Transcript Unit 2 Reform and Expansion

Unit 2
Reform and
Expansion
1830-1850
I. Reform
A. Religion-Americans were very religious compared to
some European countries
Reformers: Unitarians, led by William Channing
B. Education
*People wanted public school systems, but states had to
figure out how to pay for them.
North-some public schools with tuition requirements
South-planters hired teachers for their children
I. Reform
Noah Webster-wrote the Blue-Backed
Speller (textbook) and dictionary. He
simplified the language of America,
unifying us in the process.
Horace Mann-leader of the public
education movement in Massachusetts.
I. Reform
C. Social Reform
Alexis Tocqueville-French writer who observed and
reported prison conditions in the U.S. Prompted
reformers to push for change in
the system.
Dorothea Dix-observed the treatment of the
mentally ill and persuaded many states to pass
laws and set up public hospitals. Also spurred
prison reform.
I. Reform
C. Social Reform
Temperance Societies-wanted to curb drunkenness &
convinced many states to ban the sale of alcohol.
Some people decided that the evils of society could not be
changed, so they created their own communities.
Examples: Brook Farm-Massachusetts
New Harmony-Indiana
Oneida-New York
II. Slavery
By the 1820's, over 140 antislavery societies
existed. African colony of Liberia was
founded for freed slaves.
Reformers
William Lloyd Garrison-Publisher and editor of
The Liberator. He called for immediate and
unconditional abolition of slavery, but not
violence, he was a pacifist.
David Walker-free black man who wrote
Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World,
advised blacks to fight for freedom, rather than wait on it.
Charles Finney-fiery preacher who
called slavery “a great national sin.”
Reformers
Nat Turner-1831-Led a slave revolt
in Southampton County, Virginia.
The revolt killed 55 whites and
eventually led to his execution.
Frederick Douglass-Runaway slave who
became a superb speaker for the
abolition of slavery without
violence. Also began The North
Star, a newspaper.
Reformers
Sojourner Truth-former slave who shared her
experiences.
Harriet Tubman-became an important "conductor"
on the Underground Railroad that
aided runaway slaves.
Opposition-Southern planters feared
the destruction of their way of life.
Northerners feared the destruction of the Union and also
discriminated against free blacks
III. Women
Abolitionists-Lucretia Mott,
Sarah Grimke, and
Angelina Grimke
became very outspoken.
Laws and customs limited a women's role in society: they
couldn't vote or own property.
Women's Rights-1848-Seneca Falls Convention
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
organized this meeting. Several resolutions
passed, basing them on the Declaration of
Independence. This was the beginning of a national
women's rights movement.
IV. Inventions
A. Farming
John Deere-steel plowworked better in prairie soil
Cyrus McCormick-reaper-made harvesting quicker
B. Daily Life
Charles Goodyearvulcanized rubber-made boots
& shoes waterproof
Elias Howe/I.M. Singersewing machine-textile production
increased and prices dropped
IV. Inventions
C. Transportation
Robert Fulton-steamboat
Canals-Erie Canal,
completed in 1825,
helped bring the North together.
Railroads-By 1850, almost 10,000 miles of track existed.
More expensive, but faster.
D. Communication
Samuel F.B. Morse-telegraphsped up communication, basically making it instant.
Results: These inventions led to growth in manufacturing &
agriculture, as well as less isolation.
V. Expansion
*Manifest Destiny*
The belief that
the United States
would inevitably
own all lands
west to the
Pacific Ocean
V. Expansion
A. 6 Reasons for Expansion
1. Hunger for land
2. New markets for goods
3. Immigration
4. Trade with China
5. Fresh start for debtors
6. Spread democracy
V. Expansion
B. Mexico
1. In 1823, Stephen Austin
led 300 families into Texas,
receiving free land from the Mexican government.
2. Problems:
Slavery came into Texas, but it was illegal in Mexico.
Mexicans resented different language and religions
of settlers.
Mexican troops were sent to ensure that laws were
obeyed.
V. Expansion
3. The Alamo-1836
President Santa Anna abolished state governments and
took 6,000 troops to capture the fort/chapel called the
Alamo. His forces killed all the Americans there and
burned their bodies.
V. Expansion
C. Texas Independent-1836
1. Battle of San Jacinto-Sam Houston led Texans
defeated Santa Anna. Houston was later elected
as the first president of the Lone Star Republic.
2. Texas was annexed into
the United States in
December 1845.
3. Santa Fe Trail-This trail from Missouri to New
Mexico was used by traders who traveled together
with their goods. It set a standard for how pioneers
would travel into the west.
V. Expansion
D. Westward Expansion
1. Oregon-claimed by 5 nations (Britain, France,
Russia, Spain, and U.S.) Others had lost claims,
but the U.S. and Britain were left to decide who
would control it. As pioneers flooded into the
territory, they wanted the British to withdraw.
"54 50' or fight"-President James K. Polk (Dem)
negotiated this boundary for Oregon.
2. Utah-In 1847, Brigham Young led his Mormon
followers to settle at Salt Lake City.
VI. The Mexican War
A. Causes
-Mexicans were still angry about the annexation of Texas.
-Mexican and American cultures clashed.
B. Actions
-Leaders Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott became heroes
because of their victories.
-California was captured by the United States.
C. Results
-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)-United States received
large amount of land known as the Mexican Cession,
agreeing to pay $15 million.
-In 1853, the United States also made the Gadsden purchase
for $3 million.
Original U.S.
Louisiana Purchase
Florida
Texas Annexation
Oregon Territory
Mexican Cession
Gadsden Purchase