Transcript America in the 20th Century

Progressivism: Civil Rights
Ch 26 p. 580-581
Civil Rights
Booker T. Washington: Believed that African Americans should be happy that
they were no longer slaves. He argued for immediate self improvement for all
African Americans. His famous “Atlanta Compromise” stated that African Americans
should integrate themselves into white society.
W.E.B. Dubois: Accused Washington if supporting segregation. He argued that
education and legislation would lead equality. He wanted all African Americans to
get a full university education. He was also one of the founders of the NAACP
Progressive Presidencies: There were two presidents who led progressive
administrations - Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.
The Rise of Progressivism
Ch 26 p. 588-592
Women Suffrage
Professional Woman: Women were getting involved in Teaching and Nursing for the first time in U.S.
History. They started a movement toward women’s suffrage.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Believed that women were the “arbiter of her own destiny” and deserved the
same rights as men. She was one of many to lead the movement.
National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA): Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman brought
membership to 2 million in 1917. The movement was noticed and the 19th Amendment passed guaranteeing women’s suffrage.
Temperance Movement
Alcohol was seen as the root of all domestic problems, called a “sinister trust.” This movement was primarily
run by women.
Women’s Christian Temperance. Union and the Anti Saloon League pushed for a bill to ban alcohol. The
result was the 18th Amendment, which led to prohibition
Agrarian Revolt
Chapter 28 p. 623-628
Farmers
Grangers: Farmers were having major problems in the 19th century.
In order to help themselves, they created a network to teach each
other new techniques. This group eventually promoted political action.
Granger Laws: These laws tried to curb railroad rates and
practices. This movement led to another part of the agrarian
movement.
Farmer’s Alliance: Farmers in the south banded together establishing
banks, stores and processing plants. This pushed the movement into a
new phase.
Populist Party: Farmers started their own political party and created
the Omaha Platform in 1892, which wanted several things such as:
public ownership of Railroads, abolish the gold standard and direct
election of senators.
Panic of 1893
Ch 28 p. 628-630
March 1893
Philadelphia and Reading Railroads: these two RR declared
bankruptcy, as they could not pay back British loans.
Collapse in the Stock Market: The stock market fell as result of
these failures. Many businesses were tied to the Railroad business.
Banks Fail: Banks invested in the Stock Market and the crash
triggered a series of Bank Failures, leading to contraction of credit.
Total Damage: 8,000 businesses, 156 RR, 400 banks failed; low
agricultural prices fell worse; 1 million workers lost their jobs (20% of
workforce)
Gold Standard
Ch 28 p. 634-638
Silver Question: Gold was the basis for all currency in the United States. For
every dollar, there was gold to back it up. With the panic, many people wanted
to expand the currency by using silver.
Silver v. Gold: Silver was not worth as much as gold and often times it
dropped in value, making it a bad resource to pin the American dollar. This
became the debate for the Election of 1896.
Election of 1896
McKinley V. Bryan: Willaim McKinley (Rep) ran against William Jennings Bryan
(Dem & Populist). Bryan made a famous Cross of Gold Speech saying that if the
U.S. did not embrace silver then they would crucified on a cross of gold.
Gold Standard: Bryan lost and the Gold Standard remained until 1933 when
Franklin Roosevelt took the United States off the Gold Standard.
American Foreign Policy
Read all of Chapter 29
EQ: How was American foreign policy
a driving force for change in the 20th
century?
New American Foreign Policy
Alfred Thayer Mahan: Wrote a book entitled -Influence of Sea Power on
History, which argued that in order to be a world power the United States must
have 1. Strong Navy; 2. Ports around the world.
Frederick Jackson Turner: Stated in his Frontier Thesis that it had closed.
With that in mind, the US looked elsewhere for new markets and something to
fill that void
Panic of 1893: The Depression led America to look at new markets for its
goods. This is the seed for globalization.
Teddy Roosevelt: Assistant Secretary of the Navy used his influence to
strengthen the Navy with this idea in mind.
Spanish American War
Cuba: The Spanish and the Cubans are fighting a war for Cuban Independence.
The United States saw this as an opportunity to expand into other regions while
protecting the United States.
Yellow Press: William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fought a
newspaper war for circulation. They would sensationalize the headlines.
Public Opinion: Americans wanted the President to do something about the
issues in Cuba. Some in the government also saw it as an opportunity to bring
America onto the world stage.
Spanish American War
The Maine: The US ship Maine exploded in Havana Harbor. This incident
prompted people in America to want war with Spain. The chant “Remember the
Maine” became a rally cry for war.
Telegram: The United States intercepted a telegram saying that McKinley (The
President at the time) would not do anything and had the backbone of a
chocolate éclair.
The Splendid Little War: McKinley asked for war and received it. It would
only last three months, but many believed it was exactly what the United States
needed to establish itself in the World.
Spanish American War
Dewey: At the onset of war, Mckinley sent Admiral Dewey to the
Philippines and they confronted the Spanish Fleet. Dewey was able to
destroy the entire fleet with very little American casualties - establishing
dominance in that region.
Rough Riders: While Dewey attacked the fleet, the Military landed in
Cuba and Puerto Rico to attack the Spanish, while also blockading the
island. Teddy Roosevelt led the famous Rough Riders in battle, and the
United States beat the Spanish.
Spanish American War
Spanish American War
Treaty of Paris: At the end of the war the United States acquired Puerto Rico,
Guam, and the Philippines. They paid the Spanish 20 Million dollars to soften the
blow.
American Foreign Policy: American foreign policy changed after the war. Two
very good examples are:
1. Filipino War: The US was involved in a war in the Philippines
on
the same scale as the Iraq conflict. There was great debate
within
America if we had the right to be there.
2. Cuba: The US passed the Platt Amendment to the Cuban
constitution, which gave us a base in that region (Mahan’s idea),
allowed us to intervene in their affairs if necessary, and banned
Cuba from making treaties with other nations.
The Rise of Teddy Roosevelt
Ch 30 p. 670-671
In the election of 1900, William McKinley ran with Teddy Roosevelt as
his Vice President.
Soon after the inauguration, in 1901, McKinley is assassinated and
Teddy Roosevelt became President of the United States.
Roosevelt saw the office as an opportunity to do something for the
public good. He combined the elements of the Progressive Era and the
New American Foreign Policy to usher in the Modern Presidency.
TR: Speak Softly, Carry a Big Stick
(New American Foreign Policy)
Ch 30 p. 671-678
Nobel Peace Prize: When the Japanese and the Russians were at war, TR brought them
to Portsmouth, NH and negotiated a peace deal with the countries winning the Nobel Peace
Prize. On the side, he made a deal with the Japanese that would protect US trade in China.
Great White Fleet: When the Japanese reneged on the deal, TR responded by sending
out the Great White Fleet of destroyers around the world. It was an act to demonstrate the
power of the United States.
Roosevelt Corollary: When Latin American countries were threatened by European
Nations over debts, TR issued the RC to the Monroe Doctrine. This stipulated that the US
had the right to 1. Oppose European Intervention in the Hemisphere & 2. Interfere in the
domestic affairs of its neighbors (Latin America).
Panama Canal: TR made a deal with Panama to build the canal after he supported their
revolution from Colombia. He did it without the advice of congress and after the original
deal fell through with the Colombian government.
The Rise of Progressivism
Ch 31 p. 682-684
Beliefs: Society was capable of change and growth was the nation’s destiny.
The natural laws of Laissez Faire and Social Darwinism were not sufficient.
1. Human intervention was necessary
2. Government should play a significant role
“Progressive Impulse”
1. Anti Monopoly - Fear of concentrated power
2. Social Cohesion - Individuals are a part of a web of social relationships.
3. Organization and Efficiency - Social order was the result of social organization
The Rise of Progressivism
Ch 31 p. 684-689
Voice of the Progressives
Muckrakers: crusading journalists who exposed the issues of society.
1. Lincoln Steffens - Wrote for McClures Magazine about the Boss and Machine
politics.
2. IdaTarbell - Exposed big business.
3. Thomas Nast - Political Cartoonist who destroyed Tammany Hall
Community Outreach
1.Hull House: Jane Addams set up settlement housing for the poor, immigrants
and others who needed help
2. Social Gospel: Some organizations such as the Salvation Army used religion
to drive reform.
TR: The Square Deal
(Progressive Presidency)
Ch 31 p. 689-695
Railroad Industry: TR wanted to solve the issue of the Railroads for the
American people. He issued the Hepburn Railroad Act, which gave the
government the authority to inspect the books and ensure fair practices.
Food, Drug and Labor Reform: TR passed the Pure Food and Drug Act to
regulate the sale of dangerous or ineffective medicine, establishing the FDA;
Also passed the Meat Inspection Act after reading Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle,
which exposed the issues in the meat business.
Conservation: TR established the National Parks system with Gifford Pinchot,
his chief forester; He also used federal funds under the New Lands Reclamation
Act to construct dams
Trust Buster: TR did some work to curb monopolies and even sided with labor
in the Coal Mining Strike of 1902
Election of 1912
Ch 31 p. 697-700
William Howard Taft: Taft was elected to the presidency in 1908 after TR left.
He did not follow up on the Progressive measures that TR held sacred. When
TR came back to NY, he went for the republican nomination to run for president.
Progressive Bull Moose Party: TR did not get the Republican Nomination so
he went off an formed his own progressive party to run in the election. It was
during the Election of 1912 that he was shot before he gave a speech and went
on to give the speech anyway.
Election of 1912: Taft and TR split the ticket. Taft 23%, TR 27%, and
Woodrow Wilson received 42% of the vote. Wilson became president and he
ushered in his own series of reforms for the American people.
Wilsonian Progressivism
Ch 32 p. 706-709
New Freedom
Underwood Simmons Tariff: Cut the tariff substantially in an effort to embrace the
concept of globalization and hurt the trusts.
Federal Reserve Act: Created 12 regional banks to assist the smaller banks. These
federally funded banks would give loans and held assets in reserve. Closest thing we had
to a National Bank, since the bank in Jackson’s era.
Federal Trade Commission: First time that the federal government investigated the
practices on Wall Street - increasing government authority.
Louis Brandeis: Appointed the first Jewish Supreme Court Justice.
Keating Owen Act: A child labor law that would not allow the transport of goods made by
children across state lines.
Smith Lever Act: Matched state grants that were aimed at helping Farmers.
Wilson’s Foreign Policy Measures, however, were interrupted by WWI
World War I
Ch 32 p. 715-717
Chaos in Europe: On June 28, 1914 Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the
throne of Austro-Hunagria) was assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist. Due to
alliances and treaties, Europe was in a state of war. The organized into the
Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, AustroHungary, and Italy) The United States, however, was torn on the issue.
U.S. Reaction: Since the United States consisted of so many immigrants, it
was difficult to choose sides. That being said, due to the New American Foreign
Policy, US banks were tied to foreign markets and needed them to survive.
Most prevalent on the list were the British. JP Morgan had a great deal of
money tied to a British victory.
Submarine Warfare: Since the United States was still trading with Britain and
France, the Germans were attacking American shipping with U-Boats. The
Lusitania, a British ocean liner, was carrying arms to Europe and sunk by
Germans killing 128 Americans. After the incident, the Germans promised to
leave American shipping alone.
World War I
Ch 33 p. 722-724
Leading to war
Zimmerman Note: The British intercepted a telegram from the Germans to the Mexicans.
It read that that if the Mexicans entered the war on Germany’s side and attack the United
States, then at the end of the war the Mexicans will get back their land lost from the
Mexican War.
Unrestricted Submarine warfare: In addition to the telegram, the Germans attacked
ALL American merchant shipping, thinking that the US could never get involved in the war
in time to make a difference.
War: Wilson was able to get a war declaration from congress. Though it should be noted
that there were some in congress who did not want to get involved in a world war.
Peace without victory: Wilson stated that the US had no “Material Gains” in mind He
wanted to bring Peace to the world - creating a new world order. He believed that he could
use the same progressive attitudes in fostering peace at the end of the war that America
had used to make themselves better.
World War I
Ch 33 p. 725-727
War at Home
Creel Commission: George Creel led the Committee on Public Information, which fought
a propaganda war to foster support in America. They crafted recruiting posters for
enlistments, war bonds, and dehumanizing the Germans. For example: Sour Kraut became
Liberty Cabbage.
Espionage Act of 1917: This act prevented citizens from speaking out against the war. In
a famous Supreme Court Ruling, Schenk V. the United States, a citizen was told that he was
causing a panic by handing out leaflets against the war. The court claimed it was akin to
shouting fire in a crowded theater creating a “Clear and Present Danger.”
Liberty Bonds: The government, in an effort to pay for the war encouraged people to buy
bonds and support the war.
War Industries Board: Headed by Bernard Baruch, this coordinated the purchase of
military supplies, gearing up the economy for the war.
World War I
Ch 33 p. 731-734
Battlefront
Trench Warfare: This war brought a new type of fighting that involved trenches and
powerful weapons. Men would fight for control of the trenches in No-Man’s Land, the place
in between the trenches. No Man’s Land was riddled with mines, obstacles and barbed
wire, making it nearly impossible to get through.
Selective Service Act: Wilson drafted 3 million soldiers and another 2 million enlisted in
the military.
Battles: The US were involved in few battles. Chateau Thierry was important to moving
the Germans out of France and the Battle of Argonne Forest pushed the Germans back into
Germany. Argonne lasted 7 weeks and went for 200 miles. This was the final battle of the
war - on the 11th day at the 11th hour of the 11th Month in 1918 the Germans
surrendered.
Casualties: France - 1.7 Million, Britain - One third of the men born between 1892-1895
and 1 million from the empire, Germany 2 Million, Austro Hungary - 1.5 Million, Russia 1.7
million, US - 112,000 half to influenza, it battle.
World War I
Ch 33 p. 734-737
Peace Conference: Versailles
Big Four: The Leaders of the peace conference were Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Georges
Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), and Woodrow Wilson (US).
14 Points: Wilson came with a plan for peace. The fourteen points were broken down as
follows - First Five: Principles to govern freedom of the seas, Next Eight: Post war
Boundaries (Not much different than Pre War Boundaries), and 14th Point - A League of
Nations. No Material Gains - Very Progressive
Treaty of Versailles: The other countries wanted the Germans to pay and instead of
using the first 13 points made the following provisions:
1. War Guilt Clause: The war was Germany’s fault and in turn lost a great deal of
land and could no longer have a standing Army.
2. War Reparations: The Germans had to pay the other countries for the loss from the war.
3. League of Nations: The European Nations agreed that there should be a world
organization and approved this measure for the treaty.
Wilson needed to get the Treaty passed through congress, but dealt with a lot of resistance
World War I
Ch 33 p. 737-740
Getting the Peace Treaty Approved
Congress: The United States did not want to approve the treaty because of the
League of nations. They saw this as a way to get the United States involved in
a foreign war. May in America did not like this war and the league was not
popular.
Wilson: The president went around the country stumping the league to the
people in an effort to get them to write their congresspeople to approve the
league. So involved in this endeavor was he that he collapsed from a cerebral
thrombosis and was unable to perform his duties as a president for the rest of
his term.
The Treaty: Congress never passed the treaty and never joined the league of
nations.
Warren Harding: In 1920, Harding was elected to the presidency and it
ushered in a new age for America.
The 1920s and the Depression
EQ: How did America deal with crisis?
The 1920s in America
Ch 34
A New Economy
Technology: In the 20s America experiences new innovations in technology. These
innovations resulted in the BULL MARKET - meaning that many people were making money.
1. Automobile Industry: The Automobile, led by Henry Ford represented
innovation on the assembly line and with the American consumer. It
helped other industries such as steel, rubber and oil.
2.Radio: This new invention brought a new culture to America.
Everything was centered around the radio. Newscasts, serials, all pointed
a new method of communicating information.
to
3. Planes and Trains: Trains became much more efficient and regulated.
The plane became the center for the transportation of goods and
eventually used commercially for travel. Charles Lindberg made his
famous flight from New York to Paris - bringing the Spirit of St. Louis into
the spotlight.
4. Appliances: The array of new appliances (dish washers, washing machines,
vacuums) made house work easier, but also helped the economy as new products
resulted in many people working to bring those products to the market.
The 1920s in America
Ch 34
Labor and Farming
Times were better in the 20s for the workers, but farmers continued to struggle
1. Better Working Conditions: many factory owners embraced the 8 hour
work week. Labor Unions were indifferent, mostly because people were
making a lot of money on their products.
2. Farmers: Ironically, the new methods in farming created a problem
with prices as there were too many goods in the market - hurting the
farmers.
The 1920s in America: Ch 34
American culture was very pervasive and powerful.
It set the tone for the rest of the century in many ways.
Women
1. Flapper: Women led a revolution against the norms of society, promoting an
independent woman.
2. Margaret Sanger: Promoted the use of birth control (very radical at the time)
in a weekly newspaper in an effort to empower women to take control of their
lives. She argued that poverty was the related to overpopulation.
Literature
1. F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby illuminated the issues surrounding the
American Dream and how Americans were materialistic.
2. TS Eliot: Poems such as the Hollow Men and Wasteland, depicted a society in
decay after the First World War - “This is the way the world ends, not with a
bang, but with a wimper.”
3. Ernest Hemingway: Most known for his novels, wrote in short, terse prose
about the issues of the age as well as the First World War.
The 1920s in America
Prohibition
1. Bootlegging: Illegal sale of alcohol led to organized crime. Mobsters such as
Al Capone came to power from this.
2. Speak Easies: These illegal bars were hidden from the public, but people
went to drink.
Strong Nativism
1. Emergency Immigration Act 1921: Put a quota on the immigration into the
United States. 3% of the number of a nationality living in the US according to
the 1910 census were allowed to immigrate into the country
2. National Origins Act 1924: Strengthened the above act by changing it to 2%
and basing the number on the 1890 census.
3. KKK: This strong sentiment toward nativism led to the rise if a new Klan who
hated not only the “freed slaves” but also anyone not truly “American.”
The 1920s in America
Religious Fundamentalism
1. Scopes Trial: There was a growing sentiment in some parts of the country to
stay away from evolution in the classroom. A Tenn law was challenged by a
teacher. Clarence Darrow, a member of the ACLU ( American Civil Liberties
Union) put evolution on trial.
Harlem Renaissance
1. Langston Hughes: In his poetry, Hughes wrote “I am negro and beautiful,”
illuminating the beauty of the African Americans.
2. Jazz: Louis Armstrong and others ushered in a unique American art form.
The 1920s in America
Ch 35 p. 771-772; 777-782
Warren Harding
1. Age of Normalcy: When elected, Harding stated that this would be an “age of normalcy.”
In other words, America would focus on themselves and not foreign nations.
2. Teapot Dome Scandal: Involved Attorney General Harry Daughtery and Senator Albert
Fall leasing oil reserves to big business. Fall received millions in “loans” from the businesses
(bribes).
Harding died in office from food poisoning resulting in a heart attack.
Calvin Coolidge
1. Gov. of Mass: The former Gov of Mass. Was most known for how he handled the Boston
Police Strike. Where Harding was very personable, Coollidge was the opposite.
Coolidge was elected again in 1924 and chose not to run for another term in 1928.
Instead Herbert Hoover ran against Al Smith and won
The Great Crash
Ch 35 p. 785-786
According to John Kenneth Galbraith
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Poor Distribution of Wealth: 5% of the population controlled 33% of the
money in America.
Poor Corporate Structure: American businesses were set up haphazardly,
resulting in problems that led to unemployment and bankruptcy.
Poor Banking Structure: The banking system had no safeguards. They
invested the people’s money in the stock market. When the market crashed,
people lost their savings.
Poor Economic Intelligence: There was confusion on how to invest your
money. People were Buying stocks on Margin (putting very little down and
financing the rest) so when the market crashed they lost millions of dollars in
assets.
Dubious Foreign Trade: We loaned money to the Germans (Dawes Plan),
which they used to pay back war reparations to countries like Britain and
France. Those countries used that money to pay the United States back.
When we cut off the loans to Germany - it set a chain reaction that hurt
everyone.
The Depression Unfolds
Ch 35 p. 787-791
Bank Failures: Due to the stock
market falling banks had to
close because their money
disappeared with the crash.
Run on the Bank: In addition to
the market collapse, people lost
faith in the banking institution
and attempted to take out their
money, which led to more
issues.
The Depression Unfolds
Ch 35 p. 787-791
Foreclosures: People lost their
homes because the bank could
not handle the debt. They were
forced to live in the street.
“Hooverville”: Shanty Towns
popped up all over the country
from these people who were
forced out of their homes.
These small communities were
called Hoovervilles after the
president.
The Depression Unfolds
Ch 35 p. 787-791
Foreclosures: Farmers also lost
their homes as result of the
crisis and were forced to leave
their homes as well.
Dust Bowl: To make matters
worse, the farmers experienced
the worst drought in American
history. Dust storms forced
many farmers to leave their
homes and make an exodus for
the city. Most of them came
from Oklahoma, earning the
nickname “Oakies.”
The Depression Unfolds
Ch 35 p. 787-791
Unemployment:
Reaching an all-time
high in 1932 (25%)
this was the worst
time for workers of
all walks and ages.
The Depression Unfolds
Ch 35 p. 787-791
Bonus Army: In an effort
to gain some income,
WWI Vets marched on
Washington to get their
pension promised to
them by congress.
Originally, they were
supposed to receive the
bonus in 1945, but the
vets wanted in earlier.
Hoover’s Response:
Hoover sent to Army to
tear down the
demonstration (Tent
City).
The Election of 1932
Ch 36 p.795-815
Here Comes FDR: Franklin
Roosevelt defeated Herbert
Hoover in a landslide victory.
The New Deal: At his
inauguration FDR said that
“The only thing we have to fear
is fear itself.” He argued that
people would soon be able to
trust the government and the
economic system.
The New Deal
Ch 36 p.795-815
1.
2.
3.
First 100 Days 15 Major Bills, 15 major Addresses
Bank Holiday: FDR called for a bank holiday to reorganized
them and bring back confidence in our system.
Gold Standard: FDR took the country off the gold standard
in an effort to expand the currency. This was done in an
effort to Prime the Pump and get the economy moving again.
Fireside Chats: FDR used the radio to tell the American
people about his programs to help the economy. People
would sit around the radio and listen to his speeches.
Around America people were so confident in Roosevelt that
they had pictures of him up in their homes
The New Deal
Ch 36 p.795-815
1.
FIRST NEW DEAL
Brain Trust: FDR asked Columbian Professors to design a
system to jumpstart the economy.
2.
The Structure: In order to teach you the New Deal I
organized it into the following categories: Banking, Farming,
Industry and Relief
3.
The Function: Focus on what these programs did. Do not
try to memorize every single program.
The New Deal
Ch 36 p.795-815
1.
2.
Commercial and Investment Banking
SEC: The Security Exchanges Commission was developed to
police the stock market and watch for illegal activities.
FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was developed
to bring confidence back into the system by insuring money
in the banks up to 2500.00
The New Deal
Ch 36 p.795-815
1.
2.
Farming
AAA: The Agricultural Adjustment Act paid farmers for the
their surplus of goods in an effort to bring up the prices of
those goods.
The Supreme Court: The courts struck this measure down
because they believed that it was price fixing. In the Second
New Deal, FDR passed the FSA (Farm Security Administration)
which gave Farmers loans to relocate or enrich the soil.
The New Deal
Ch 36 p.795-815
1.
Industrial Recovery
NIRA: The National Industrial Recovery Act created two programs
1.
2.
2.
The National Recovery Administration (NRA) which secured collective
bargaining between workers and management under Section 7(a) of the
act.
The Public Works Administration (PWA) created jobs for people by
building roads, schools, etc.
The Supreme Court: The courts struck this measure down
because they believed that the government had no business to tell
management they had to collectively bargain with the employees
and it disagreed with section 7(a). While the PWA was not a
problem, it was also shut down because they were both a part of the
NIRA.
The New Deal
Ch 36 p.795-815
1.
Relief
TVA: The Tennessee Valley Authority was designed to bring cheap
electricity to parts of the country where there was none. It also
provided jobs by their efforts.
2.
CCC: The Civilian Conservation Corp worked in national parks,
reservoirs and the country side. It provided jobs mostly for young
men because they would live on site.
3.
FERA: The Federal Emergency Relief Act gave out grants to states
to assist with relief.
The New Deal
Ch 36 p.795-815
1.
2.
3.
4.
Critics of the New Deal
Huey Long: The Louisiana Senator believed that FDR was wrong.
He developed a Share our Wealth program to take from the rich and
give to the poor through taxes.
Father Charles Coughlin: The Catholic Priest had radio shows that
said FDR needed to do more for the economy. Called the New Deal
and Raw Deal.
Dr. Francis Townsend: Former health official wanted there to be
better old age benefits.
Supreme Court: as stated before, stuck down measures of the
New Deal
The New Deal
Ch 36 p.795-815
SECOND NEW DEAL: Responding to the critics
1.
Brandeis-Frankfurter: In an effort to stay away from the courts,
FDR employed the help of these supreme court justices, who, like
the braintrust, designed the response to the critics.
2.
Second New Deal: While there were not as many programs, this
flurry of reforms brought new solutions to the problems people
faced.
The New Deal
Ch 36 p.795-815
SECOND NEW DEAL: Responding to the critics
Fixing Industry
1.
2.
WPA: The Works Progress Administration took the place of the PWA
and gave jobs to artists, writers, actors in addition to the public
works jobs.
Wagner Act: Taking the place of section 7(a) this created the
National Labor Relations Board which intervened in labor matters
and collectively bargained with both parties.
Social Reform
1.
Social Security Act: This measure provided old age benefits and
pension for people over the age of 65.
The New Deal
Ch 36 p.816-818
SECOND NEW DEAL: Responding to the critics
Court Packing
1.
Expand the Courts: FDR proposed that the courts were “overworked.” He
proposed to add SIX new justices - bringing it to 15 justices
2.
Shot Down: Congress shot down FDR’s proposal saying that it put too much
power in the courts and that he was tampering with the process.
Impact of the New Deal
1.
Despite the failure of court packing, FDR was still able to get his programs
passed.
2.
The Second World War was ultimately the final event that brought the United
States out of depression.