Transcript ENERGY: Fossil Fuels - Pennsylvania State University

ENERGY:
Fossil Fuels
• Primary and Secondary Energy Sources
• Oil Production, Economics, and Impacts
• Coal and Other Fossil Fuels
• Energy Conservation (use less more efficiently)
History of How the Work Got Done
• Human Labor
(Slaves)
• Domestic animals
• Wind and water
• Steam (ships and
locomotives)
• Gasoline (internal
combustion followed
by turbine engine)
• Nuclear
Energy
Consumption in
the USA
• Sequence of use
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Wood
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Water (hydro)
Nuclear power
Solar & Wind (?)
Electric Power Generation - Steam
Electric Power Generation - Hydro
Match Dominant Primary With
Secondary Energy Sources
• Primary
– oil-based
fuels
– natural gas
– coal
– nuclear power
– more than one
of the above
• Secondary
– transportation
– industrial
processes
– heating and
cooling
spaces
– generation of
electrical
power
How Fossil Fuels Are Formed
Millions of years of ….
1) photosynthesis exceeding
respiration (decomposition).
2) detritus accumulation.
3) burial of detritus.
4) pressure & heat (metamorphosis).
Crude Oil Reserves and Production
10% Rule?
Hubbart Oil Production Predictions
• U.S. Oil production would peak (1970s)
• Dependence on OPEC oil will increase
Oil production follows a bell-shaped
curve and will peak around 2010.
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Increased or Decreased Since the
1970s?
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Consumption of fuels derived from oil
Discoveries of new oil in the united states
Production of oil in the united states
The gap between production and
consumption
• United States dependence on foreign oil
Cost of Oil Imports
Increased or Decreased Because
of Higher Cost of Oil Imports?
• Rate of exploratory drilling and discovery
of oil.
• Renewed production from old oil fields.
• Efforts toward fuel conservation.
• Consumption.
• Development of alternative energy
sources.
• Dependence on foreign oil.
U.S. Dependence on Foreign Oil
Who Has The Oil? Proven Reserves
in Billions of Barrels
Region
North America
South and Central America
Europe
Former Soviet Countries
Middle East
Africa
Far East and Oceania
Total
Reserves
75.7
79.1
20.2
57.0
676.4
67.6
42.3
1018.3
Foreign Oil Dependence
Problems:
• Variations in cost of purchases
• Threat of supply disruptions
• Limitations of nonrenewable resource
Impacts:
• Pollution of oceans
• Coastal oil spills
• Trade imbalances
• Military actions
Why Was Persian Gulf War Fought?
• To free the people
of Kuwait?
• To protect Kuwait
oil fields from Iraq?
• To drive up
domestic oil
prices?
• To force OPEC to
come to terms on
oil prices?
What a Barrel of Oil Really Costs
U.S. Consumers
• $14 is initial price per barrel
• + $80 for military support services
• = $94 is actual price per barrel
Future Fossil Fuel Supplies
• Oil & Natural gas - 50 year supply
• Coal - 380 year supply
• Oil shales and oil sands - complex
extraction technologies
Major Coal Deposits in the United
States
Electrical Power From Burning Coal
Advantages or Disadvantages?
• Pollution from secondary energy
source
• Pollution from primary energy source
• Habitat alterations
• Environmental effects of mining
Environmental problems with coal…
• increasing CO2 levels leads to global
warming
• coal combustion produces more CO2 than
oil or natural gas
• acid rain associated with burning highsulfur coal
• acid drainage from coal mines (sulfur
exposed to oxygen/water
> sulfuric acid)
• surface (“strip”) mining damage
More than 70% of coal derived by surface mining
(strip-mining)
• Remove over-burden (rocks/soil) first
• 90% of coal can be removed if relatively flat
terrain
Carbon (CO2) Emission Per Capita
The Elements of the Conservation
Reserve
• Increasing fuel
efficiency in cars
• Use florescent
lights
• Increase home
insulation
• Cogeneration
Traditionally Space Heating
Cogeneration