Transcript Genocide in Darfur

Migration & Its Causes
A. MIGRATION
migration: the permanent long-term relocation
from one place to another
voluntary migration: people have a
choice to move or stay
reluctant migration: less than fully
voluntary, but not forced
Exs.:
- any economic migrant
- 75 million people from Europe to
Americas (1835-1935)
- Indonesia: resettlement from
overcrowded Java
U.S. Immigration Flows
Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Mexico has been the largest source of migrants to the U.S., but migrants
have also come from numerous other Latin American nations
Migration from Asia to the
U.S.
Migration in 2001. The largest numbers of migrants from Asia
come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam
forced migration: imposed
relocation by one group over
another causing “refugees”
Exs.:
- African slavery
- Australian convicts
- Siberian labor camps
- Trail of Tears
- the Holocaust
- Rwanda (1994)
- Darfur, Sudan (present)
internal migration: relocation within a
country’s borders
- Colombia (rural-urban)
- Russia
- China (to industrial cities)
- U.S. (1800’s: “Westward Ho”; 1910-1930’s: “Great
Migration”; today: west & south)
transhumance: semi-nomadic migration
B. Causes of migration:
i. Political circumstances
Haiti
Mariel Boatlift
Idi Amin/Uganda
Haiti
• In 1957, Francois Duvalier (called "Papa Doc"
by the Haitians) installed a dictatorship. "Papa
Doc" established his own private police force
known as the Tontons Macoutes. Their bloody
terror tactics helped keep him in power. When
"Papa Doc" died in 1971, his son, Jean Claude
Duvalier (known as "Baby Doc") took power. In
contrast to "Baby Doc's" rich lifestyle, Haitians
continued to suffer under the heel of poverty,
government corruption, and murderous
repression.In
Haiti
• In 1986, public demonstrations forced "Baby Doc" to
flee Haiti. Joyous mobs surged into the streets of Portau-Prince, the Haitian capital. A five-member council,
led by a general, took control of the government. It
promised democratic elections, but failed to carry
through on the promise. Many important Haitians still
owed their wealth and power to the old way of doing
things. The leading opponent of the wealthy elite was
Jean-Bertrand Aristide . A Roman Catholic priest,
Aristide spoke out on behalf of Haiti's slum dwellers
and rural peasants.
Haiti
• In 1988, armed men attacked Aristide's church
and killed 13 of his parishioners. Aristide went
into hiding.In 1990, the United States and the
United Nations forced a presidential election on
Haiti's military government. Aristide ran, and he
won an overwhelming victory in the first truly
democratic election held in Haiti's 200-year
history.Seven months after taking office,
Aristide was overthrown by another military
revolt. President Aristide fled to Venezuela and
later sought asylum in the United States.
• The Haitian Boat People
• Back in Haiti, many of Aristide's supporters were
beaten, imprisoned, tortured, and murdered. With
the country in turmOil, the economy shattered,
and poverty taking its toll, nearly 40,000 people
tried to escape Haiti by boat during the winter of
1991-92. They headed for the United States, about
600 miles away. Many died at sea. The U.S. Coast
Guard intercepted most of the survivors and took
them to the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay in
Cuba. Here the refugees were interviewed to
determine if they were seeking asylum or simply
escaping from Haiti's terrible poverty. Most
qualified for asylum.
UGANDA
• Amin began his rule with popular actions,
including freeing several political prisoners.
Simultaneously, however, he sent out “killer
squads” to hunt down and murder Obote's
supporters, predominantly those from the Acholi
and Lango ethnic groups, military personnel
and civilians. His victims soon came to include
people from every order and rank, including
journalists, lawyers, homosexuals, students and
senior bureaucrats
• He expelled all Asians from Uganda in 1972,
an action that led to the breakdown of his
country's economy.Amin became known as
the “Butcher of Uganda” for his brutality. It is
believed that some 300,000 people were killed
during his presidency. In July 1976 he was
personally involved in the hijacking of a
French airliner to Entebbe.
UGANDA
• In October 1978 Amin ordered an attack
on Tanzania. Aided by Ugandan
nationalists, Tanzanian troops eventually
overpowered the Ugandan army. As the
Tanzanian-led forces neared Kampala,
Uganda's capital, on April 13, 1979, Amin
fled the city. Escaping first to Libya, he
finally settled in Saudi Arabia.
ii. Economic conditions
Economic
Opportunities
In late 1800s and
early 1900s,
Chinese migrated
throughout
Southeast Asia to
work in trade,
commerce, and
finance.
iii. Armed conflict & civil war
Guatemalans
Rwandans
Bosnians
Vietnamese
iv. Environmental conditions:
Irish Population 1872
The Irish Potato Famine
v. Culture & Religion
Pakistan-India Partition
Russian Jews arriving in Israel
The Mormon Trek
Jewish Migration to Israel (post-1948)
C. Push & Pull Factors
Push Factors: negative home conditions that “push” the
decision to migrate (loss of job, lack of opportunities,
overcrowding, famine, war, disease)
Pull Factors: positive attributes perceived to exist at the new
location (jobs opportunities, better climate, lower taxes, more
room, safer)
place utility: degree of satisfaction with a place
The decision to migrate: is it better to stay or to go?
“Guest Workers”
- have short term work visas
- send remittances to home country
D. Migration Patterns
Step migration: smaller, less extreme moves
Ex.: farm to village—to small town—to major city
Chain migration: an established linkage or chain
for future migrants (creates a “migration field”)
– Migrants provide information, money, place to
stay, a job for other family/friends
Channel Migration: clear pathways &
travel routes are established
- Ex.: The Oregon Trail
Undocumented Immigration:
Mexico to Arizona
The complex route of one group of undocumented migrants from
a small village north of Mexico City to Phoenix, Arizona
E. Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”
1. short distance
2. step by step
3. rural to urban
4. each flow produces a counter
flow
5. Most international migrants are
young males
What is it like to be a refugee?
DARFUR 2007
RWANDA 1994
1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a
refugee is a person with:
refugee: “a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race,
religion, or nationality.”
POLAND 1939
PALESTINIANS 1948
BOSNIA 1993
IRAQ 2007; 2 million people?
Genocide in Darfur
The conflict in Darfur has led to the
death of at least 350,000 and the
displacement of 1.8 million
people.
The Two Groups: “Arab” vs. “African”
Members of a Janjaweed milita group
A Darfur rebel fighter
International Migration from Darfur
Displaced People within Darfur