Transcript Battle of Wounded Knee - Dr. Crihfield's Website

1890 - 1945
Battle of Wounded Knee
• * Sioux natives wished to practice a dance that
they believed would free their lands, and rid of
whites, and lead to prosperity; this frightened
white settlers
• * The federal army believed Chief Sitting Bull
was planning a rebellion; acting on the settlers’
fear and their suspicions, the army captured the
chief
• * In a sudden exchange of gunfire between the
tribe and the army, Chief Sitting Bull and the
others were killed; the remainder of tribe fled to a
camp near Wounded Knee Creek
• * When the army reached this camp, a shot was
fired , and in reaction, the army killed two
hundred men, women , and children in what is
considered the last battle of the Indian Wars
Progressivism
• Social, Political and economic reform that
came as an American Response to problems
caused by industrialization, urbanization
and immigration
• Democratic reforms were made throughout
states and the national government
• Reforms helped development the 16, 17, 19
Amendments
Woodrow Wilson
• 28th President
• Before presidency and political work, he served as an
academic and President of Princeton University
• His legislation lowered tariffs, created a graduated federal
trade commission to control unfair business practices
• Initiated progressive reform that prohibited child labor and
limited railroad workers to an eight hour day
• Led United States into WW 1
• His “14 points” outlined the settlement of WW1
• He was a noted racist who segregated the federal
government and praised the Birth of a Nation , a
controversial movie negatively depicting AfricanAmericans
Platt Amendment
• Rider attached to army appropriations bill
• It was written into the constitution of Cuba
by the United States and, in effect, made
Cuba a United States protectorate
• The United States kept land for naval bases
on Cuba: Guantanamo Bay would play a
part in later Cuba- United States conflicts
Theodore Roosevelt
• 26th president
• Roosevelt had to deal with ill health and became an advocate for
similarly disadvantaged people
• Roosevelt was part of the Rough Rider Regiment during the SpanishAmerican conflict, where he became a war hero
• As president, he became a “Trust Buster”; he used the Sherman
Antitrust Act to dissolve trusts that restrained interstate and foreign
trade
• Won the antitrust case against the Northern Securities Company
• Style of diplomacy was to “speak softly and carry a big stick”;
protected United States interests by ensuring the construction of the
Panama Canal and United States authority in Latin America
• Served as a middleman in conflicts between Russia and Japan;
forged Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907
• Supported conservation ( on preservation ) of national resources
Muckrakers
• American Journalist, novelists, and critics who
exposed corruptions, especially in business and
politics
• President Theodore Roosevelt is said to have given
the muckrakers their name
• Famous muckrakers included Upton Sinclair, Ida
Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Samuel Hopkins
Adams
• Led to increased support for the progressive
movement
Sherman antitrust act
• Based on Congress’s power to regulate interstate
commerce
• Declare every contract, combination, or
conspiracy in restraint of interstate trade to be
illegal
• Corporate monopolies were exposed to federal
prosecution if found to conspire in restraining
trade
• The supreme court applied the at to both labor
unions and corporations
Insular Cases
• A series of court cases held to determine if
the “ Constitution followed the flag.”
• At stake- whether people in areas controlled
by the United States were given rights as
citizens
• The court determined that those living in
new territories were not automatically
granted the right of the United States
citizens
Populist Party
• Consisted mostly of farmers
• Members who met in Nebraska wrote their “
Omaha Platform.”
• The demands of the platform included free and
unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax,
and government and ownership of the telephone,
telegraph, and railroad industries
• Many of these ideas were later adopted by the
Progressive party.
Federal Reserve Act if 1913
• Response to the Panic of 1907 and concerns of business
• Need for a stable currency supply that could grown and
shrink with business demands
• Several measures competed for designing this central
reserve, each offering control to a different group
• President Wilson worked diligently to create and secure
passage of the act
• Divided the nation into separate regions with federal
reserve banks in each that would serve as “banker
banks.”
• The Federal Reserve Board oversaw the system and
regulated it by raising or lowering the interests rates that
each federal reserve bank could charge.
Watchful Waiting
• Policy by Woodrow Wilson of rejecting
alliances with leaders who took control
through force until a determination of their
interests could be made
• Wilson implemented this policy by refusing
to accept the leadership of Victoriano Hureta
when he took control of Mexico through
violent revolution.
• Policy ended when the United States sent
forces to retaliate against Mexico, which had
arrested American sailors in its borders.
Homestead Strike
• Iron and steel workers’ strike against
Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh to
protest slavery reductions
• Henry Clay Frick hired Pinkerton security
guards to protect Carnegie’s plant, but
fighting began and several deaths resulted
on both sides.
• Pennsylvania state militia was brought in to
take control
Clayton Antitrust Act
• Further outlined regulations against monopolies
and other unfair business practices.
• Meant as update for the Sherman Antitrust Act of
1890
• Price discrimination that was destructive to
competition was declared illegal
• Est. Federal Trade Commission to investigate and
prosecute instances to unfair competition.
• Served as the grounds for many suit against
corporations
• Exempted labor unions engaged in legal activities
Hoovervilles
• Term used to describe makeshift shacks that
housed groups of homeless people
• Used in open areas near cities during the
depression
• This term was sued to mock Herbert Hoover
Upton Sinclair
• Novelist and socialist
• Used his writing to expose issues in the United
States society, such as the need for food inspection
laws, and the oppressive effect of capitalism on
education and culture
• His book , The Jungle (1906) , a graphic novel
about the Chicago stockyards, led to food
inspection reforms and the Meat Inspection Act of
1906
• Lost bid to become governor of California in 1934
• Won Pulitzer prize in 1942
Muller v. Oregon
• Oregon established a law that limited women to
ten hours of work in factories and laundries
• Muller, a laundry owner, challenged the legality of
the law, arguing that it violated the “Liberty to
contract. “
• Louis Btandeis, one of the attorneys arguing the
case, used extensive sociological evidence in his
brief ( the Brandeis Brief). Which served as a
model for later social reformers
• The supreme court held that the law was
constitutional
Henry Ford
• His model T, introduced in 1908, was the first
inexpensive, mass- produced automobile
• Use of the moving assembly line strongly influenced
America manufacturing
Eugene v. Debs
• Became president of American Railway Union
in 1893
• Led successful strikes against the Great
Northern Railway and against the Pullman
Palace Car Company
• Was a founder of the Social Democratic Party
• Ran for president was a socialist candidate
five times between 1900 and 1920
Hawaii
• American sugar planters worked in Hawaii and
expanded America- Hawaiian sugar trade
• Queen Liliuokalani opposed foreigners, alienating
Americans
• Revolution against the queen came about in 1893 wand
was encouraged by American Leaders
• Feeling that most islanders did not support this
revolution , Grover Cleveland unsuccessfully attempted
to restore Queen Liliuokalani
• Standford Dole, son of American missionaries in
Hawaii, shepherded the annexation process
• Dole became Hawaii’s frist governor when the United
states annexed it on July 7, 1898
William Howard Taft
• 27th president
• After serving as the Secretary of War under Theodore
Roosevelt , he elected over William Jennings Bryan
• Prosecuted trusts under the Sherman Antitrust Act
• His policy of “Dollar Diplomacy” called for acting in
foreign affairs to achieve a financial result on behalf
of one's country.
• His administration created the department of labor
and established the parcel post system
• President Roosevelt’s relationship with Taft
deteriorated, leading to Roosevelt's;s opposition of
Taft’s re- election
Became Chief Justice of Supreme court after serving as
president
th
17
Amendment
• A progressive initiative that allowed for
each state to elect two senators for 6 yr
terms by popular vote
• Restated the first paragraph of article 1,
section 3 of the constitution by replacing “
chosen By legislature thereof” with “elected
by the people thereof”
• Allowed citizens to have a more active
participation in government
Bureau of Indian Affairs
• Led by commissioner John Collier
• Returned ownership of certain lands to
tribes, established tribal governments, and
provided economic relief
• Created a program of work projects for
reservations
Watchful waiting
• Policy by Woodrow Wilson of rejecting
alliances with leaders who took control
through force until a determination of their
interests could be made
• Wilson implemented this policy by refusing
to accept the leadership of Victoriano
Huerta when he took control of Mexico
through violent revolution
• Policy ended when the United States sent
forces to retaliate against Mexico, which
had arrested American Sailors in its borders
Teller Amendment
• The Amendment promised that when the United
States overthrew Spanish rule in Cuba, the United
States would give Cubans their independence
• Later, the Platt Amendment would override the
Teller Amendment as Cuba would come under
United States control after the Spanish- American
War
Puerto Rico and the United States
• In 1900, congress passed the Foraker Act, which
gave Puerto Rico , which gave Puerto Rico
limited popular government
• In 1917, American citizenship was granted to
Puerto Ricans
FDR’s Good neighbor Policy
• Foreign policy doctrine adopted by FDR for the
United States
• Withdrew marines from Haiti, the Dominican
Republic, and other areas
• American stayed out of the Cuban revolution
• American settled with Mexico on American
properties in that country
First New Deal
• First phase of FDR’s domestic reform program
• Aimed to provide recovery and relief through public
works, business and agricultural regulation ,stabilizing
prices
• Organizations such as the agricultural adjustment
administration, federal deposit insurance corporation,
civilian conservation corps, and national recovery
administration were founded
• Economy improved to a degree as unemployment
decreased
• Criticized by conservations for going too far in the use of
deficit spending and spending on relief
• Attacked by liberals for being in favor of business
First new deal creations
• Civilian Conservation Corp (1933) provided
work for young men through projects such as
road construction and flood control
• National industrial recovery act (1933) created
national recovery administration, which prepared
codes for fair competition
• Public works administration (1933) constructed
road, schools, damns, bridges and other projects
to aid the economy through increasing jobs
• Agricultural adjustment act (1933) encouraged
farmers to decrease their production, thereby
increasing their profits
Dust Bowl
• Areas of American prairie states that experienced
ecological damage due to huge clouds of soil
• Mismanagement of grazing land and severe
winds swept unprotected soil into dust storms
• Led to both economic and health hardships for
many
Romanticism
• A belief in the innate goodness of a man,
nature, and traditional values, rooted in
turn- of – the- century- Europe
• Emphasized emotions and feelings over
rationally
• Reaction against the excesses of the
Enlightenment led to a growing push for
social reform
William Mckinley
• 25th president
• Former Republican congressman from Ohio
• Business rallied to his support against William Jennings
Bryan
• While Bryan toured the country, McKinley stayed at home
and hosted important visitors, building an honest,
“Presidential” image.
• Defeated William Jennings Bryan for office in 1896
• McKinley’s election over Bryan influenced future political
races by setting up interest groups and alliances that lasted
for over a decade
• McKinley re- elected in 1900; Leon- Czolgosz, an anarchist,
assassinated McKinley one year into his second term
Marcus Alonzo Hanna
• American capitalist dealing in coal,
shipping, shipbuilding, banking and
newspapers
• He was active in Ohio Republican Party,
having William McKinley elected governor
in 1891 and 1893
• As chairman of the Republican National
Committee , he helped McKinley win the
presidential election of 1896
Transcendentalism
• Movement to transcend the bounds of the
intellect and to strive for emotional unity
with God
• Capable of unity without the help of the
institutional church
• Saw church as reactionary and stifling selfexpression
Banking Failures
• Banks were unable to collect on loans
because of the Great Depression
• Banks could not return money to depositors,
leading to bank closures
• On March 5, 1933, FDR reacted by closing
all banks and instituting the Emergency
Banking Act, which gave him the power to
reorganize insolvent national banks
The hundred days
• President Roosevelt called a special session
of Congress to deal with the weak american
Banking system
• Congress passed an emergency act on
banking and continued the session to deal
with unemployment and falling farm prices
• This special session became known as the
“Hundred Days.”
• This session launched the first new deal
Fireside Chats
• Franklin D. Roosevelt’s method of
addressing the nation through radio
• Created assurance among the public in the
strength of the banks he was opening
• Led to people depositing money again
Washington Irving
• In his time, he was the best-known native writer
in the United States and one of the first American
writers to gain fame throughout Europe.
• His satire is considered some of the first great
comic literature written by an American.
• Stories included Rip Van Winkle and The Legend
of Sleep Hollow ( both in 1820)
• His writing reflected an increasing American
nationalism, as the stories were based in
American settings.
Hawley- Smoot Tariff
• Brought tariff to the highest level in its history.
• In retaliation , foreign countries set tariffs on
American goods, creating a decline in exports
and further deepening the economic depression
• This was another expression of isolationism
Eleanor Roosevelt
• Wife of FDR
• Strong supporter of civil rights, women’s rights,
and world peace
• Resigned from Daughters of the American
Revolution after they refused to allow Marian
Anderson, an African- American, to sing at
Independence Hall
• Served as delegate to the United Nations from
1945-1953
Radio
• First human voice was broadcast in 1906 and
first musical broadcast was in 1910
• Woodrow Wilson was the first president to
broadcast
• KDKA was first radio station in the United
States (Pittsburgh), commencing broadcast in
1920
• Broke down regionalism and provided news and
entertainment
The Great Migration
• The movement of African- Americans from the South to the
industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest
• Causes for the migration included decreased cotton prices, the
lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing
as a result of the war, and a growth of the KKK
• The African- American population in such cities as Detroit,
Chicago , and New York grew during this period
• The migration led to higher wages , more educational
opportunities , and better standers of life for many AfricanAmericas
Ashcan School (New York Realists)
• Group of artists who painted realistic scenes
• Focused on subjects of everyday life, titles such
as The Wrestlers and Sixth Avenue
• Members included George Luks, George
Bellows, John Sloan, Henri, Everett Shinn, and
Arthur B. Davies
Frederick Winslow Taylor
• Created the basic for the scientific management
of business in a quest for efficiency
• Used shops and large plants as models and
succeed in spreading his ideas on efficiency to
several industries
• Wrote books on the subject of scientific
management
The Bonus Army
• A group of 14,000 unemployed veterans that
marched on Washington
• They sought payment of money through congress
• Hoover had the senate kill the bill providing
additional payment, and half of the veterans took
the offer of transportation home.
• The remaining vets subsisted in shacks near the
Anacostia River to draw attention to their cause
• Hoover called in Army and had the remainder of
the vets removed from Washington
• Created the impression that Hoover did not care
about the plight of the poor
Hoover- Stimson Doctrine
• Henry L. Stimson, secretary of state under
Hoover, sent identical notes to China and Japan ,
which became known as the Hoover- Stimson
Doctrine
• The notes were a reaction to Japan’s movement
into Manchuria
• They stated that the United States would not
would not recognize any treaty or agreement that
would impair China’s territory, United State’s
rights in China, the political situation in China,
the political situation , or the open –door policy
McCulloch v. Maryland
• Marshall Court Decision
• Determination that no state can control an agency
of the federal government
• Maryland tried to levy a tax on a local branch of
the United States Bank to protect its own banks
• Supreme court determination such state action
violated Congress’s “implied powers” to operate
a national bank
• Use of judicial review over state law made this a
division of powers case
Muscle Shoals and the Tennessee Valley Authority
• Muscle Shoals was the location of a dam and two nitrate plants
built by the government during World War one
• President Coolidge vetoed Senates plan to lease the property to
private sector
• Facility became the center of the Tennessee Valley Authority in
1933. Giving FDR a chance to do his first large- scale
experiment in regional planning
• TVA built a series of dams to provide electricity and flood
control
• Dams gave economic and environmental boosts to an area in
need of rehabilitation
Second new deal
• Like the First New Deal, it offered sweeping
economic changes to aid in relief and recovery
• While the First New Deal emphasized central
planning's, the second New Deal pushed
programs to aid particular groups such as labor
organization
• The United States tax structure was finessed
through carious revenue acts
• Some new deal acts were declared
unconstitutional in 1935
National Industrial Recovery Act
• NIRA law was passed on the last day of the “Hundred
Days” as the pillar of Roosevelt’s assistance program
• Goal of NIRA was to help business self-regulate ,
aiding employment
• NIRA created the National Recovery Administration,
which oversaw the creation of fair competition codes
• NRA codes abolished child labor, created minimum
wagesm and capped hours for workers
• In Schecter V. United States 1935), the Supreme Court
overturned the National Industrial Recovery Act
holding that it granted the president too much leeway
and that these powers should be in the hands of the
states
Cross of gold speech
• Address given by William Jennings Bryan, the
democatic presidential nominee, during the
national convention of the Democratic Party
• The speech criticized the gold standard and
supported the coinage of silver
• Bryan’s beliefs were popular with debt- ridden
farmers
• The last words of his speech, and the most
famous , were “ You shall not press down upon
the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall
not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”
W.E.B. DuBois
• Civil Rights leader and author
• Called for full equality of African- Americans,
which included social, civil, political, and
economic equality.
• Opposed Booker T. Washington’s “gradual
approach” to equality
• Through higher education , DuBois wanted to
develop leaders from the most able 10 percent of
African Americans (“ The talented Tenth”)
• Co- Founded the Niagara Movement, which
became the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Share Our Wealth Society
• Group founded by Louisiana Senator Huey “
Kingfish” long
• Long, a populist, criticized FDR for not doing
more to help those on the lower end of the scale
• Proposed radical taxation plans on wealthy to
make “ every man a king”
• When Long was assassinated, the society lost its
drive
Indian Reorganization Act
• Reversed Dawes Severalty Act
• Attempted to restore the tribal basis of Native
American Life
• Tribal life was to be recognized as “normal”
FDR’s Banking Acts, the Gold Standard , and
the SEC
• The Emergency Banking Relief Act was the first act of
FDR’s Hundred Days, it provided funds to open some
banks and it combined and liquidated others
• Glass- Steagall Banking Act insured deposited in
commercial banks, created the FDIC, and separated
commercial and investment banking to reduce risk
• FDR removed gold from circulation, resulting
devaluation of the dollar helped raise prices and assisted
the United States exports
• The securities and exchange commission was created as
a watchdog for the stock exchange and securities
FDR
• 32nd president
• With the slogan” the only thing we have to fear itself,”
encouraged new hope for emerging from the Great
Depression
• At age 39, he contracted poliomyelitis, he regained use
of his legs through a vigorous exercise program
• Led congress through” hundred days”
• Focused on economic and agricultural recovery and
support for the unemployed and elderly
• attempted to enlarge the supreme court and put it place
justices that would support his legislation, but he failed
• Mobilized the united states for entry into WW11
The influence of Sea Power upon
history, 1660-1783
• Written by Alfred Thayer Mahan a naval
officer and historian
• Further encouraged those in favor of
American imperialism and seaward
expansion
• Themes in the book were used as partial
justification for the United States taking of
the Philippines