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1. Jefferson: 1801 to 1809
• VP: Aaron Burr
• The Revolution of 1800
• peaceful transfer of power
• Jeffersonian Democracy
2. Marbury vs. Madison, 1803
• Midnight appointments of Adams.
• Chief Justice John Marshall
• Judicial Review
• Power of Supreme Court to declare a
law unconstitutional
3. Jefferson’s Achievements:
•Secured westward expansion
•Louisiana Purchase
•Lewis and Clark
4. Defends our neutrality---freedom of the seas
•Barbary Pirate War—1805
•France vs Britain
•Chesapeake Affair—1807
•Embargo Act—1808 to 1809
•Economic coercion
5. Hamilton vs. Burr
Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist)
•Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa
•Built the “mosquito fleet” of naval ships
Anti-British/Pro-French
•Almost allied with England and went to war with France
to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.
Against slavery
•Owned 200 slaves
Strict Construction of Constitution
•Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of
Louisiana territory
Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to
put into practice in a “realistic world”.
•Born in Virginia
•Graduate of William and
Mary College
•A practicing lawyer and
member of Virginia’s House of
Burgesses
•Father of the DOI
•Secretary of State under
President Washington
•Vice President under Adams
•Owned 200 slaves
•Aaron Burr (1756-1836)
•Born in Newark N.J.
•Fought with the continental
Army in the Revolutionary
war.
•A practicing lawyer in New
York City against Hamilton
•Vice President of the United
States (1801-1805).
•Kills Alexander Hamilton in a
duel
•Involved in the Burr
Conspiracy
1. Election of 1800: The rise of political parties caused
flaws in the electoral college
Parties chose their candidates and electors
would vote for them
Federalists
Democratic Republicans
Adams--Pres---65
Hamilton---VP
Jefferson---Pres.---73
Burr---VP----73
2. Led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr----House of
Representatives chose Jefferson.
3. To eliminate future problems
12th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which
person they want for President and VP on separate
ballots so their would never be a tie.
ELECTION OF 1800
•
•
•
Jefferson defeats Adams in
the Electoral College 73-65.
Problem: Jefferson & Burr
received 73 votes each and
both were DemocraticRepublicans
Therefore election decided by
House of Representatives
John S. Adams
Federalist
Thomas Jefferson
Democratic/Republican
Significance of Election of 1800
• peaceful transfer of power from one
political party to another
• “revolutionary” achievement
• Adams was the last Federalist
president
• Jefferson kept most of Federalist
policies
• Federalist diplomats had signed
good treaties with England, Spain,
France, and kept US out of war.
• Federalists preserved democratic
gains, while fending off anarchy
Responsibility › Moderation
• Jefferson integrated democratic principles
into presidency, including walking, pell-mell
dining, casual dress
• Set precedent of sending messages to
Congress to be read, rather than speaking
himself
• Jefferson dismissed few Federalist
appointments, used very little patronage,
consistent with conciliatory inaugural address
• Jefferson as politician used personal charm to
sway congressional representatives
Restraint Helps Revolution
Jefferson axed a few Federalist policies
• Pardoned those convicted under expired
Sedition Act
• Reduced residency requirement for
citizenship back to 5 years
• Repealed hated excise tax
• Made efforts to eliminate debt
Restraint Helps Revolution
• Yet Jefferson showed restraint by
leaving most of Federalist program
• Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding
at par, or assumption of debt
• Helped 2-party system by showing
that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t
mean disaster
•Jefferson’s Presidency is
considered a transitional period
in US History.
•Many historians look at this
time period as the beginning of
the true democracy.
•Believed National Government
became too powerful during
Adam’s Presidency
•Would try to reduce National
Govt. power but actually
expands Presidential power.
KING GEORGE
FEDERALISTS
JEFFERSON
Jeffersonian
democracy
•Many historians look at this time period as
the beginning of the true democracy.
•Champion for the common man
•Believed education would prepare them for
participation in government…..
•For now, educated should rule…
•Believed National Government became too
powerful during Adam’s Presidency
•Kept most Federalist programs. WHY?
•Washington/Adams laid a solid foundation for USA.
•Pardoned those arrested with Sedition Act
•Repealed the Whiskey tax
•Kept Hamilton’s financial policies—BUS
•Eliminated Alien Act
•Visualized an agrarian society
•Feared industrialization and its effects ….
•Farmers were the chosen class.
•Laissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s
lives
•Against BUS but did not repeal it.
•Owned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery would
end but predicted it would divide U.S…Ultimate goal,
Blacks would assimilate into American society
•Native Americans, co-existence a long range goal but
would have to learn agricultural ways and become selfsufficient…For that time, Indians and whites could not coexist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to
western lands
•Believed education the key to social mobility
Jeffersonian democracy
Although the Supreme Court, which had a Federalist
majority, denied Marbury, also a Federalist, his
commission (appointment to become a judge), the Court
established a far more principle.
•THE SUPREME COURT INTERPRETS WHAT THE
CONSTITUTION MEANS AND CAN DECLARE A
LAW UNCONSTITUTIONAL WHICH IS CALLED
JUDICIAL REVIEW.
•THE CONSTITUTION IS THE SUPREME LAW OF
THE LAND AND THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
IS OVER THE STATES.
Chief Justice John Marshall stated,
•“The Constitution is either a superior paramount law,
unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with
ordinary legislative acts, and like other acts, is alterable when
the legislature shall please to alter it.
•If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative
acting contrary to the constitution is now law; if the latter part
be true, then written constitutions are absurd attempts, on the
part of the people to limit a power in its own nature illimitable.
•It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial
department to say what the law is
•If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution and the
Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature,
the Constitution and no such ordinary act, must govern the case
to which they are both applicable”.
 1801: Pasha of
Tripoli was not
happy with his
share of dollars
 Informally declared
war on US.
Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched
navy, secured peace for $60,000 ransom
for American sailors.
Barbary raids
 Small gunboats used with some
success in Tripoli
 Jefferson interested in their cost
savings.
 “Mosquito fleet” of 200 small
gunboats constructed.
 War of 1812: these boats would prove
to be ineffective.
New Orleans Under My Wings
The French and Spanish developed this port city during the
eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United
States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future
expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society)
Marie Laveau
•Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in
French Haiti.
•Napoleon unable to put down this rebellion which he wanted to
use this island as stepping stone into America….
•Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.
•1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans
•Because of pressure from the west and national security
threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France
•Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans
•If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England
Spanish Land
1800
•Great Britain
after the
Revolution.
•United States
after War
•Spanish land
after Revolution
New Orleans
French Land in
1801
•Great Britain
after the
Revolution.
•United States
after War
•Spanish land
New Orleans
•Since Napoleon was at war with
Great Britain he offered entire
Louisiana Territory to US for $15
million
•Needed the money for his war
with Great Britain
•Jefferson purchased Louisiana
Territory for $15 million, about 3
cents an acre
•Doubled the size of the US
•Jefferson’s greatest
accomplishment
•Why? Didn’t fight a war, no
blood shed.
Does the President have the right to purchase land if
it is not expressed in the US Constitution?
Jefferson used implied powers or loose construction
to justify his decision
“It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a
guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing
an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when
of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to
bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the
scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for
you.”
Madison to Jefferson
“Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a
larger area of land.”
Does the President have the right to purchase
land if it is not expressed in the US
Constitution?
•Hamilton and Federalists were against this
purchase
•Why? Population shift take Federalist
power away in Congress
•Feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian
society”
•Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of
democracy”
Expansion of the United
States
Map 6 of 45
Map 7 of 45
Expansion of the United
States
with Louisiana Purchase 1803
•Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends
personal secretary Meriwether
Lewis and army officer William Clark
to explore north Louisiana
•Corp of Discovery: 28 men who
accompanied Lewis/Clark.
•Exploration yielded maps,
knowledge of Indians, overland trail
to Pacific
•President Jefferson wanted to find
the Northwest Passage
•United States’ claim to the Pacific
Northwest
•Interpreter and guide for Lewis
and Clark
•Her knowledge of trails and
mountain passes helped with
the success of the expedition.
•She was also a “diplomat” for
Lewis and Clark. Many tribes
had never seen white men
before.
•Her presence with a baby was
looked upon as good and
Lewis and Clark were
considered peaceful.
Map LP/3
Angered by an
insulting remark
attributed to Hamilton,
Burr challenged the
Federalist leader to a
duel and fatally shot
him
Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the
Federalists of their last great leader and earned
Burr the enmity of many
embargo1
Secretly forming a political
pact with some radical New
England Federalists.
Burr planned to win the
governorship of New York in
1804.
Unite that state with the New
England states, and then lead
this group of states to secede
from the nation
Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in
opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election
The conspiracy then disintegrated
embargo1
In 1806, Burr planned to
take Mexico from Spain
and possibly unite it with
Louisiana under his rule
Jefferson learned of the
conspiracy and ordered
Burr’s arrest and trial for
treason
A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on
Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the
lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr
Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807):
These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping
and led to the War of 1812. The Berlin Decree initiated
the Continental System, which closed European ports to
ships which had docked in Britain. The Milan Decree
authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping
vessels trying to trade at British ports.
Orders-in-council
British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-incouncil passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of
sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports
from which Britain was excluded unless they first went
to Britain and traded for British goods.
Impressment
An act of kidnapping
a ship, its contents,
men and forcing
them into your navy
1806: England closed
ports under French
control to foreign shipping
(incl. US), seized US ships
& impressed Americans.
Napoleon ordered seizure
of all merchant ships that
entered British ports.
•1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of
Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.
•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed
•Jefferson’s
response to the
Chesapeake Affair
was the Embargo
Act of 1807….
•Short of war,
Jefferson
attempted to
defend our
neutrality by
stopping all
American exports
to the world.
•Reasoning: Since England and France were at war
with one another and traded for most of their natural
resources with U.S., if we cut off our exports to them it
would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS
CALLED ECONOMIC COERCION.
•It would have the reverse effect……
•The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but
it also hurt U.S. trade which was our economic survival
as a nation. As a result, many Americans defied the
law and began to smuggle goods from these countries
as well as others.
•Hurt American businesses
•New Englander’s shift from trade to industry
•U.S. smuggled
•New England talked of secession…..
•Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809
A Federalist circular in Massachusetts
against the embargo cried out,
“Let every man who holds the name of
America dear to him , stretch forth his hands
and put this accursed thing, this Embargo
from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty,
of God, and your country; nerve your arms
with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson)
who would wrest the inestimable germ of
your Independence from you---and you shall
be Conquerors!!!”
•American people were
hostile towards Jefferson
•Referred to the Embargo
as “Dambargo, Mobrage,
Go Bar Em”….
•Would be replaced by the
Non-Intercourse Act by
President Madison which
allowed U.S. exports and
trade but not with France
and Great Britain……
“Our ships all in motion,
Once whiten’d the ocean;
They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo;
Now doom’d to decay
They are fallen a prey,
To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”
1. Madison’s attempts at US Neutrality
• Causes of War of 1812
• Impressment
• War Hawks
• Tecumseh
• Defend American neutrality
2. 2nd War of Independence: vs. Great Britain
• Mr. Madison’s War---War of 1812
• Misc. Information and lst’s
• War strategy
• Francis Scott Key = “National Anthem”
• British burn White House
• War heroes
• William Henry Harrison
• Andrew Jackson
• Battle of New Orleans--1815
3. Outcomes:
• War----a stalemate
• Treaty of Ghent
• Hartford Convention
• War’s Legacy
• US defends it’s neutrality
• Respect from Europe
4. President James Monroe, 1817 to 1825
• Era of Good Feelings
• Monroe Doctrine
President James Madison
• Born in Virginia, 1751
•Enlisted in Continental Army
but too small
•Attended Princeton University
and became a lawyer.
•Father of the Constitution and
Bill of Rights.
•Secretary of State during
Jefferson’s Presidency
•President, 1809 to 1817
•Most known for defending US
Neutrality during the War of
1812.
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the
Embargo, which forbade American trade with all
foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France
and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or
French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced
by Macon’s Bill No. 2.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but
offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its
neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly
changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S.
resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
Dupe of Napoleon
•August, 1810: in response,
Napoleon (lying) announced
decrees (stop impressing US ships)
had been repealed
• November, 1810: Madison announces
nonimportation against Britain
• Results in political ties with France
• Major foreign policy mistake
Tecumseh
• Tecumseh (Shawnee warrior) & the
Prophet (brother) formed union of
tribes east of Mississippi to fight white
intrusion
– Supplied by the British
– led Indian cultural renewal
• 1809: General William H. Harrison
appointed as governor of Indiana
Territory by President Jefferson.
• President Jefferson instructed
Harrison to convince Tecumseh to
stop attacking American settlements.
“Sell a country! Why not
sell the air, the clouds and
the great sea, as well as the
earth?
Did not the Great Spirit
make them for the use of
his children?”
Tecumseh
Tecumseh
Tecumseh reflected bitterly
on the white man’s
treatment of his people.
“We gave them forest-clad
mountains and valleys full
of game and in return what
did they give our warriors
and our women? Rum,
trinkets (jewelry) and death”
William Henry Harrison
“One of those uncommon
geniuses who spring up
occasionally to produce
revolutions and overturn the
established ordered of
things.
If it were not for the vicinity
of the U.S., he would perhaps
be the founder of an Empire
that would rival in glory that
of Mexico.”
War breaks out
again between the
United States and
Britain in 1812.
NEXT
War Hawks
John C. Calhoun
South Carolina
Henry Clay
Kentucky
New members of Congress, John
C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want
war why Great Britain….Why?
•U.S. must defend its neutrality
•Stop impressment
•British forts
•Tecumseh
•Desire for Canada and Florida
•Called 2nd War of Independence
PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT
•Defend our neutrality
•Freedom of the seas
•Defend our self interest
Madison brought the US into
this war to defend the neutrality
of the US.
Would this be a violation of
President Washington’s policy of
President James Madison
keeping the US out of war and
neutral?
“Mr. Madison’s War”
• Why Britain, not France?
– Impressment: destroying US economy
– British forts
– Arming of Indians (Tecumseh)
– Desire for Canada
– No respect from British
• Was convinced by the War Hawks that this
was a needed war.
“Mr. Madison’s War”
• June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war
with England.
– Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London
repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war
• New England opposed to war but Southern/western
states supported the war
• US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided
• Poorly equipped US army initiated military action in
1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada
• The British easily repulsed the Americans