Transcript Aim: What were the goals of Johnson’s foreign policy?

 Student
will be able to describe the role
of containment in foreign policy during
Johnson’s administration.
 Student will be able to order the events
leading to American involvement in
Vietnam.
 During
the Johnson Administration,
American foreign policy centered in on
containing communism and stop it from
spreading.
 Because of the grand scope of the policy,
the United States was involved in different
areas of the world during the presidency of
Lyndon Johnson.
 This put a strain our relations with other
nations, while dividing the American
people.
 What
was the focus of Johnson’s foreign
policy in the 1960s?
 Another
area in the Western Hemisphere
that got interesting for the United States was
the Dominican Republic.
 In 1965, a revolt in the Dominican Republic
led Johnson to send 20,000 troops to that
nation.
 Johnson believed that a communist friendly
government was going to be established.
 This, he felt, gave the United States the right
to intervene in the affairs of the Dominican
Republic.
 This
put strain on our relationship with
Latin America because those nations
would have liked to discuss any
alternative besides violence with the
United States.
 People in the United States did not like
the fact the government acted without
any evidence or any argument that was
correct.
 We
acted anyway, without talking to
leaders of Latin America nor
listening/examining any evidence.
 In August, a government friendly to the
United States was established and a year
later, the troops came home.
 Why
did the United States get involved in
the Dominican Republic in 1965?
The United States intervened in the
Dominican Republic.
Johnson believed that the US had every
right to intervene because of the fear of
Communism entering the Western
Hemisphere.
The US spent one year in the nation in
order to restore a pro-US government
In Santo Domingo.
This is who we supported.
 In
1967, the United States attention turned to
the Middle East.
 In June, war broke out again between Israel
and its Arab neighbors.
 When the war began, the United States
promised to stay neutral as did the Soviet
Union.
 On June 10, the nations agreed to a ceasefire to stop the fighting. By that time, the
Israelis had occupied parts of Jordan, Syria,
Egypt and parts of Jerusalem.
 This
is the war that is preventing the
current peace negotiations in the Middle
East. Israel occupied the West Bank
(taken from Jordan), the Golan Heights
(taken from Syria) and Gaza (taken from
Egypt).
 The war did not end the conflicts
between Israel and the Arabs, it only
intensified the Cold War.
 Israel
currently receives billions in aid
from the United States as a result of the
Six Day War.
 The Soviet Union began arming the Arab
world in their wars and battles with
Israel.
 People feared the Arab-Israel crisis
would lead the US into another world war.
 How
did the Six-Day war involve the
United States and the Soviet Union?
 While
the Arabs and Israelis were
fighting in the Middle East, the South
Vietnamese and the Communists were at
war in Vietnam.
 In 1955, American advisers had been
sent to South Vietnam to train the army.
 Eisenhower and Kennedy sent more
advisers, support troops and military
supplies between 1956-to-1962.
 By
the time of Johnson became President,
a group of South Vietnamese Communists
called the Viet Cong were already
established in South Vietnam, a nation we
supported.
 The Viet Cong fought the South
Vietnamese Army as guerrillas. They
received support from the North
Vietnamese.
 In
August 1964, after an attack by the North
Vietnamese on American ships in the Gulf
of Tonkin, President Johnson asked
Congress to take actions to prevent future
attacks.
 Congress responded by passing the Tonkin
Gulf Resolutions. It allowed the President, as
commander-in-chief, to use any measures to
prevent an attack on American forces, stop
North Vietnamese aggression and aid any
SEATO member to defend their freedom.
 In
February 1965, Viet Cong attacks
killed several Americans.
 This led to Johnson to order the bombing
of North Vietnam. Johnson also sent
soldiers into Vietnam in combat.
 By the end of 1968, 500,000 soldiers were
in Vietnam and the war was costing
nearly $25,000,000,000 a year
 When
did the United States first become
involved in Vietnam?
 What
caused the American buildup in
Vietnam?
 Public
opinion was divided about the
Vietnam War.
 Many people felt that the war was necessary
in order to stop the spread of communism.
 Other people believed that the war was a
civil war and should only be handled by the
Vietnamese and not American forces.
 There were divisions in Congress-those who
favored the war were called “hawks” and
those that did not were called “doves”.
 As
the number of Americans wounded
and killed in Vietnam grew, so did the
number of Americans against the war.
 College students were against the war
and college campuses were the sites of
protests and demonstrations against the
war.
 In NYC, 100,000 people took part in a
protest. In SF, 50,000 people and in DC,
50,000 marched against the war.
April 17, 1965 - March Against the Vietnam War. Students for a Democratic Society
(SDS) held its first anti-Vietnam War protest rally in Washington. 25,000 attend.
November 27, 1965 - Another March Against the Vietnam War.
May 16, 1966 - Another March Against the Vietnam War.
October 22, 1967 - March on the Pentagon. Major march to protest the Vietnam War.
January 15, 1968 - Jeannette Rankin brigade. Called for withdrawal of troops from
Vietnam.
November 15, 1969 - National Mobilization to End the War. Vietnam
Moratorium.600,000 demonstrate against the war in Vietnam.
May 9, 1970 - Kent State/Cambodia Incursion Protest. A week after the Kent State
shootings, a 100,000 demonstrators converged on Washington to protest the shootings
and President Richard Nixon's incursion into Cambodia.
April 19, 1971 - Operation Dewey Canyon Three by the Vietnam Veterans against the
War. Over 2,000 veterans camp on the Mall, protest all over the city. John Kerry testifies
in front of Senate.
April 24, 1971 - Vietnam War Out Now rally. 500,000 call for end to Vietnam War.
May 3, 1971 - 1971 May Day Protests. Mass action by Vietnam anti-war militants to
shut down the federal government.
January 20, 1973, Anti-war protest demonstration. Includes the Yippie-Zippie RAT float
& SDS "March Against Racism & the War" contingent.
"Alice's Restaurant" - Arlo Guthrie (1967)
"Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)" - The Temptations (1970)
"Billy Don't Be a Hero" - Paper Lace, later covered by Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods (1974)
"Blowin' in the Wind" - Bob Dylan (1963)
"Draft Resister" - Steppenwolf (1969)
"For What It's Worth" - Buffalo Springfield (1967)
"Fortunate Son" - Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969)
"Give Peace a Chance" - John Lennon (1969)
"I Ain't Marching Anymore" - Phil Ochs (1965)
"Lyndon Johnson Told the Nation" - Tom Paxton (1965)
"The "Fish" Cheer / I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag" - Country Joe and the Fish (1967)
"I Should Be Proud" – Martha and the Vandellas (1970)
"Imagine" - John Lennon (1971)
"One Man Rock And Roll Band" - Roy Harper (1970)
"Machine Gun" - Jimi Hendrix (1970)
"Masters of War" - Bob Dylan (1963)
"Ohio' - Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young (1970)
"One Tin Soldier" - Original by Caste (1969), later covered by Coven (1971)
"Stoned Love" - The Supremes (1970)
"Universal Soldier" - Buffy St. Marie and Donovan, (1964-65)
"The Unknown Soldier" - The Doors (1968)
"Us and Them" - Pink Floyd (1972)
"Volunteers" - Jefferson Airplane (1969)
"War Pigs" - Black Sabbath (1970)
"War" - The Temptations, later covered by Edwin Starr (1970)
"What's Going On" - Marvin Gaye (1971)
"With God on Our Side" - Bob Dylan (1964)
"C'Era Un Ragazzo Che Come Me" - Gianni Morandi (Italy, 1966)
Tom Hayden-Students for a Democratic Society
Abbie Hoffman
Jerry Rubin
The Yippies
 As
the Election of 1968 drew closer,
Vietnam became the chief issue.
 On March 31, 1968, Johnson decided that
he would not seek a second term.
 This left the Democrats to choose from
Hubert H. Humphrey (Johnson’s Vice
President), Senator Eugene McCarthy (DMinnesota) and Senator Robert F.
Kennedy (D-NY/JFK’s brother).
 Kennedy
and McCarthy came out
strongly against the war and this gave
them the support of young America.
 On June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy was
assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan.
Hubert H. Humphrey
Eugene McCarthy
Robert Kennedy
 At
the Democratic National
Convention, the atmosphere was
tense.
 During the convention, anti-war
protestors demonstrated inside the
arena leading the Mayor of Chicago,
Richard Daley, to send in the police to
break up the protest. The clashes
made the demonstration worse.
 Before
the Democratic National
Convention, the Republicans nominated
former Vice President Richard Nixon as
their nominee.
 Both Humphrey and Nixon wanted to end
the war but Humphrey would lose the war
because he was linked to Johnson and his
policies on the war.
 Nixon
won the Election of 1968. Nixon
received 31,800,000 votes, Humphrey would
get 31,300,000 votes.
 Humphrey would have won the Election of
1968 had it not been for the entry of George
Wallace of the American Independent Party.
 Wallace was the governor of Alabama,
believed in supporting the war and felt that
the federal government should stay out of
people’s lives.