia.
D. In 1947 the United States and Latin American
nations signed the Rio Pact, a mutual
defense treaty, and in 1948 formed the
Organization of American States (OAS).
E. The United States has a regional security
pact with Australia and New Zealand.
F. The United States also has bilateral treaties
with Japan, the Philippines, and Korea.
I. Alliances and Pacts (pages 627–629)
What is NATO’s purpose after the Cold War?
NATO is an instrument for global crisis
intervention and international peacekeeping.
II. Foreign Aid Programs (page 629)
A. The United States offers friendly nations
military support in the form of grants or
loans to buy U.S. armaments.
B. The United States provides loans and
technical assistance to help
developing nations.
II. Foreign Aid Programs (page 629)
II. Foreign Aid Programs (page 629)
Do you support or oppose foreign aid
programs of the United States?
Answers will vary. Students should be aware that
foreign aid is a very small part of the budget.
III. Economic Sanctions (page 630)
A. The United States sometimes denies
benefits to nations that follow policies
it dislikes.
B. It does so by applying sanctions or
withholding loans, arms, or economic aid.
III. Economic Sanctions (page 630)
Do you think economic sanctions are an
effective diplomatic strategy?
Answers will vary. Students should support their
opinions with examples.
IV. The Use of Military Force (page 630)
A. The United States has, on occasion, had to
use military force to settle disputes with
other nations.
B. Since World War II, the United States has
committed troops in Korea, Vietnam,
Grenada, Panama, the Persian Gulf, Haiti,
and Bosnia.
IV. The Use of Military Force (page 630)
Do you agree or disagree that the United
States sometimes needs to use military
force to settle disputes with other
nations? Explain.
Answers will vary. Students should support their
opinions logically.
Checking for Understanding
1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one
below to show the results that the United States
tries to achieve through foreign aid.
Cause: foreign aid;
Effect: establishment of friendly relations,
emergence of nations as economic partners
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___
D mutual defense
alliance
___
C regional security
pact
___
B multilateral
treaty
___
A bilateral treaty
___
E collective
security
A. agreement between two
nations
B. international agreement
signed by several nations
C. a mutual defense treaty
among nations in a region
D. an agreement between
nations to support each other
in case of attack
E. a system by which the
participating nations agree to
take joint action against a
nation that attacks any one
of them
Checking for Understanding
3. Identify NATO, OAS.
NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
is an alliance between the United States and
other nations that originally evolved from a
mutual defense treaty against Soviet Union
domination.
The OAS, or Organization of American States,
is the result of a treaty that is primarily
concerned with promoting economic
development between the United States and its
Latin American neighbors.
Checking for Understanding
4. Analyze why NATO is important to the
United States.
NATO guarantees the security of Western
Europe and other nations that support American
economic and political interests.
Checking for Understanding
5. List two mutual defense alliances, besides
NATO, in which the United States is a partner.
Any two: OAS, Rio Pact, ANZUS Pact
Critical Thinking
6. Making Inferences Why would the stipulation of
“an attack against one shall be considered as an
attack against all” create a sense of security?
Nations know they will not have to fight alone.
Opposing nations may not want to risk a
full-scale war with many nations.
Growth of Democracy Research the
requirements needed to be Peace Corps
volunteers and the kinds of work they
perform. Imagine that you are a Peace
Corps volunteer who was invited to
speak to your class and present the
information you have researched.
Reviewing Key Terms
Write the correct term or concept that best completes each sentence.
executive agreement
internationalism
foreign policy
bipartisan
sanction
consulate
isolationism
multilateral treaty
1. In the 1800s the U.S. avoided involvement in world affairs,
a policy known as ___________________.
isolationism
2. Imposing an economic___________________
on another
sanction
nation restricts trade with that nation.
3. The president’s foreign policies often have enjoyed
___________________congressional
support.
bipartisan
4. Located in major cities of foreign nations, a
___________________
consulate
promotes American business
interests and safeguards American travelers.
5. A nation’s ___________________
guides its relations with
foreign policy
other countries and groups in the world.
Reviewing Key Terms
Write the correct term or concept that best completes each sentence.
executive agreement
internationalism
foreign policy
bipartisan
sanction
consulate
isolationism
multilateral treaty
6. An international agreement signed by a group of several
nations is called a ___________________.
multilateral treaty
7. The United States now follows a policy of
internationalism
___________________regarding
world affairs.
8. A pact between the president and the head of a foreign
government, called an ___________________,
executive agreement does not
require the Senate’s approval.
Recalling Facts
1. What have been the major characteristics of
American foreign policy since 1945?
Since World War II United States foreign policy
has been based on active participation in world
affairs and resistance to communism. Until
recently the United States and communist
nations followed a policy of détente. After the
Cold War, the United States adjusted its foreign
policy to meet the world’s changed political
environment.
Recalling Facts
2. Who, in addition to the cabinet, advises the
president on foreign policy?
The White House staff, the National Security
Council, the CIA, and private individuals with
specialized knowledge all advise the president
on foreign policy.
3. What four advantages does the president have
over Congress in conducting foreign policy?
The president is the leader of the entire nation,
controls the agencies that help formulate and
carry out foreign policy and thus has access to
secret knowledge, can take quick and decisive
action, and can use executive agreements to
bypass Congress.
Recalling Facts
4. Describe the organization of the Department
of State.
It is divided into geographic and topical
bureaus. It manages the foreign service and
oversees embassies and consulates.
5. What is the responsibility of the Department
of Defense in foreign policy?
Its responsibility is to protect national security
by overseeing the military and by providing
information and advice to the president.
Understanding Concepts
1. Public Policy Many American presidents have
achieved more success in foreign policy than in
domestic affairs. Explain why this might be so.
Answers will vary but may indicate that
presidents have more freedom of action in
foreign policy and are not as closely checked
by Congress.
Understanding Concepts
2. Separation of Powers Should Congress play a
greater role in the formation of American foreign
policy? Why or why not?
Those who think Congress should play a
greater role probably believe the president
needs to be checked and that an open forum in
discussing foreign policy would be in the
nation’s best interest. Those who disagree may
hold that foreign policy decisions often need to
be made quickly and in secret.
Critical Thinking
1. Drawing Conclusions With the changes in
world politics after the Cold War, do you believe
the role of the CIA will change? Explain.
Some students may feel that the job of the CIA
will be less secretive and less important, while
others may feel it needs to stay the same
during a period of great change and
considerable uncertainty.
Critical Thinking
2. Synthesizing Information Use a Venn diagram
like the one below to show how the roles of the
Departments of State and Defense overlap.
State—makes foreign policy;
Defense—provides military strength;
both—military strength helps make foreign
policy effective
Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity
1. What do the cacti in this cartoon represent?
The cacti represent nations that the United
States must consider because of problems or
issues within these nations. These “thorny”
problems or issues have the potential to affect
other nations, including the United States.
Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity
2. How does this cartoon characterize United
States foreign policy?
Foreign policy is a delicate issue; relations
among nations may be easily disrupted or
shattered by the participants themselves or
outside events.
Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity
3. How does this cartoon characterize a
president’s role in foreign policy?
A president must carefully plan and conduct his nation’s
foreign policy. The cartoonist shows President Clinton
walking through cacti with a balloon. The balloon—
representing foreign policy—may be easily burst if
Clinton does not plan his path and navigate well.
Which nation, though still a member of
OAS, has been banned from all OAS
activities since 1962?
Cuba
1) Answers will vary.
3) Answers will vary.
2) Possible answers include
that free trade ensures that
vital imports and exports
will be easily available.
1) The agreement was set to go
into effect on January 1, 1994.
2) Answers will vary.
3) No; many Democrats
opposed Democrat Bill
Clinton and many
Republicans supported him
1) between 1950 and 1955
2) yes; the Korean War and the
Vietnam War
3) Fewer troops were needed because of the end of
the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union
1) 3; Croatia, Albania, & Macedonia
2) Answers will vary.
3) the United States
and Canada
Investigating the Hostage Crisis In 1979 a group
of young extremists invaded the American embassy
in Tehran, Iran, and took 65 hostages, holding 52 of
them for more than a year. Investigate this event
and the diplomatic negotiations that took place in the
effort to free the hostages. How were the hostages
eventually freed? What might you have done if you
were making the foreign policy decisions in this
situation? Prepare a foreign policy proposal to
submit to the president outlining a course of action
and reasons for that action.
At the time of the Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991,
more than 80 treaties between the United States
and the Soviet Union were in force.
More About Military Benefits The GI Bill of
Rights, or Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, offers a
wide variety of benefits for veterans. Passed in
1944, the GI Bill made many veterans eligible for
vocational training as well as for dental and medical
care at veterans’ hospitals. It provided guaranteed
loans to buy or build a home. Amendments to the
bill have extended benefits to all veterans whether
they served in war or in peacetime.
Cold War The term Cold War was coined by
Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Herbert Bayard
Swope, who first used it in a talk of his own in 1945
and then used it again in a draft of a speech he
wrote for Bernard Baruch. Thinking it was too
strong a term, Baruch dropped it from that speech,
which was given at the UN in 1946. By the following
year, however, he had changed his mind, saying,
“Let us not be deceived—today we are in the midst
of a cold war,” in a speech he gave at the unveiling
of his portrait at the state capitol in Columbia, South
Carolina. The term was popularized by columnist
Walter Lippmann.
A Pass for Passengers
Americans who want to travel to most foreign
countries—or return to the United States from
abroad—need a passport. Travelers can apply for
passports at one of 6,000 passport facilities in the
U.S. These agencies include many federal and
state courts, as well as some post offices, county
and city offices, and even some public libraries.
People applying for a passport for the first time
must show up in person with two photographs of
themselves, proof of U.S. citizenship, and a valid
photo ID. Currently, passports are good for 10
years and cost $55. Passports can usually be
renewed through the mail.
Foreign Policy and Economics Debate the
proposition that the most important factor in
determining foreign policy is the state of the
nation’s economy. Research to find historical or
current examples to support your arguments.
When Should Military Force Be Used? Discuss
what you already know about the conflicts listed on
page 626 of your text. Then vote on the issue for
each of the five conflicts listed. Keep the tally for
comparison with the vote to be taken after you have
researched and debated.
CONCLUDING THE DEBATE Compare the results
of the predebate vote with those of the vote taken
afterwards. Did your vote change? If so, why?
Hosting a Foreign Exchange Student Investigate
the available programs and discuss them with your
families. Perhaps some families might be willing to
participate, or there may be a foreign exchange
host family in the community that you can interview
about their experiences. You might wish to become
an exchange student yourself. Discuss your
findings and opinions about foreign exchange
programs with the rest of the class.
Law Although no world government exists to enforce
international law, a body of laws is generally
recognized and enforced by such means as
intervention by a neutral state, the force of world
opinion, sanctions by individual states of the United
Nations or another international body, and, in
extreme cases, military force. Landmarks in the
development of international law include the
Congress of Vienna (1815), the Geneva Convention,
(1864), and the Hague Conferences (1899, 1907).
Douglas Engelbart
Douglas Engelbart finally received a financial reward
for his work in April 1997, when he was given the
$500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize—the largest award
given exclusively to American inventors. Over the
years Engelbart has received 20 patents for his
inventions, which paved the way for E-mail, the
windows that one can open on a computer screen,
and networking. In the 1970s and 1980s he pioneered
the primary research network for the United States
government—the predecessor of the Internet.
Activity: Brainstorm ideas for improvements for things
you use every day—computers or computer programs,
TVs, VCRs, refrigerators, dishwashers, automobiles,
and so on.
Madeleine Albright (1937–)
The first female secretary of state, Albright was appointed by
President Bill Clinton in 1997. She was born in Czechoslovakia,
but emigrated to the United States with her family in 1949 to
escape the Communist regime. She was exposed to many
different cultures as a child because her father was in the
Czechoslovakian diplomatic service. Albright has an excellent
educational background—a B.A. in political science with honors
from Wellesley College, an M.A. in public law and government
with a certificate in Russian studies from Columbia University,
and a doctorate from the same university. She held several
government positions, aided Walter Mondale and Michael
Dukakis in their presidential campaigns, and was unanimously
confirmed by the Senate in 1993 as ambassador to the United
Nations. Described by one writer as an intellectual with a heart,
she is known for her toughness and her no-nonsense approach to
her duties.
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