Transcript Origins of the Cold War

Origins of the Cold War
The Cold War
1945-1960
Chapter 16,
Section One
Pages 484-490
Bell Ringer
• What is a “cold war”?
• Why is the Cold War considered a
“cold war” and not “hot”?
• What made it a war?
Satellite nation
• Countries that
were subject
to Soviet
domination.
They are
located on the
WESTERN
border of the
Soviet Union.
Iron
curtain
• The term Winston Churchill (Prime
Minister of Great Britain) used to
describe the extension of Communist
control over Eastern Europe.
Cold War
• The state of hostility, without actual
warfare, that existed between the United
States and the Soviet Union after WWII
until the collapse of the Soviet Union (in
1991).
containment
• American policy of
resisting further
expansion of
communism around the
world.
Truman Doctrine
• In 1947 President Truman declared that
the United States would support nations
that were being threatened by
communism.
Main Idea
• At the end of World War II, conflicting
goals for Europe led to growing
hostility between the United States
and the Soviet Union.
1945 – A Critical Year
• The U.S. and Soviet Union
cooperated during WWII but
that was only a temporary
arrangement.
• Soviets allied with the U.S.
and Great Britain during the
war
• Tensions continued to rise.
Differences at Yalta
• February 1945 Roosevelt met with
Stalin and Churchill at Yalta to discuss
the future of Germany and Poland.
• Agreed to divide Germany into zones
• ZONES:
• American
• British
• French
• formed West Germany
• Soviet zone formed East Germany
• Roosevelt and
Churchill denied
Stalin’s demand for
$10 billion from
Germany in
damages
• Roosevelt pressed
Stalin to declare
war on Japan
• Stalin refused the
return to Poland’s
prewar government
The United Nations
• Created at Yalta
• A new international
peacekeeping organization.
• (League of Nations after WWI
had failed)
• April 1945 – 50 nations met and
vowed they would settle
problems peacefully
Truman takes Command
• FDR died 4/12/45
• Vice President Truman became
President
The Potsdam Conference
• Truman’s first
meeting with Stalin
(July 1945) in Berlin
• Continued to debate
the future of
Germany and Poland
• Truman told Stalin
that the U.S. had an
atomic bomb.
Conflicting Postwar Goals
The American View
• Fought for democracy and economic
opportunity to conquered European
nations
• This served American interests in the
postwar world
The Soviet View
• Lost 20 million people during
WWII and suffered widespread
destruction
• Determined to rebuild to
protect their interests
• Wanted to establish
satellite nations(countries
subject to Soviet
domination) on the western
borders of the Soviet Union.
• Friendly to Communist
goals
Soviets Tighten Their Hold
• Albania and Bulgaria
• Anti-Communist leaders silenced in
1945 in Albania.
• Soviets took control of Bulgaria by
1948.
Czechoslovakia
• Tried to hold onto democratic system
• All non-Communist police officers
replaced with party members
• Czechoslovakia was a Soviet satellite
nation by 1948.
Hungary and Romania
• Soviets
demanded
control of the
police
• Anti-Communist
leaders arrested
• “Red Army”
(Soviets) stayed
in Romania
East Germany
• Stalin established
control of all East
German resources
• Installed a brutal
totalitarian
government
• 1949 – became
known as the
German Democratic
Republic
Finland and Yugoslavia
• Finland signed a treaty
of cooperation with
Soviets in 1948.
• Communists gained
control in Yugoslavia in
1945
• “Tito” (Josip Broz) –
fierce dictator
• Tito refused to
take orders from
Stalin
The Iron Curtain
• February 1946 – Stalin
predicted the triumph of
communism over
capitalism
• Established
Cominform, a Soviet
agency to direct the
activities of
worldwide Communist
parties
•Churchill responded to
Stalin with his “Iron
Curtain Speech”
3/5/1946
•Called on Americans to
help keep Stalin from
closing the iron curtain
of Communist
domination and
oppression.
•Tone was set for the Cold
War
•Competition that
developed between the
U.S. and the Soviet Union
for power and influence in
the world.
•Lasted for almost 50 years
until the collapse of the
Soviet Union in 1991
•A “cold war” was
characterized by political
and economic conflict and
military tensions
•A “hot” war would have
meant direct military
engagement.
Containment
George Kennan (top
American diplomat in
Moscow) stated that
Soviet policies show “no
real faith in the
possibility of a
permanently happy
coexistence of the
Socialist and capitalist
worlds.”
• The triumph of
communism was
inevitable
• Policy of containment
called for the United
States to resist Soviet
attempts to form
Communist
governments in other
parts of the world
• Policy was
controversial by
became the
cornerstone of
America’s cold war
foreign policy.
The Truman Doctrine
• State department officials developed a plan to
provide American aid to Greece and Turkey
after the British could no longer help keep
Soviets out
• March 1947, Truman called on the U.S. to take
a leadership role in a statement of principles
known as the Truman Doctrine.
• Congress approved $400 million in aid for
Greece and Turkey
• U.S. established military bases in both
countries
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• 1. How did American and Soviet goals for postwar Europe differ?
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• 2. How does the map on p. 487 illustrate the policy pursued by the Soviet
Union to protect itself from its non-Communist rivals in Europe?
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• 2. What effect did the Cold War have on United States foreign policy?
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