Transcript The Bay of Pigs

BELOW IS A LINK TO THE SUEZ CANAL
AND SIX-DAY WAR POWERPOINT
• https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fj9yjn6Rp
C90Bt-kz-zoN5iam4w3w4Rn9V7sFpcBYg/edit?pli=1#slide=id.p
THE BAY OF PIGS
THE MIDDLE OF THE COLD WAR
NATALIE MARSHALL
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
• Castro overthrows
Cuban dictator
• Fulgencio Batista
• Castro and
Khrushchev
relationship
BFFS
FOR
LIFE
THE PLAN
• Eisenhower administration
creates the Cuban exile
plan
• Purpose was to overthrow
Castro and create a noncommunist government
• CIA created training camps
in Guatemala
• Castro knew of the plan
KHRUSHCHEV’S SPEECH
• July 9th, 1960
• To the RFSR Teacher’s Congress in Moscow
• Soviet Union would help Cuba gain its
independence
• Socialist countries would help Cuba
• “The peoples of the socialist countries will help their
Cuban brothers to uphold their independence with
the object of frustrating the economic blockade
the United States of America has just declared
against Cuba.” Nikita Khrushchev
KHRUSHCHEV’S SPEECH
• Accused America of
enslaving other nations
• Soviet Union’s possession of
missiles
• ”Soviet artillerymen can
support the Cuban people
with their rocket fire, should
the aggressive forces in the
Pentagon dare to start
intervention against Cuba.”
Nikita Khrushchev
IT BEGINS
• January 1961: Khrushchev announced Soviet
Union’s plan to support “wars of national liberation”
throughout the world.
• Kennedy took this as a threat and in February 1961
(after his inauguration) he authorized the plan.
BFFS…
NOT 
LETTER FROM KENNEDY TO
KHRUSHCHEV
• US does not “intend” to
intervene militarily with Cuba
• He is lying because he had
already approved of the plan.
He was trying to hide US
involvement
• He states that if external
aggression acts on Cuba, then
the US will be forced to intervene
to “protect this hemisphere
against external aggression”.
LOCATION
•
•
•
•
Intended to disguise US involvement
Swampy area
Southern coast of Cuba
Thought there would be little resistance
THE INVASION BEGINS
• April 15th, 1961: American bombers
miss their targets
• US involvement is exposed
• April 17th, 1961
•
•
•
•
•
Invaders land at the Bay of Pigs
Met with heavy fire
Planes shot at them
2 ships were sunk
Air support destroyed
COUNTERATTACK
• Castro sent 20,000 troops
• On April 19th, President
Kennedy ordered an “airumbrella”
• 6 fighter plans were sent to
defend the B26s of the invasion
brigade
• B26s arrived late and were shot
down by the Cubans
• The invasion was crushed
RESULTS
• In total, 1,200 of the exiles
surrendered and over 100 were
killed.
• The US failure to stop the threat of
communism in Cuba led to the
Cuban Missile Crisis.
• US and Soviet relations were further
strained by this conflict.
• Relations between the US and Cuba
are strained to this day.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Natalie
• Kennedy, John F. "Letter from President Kennedy to
Chairman Krushcehv." Letter to Nikita Krushchev. 18 Apr.
1961. Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy.
Vincent Ferraro, n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
• "The Bay of Pigs." - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library &
Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
• "Speech to RSFR Teacher's Congress." Speech. Soviet Union,
Moscow. 9 July 1960. Modern History Sourcebook. Web. 14
Apr. 2013.
<http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1960khrushchevcuba1.html>.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
THE MIDDLE OF THE COLD WAR
AMBER TILICKY
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
• 13 day political and military standoff
• October 1962
• Over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles
on Cuba
• 90 miles off the U.S. shore
THE PLAN
• President John Kennedy
notified Americans about
the presence of the missiles
• Explained his decision to enact
a naval blockade around
Cuba and made it clear the
U.S. was prepared to use military
force if necessary to neutralize
this perceived threat to national
security
THE PLAN
• To orchestrate their removal without initiating a
wider conflict, and possibly a nuclear war
• To enact the blockade and made it clear that the
U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary
to neutralize this perceived threat to national
security
SHOWDOWN AT SEA
• October 24th
• Soviet ships bound for Cuba neared the line of U.S. vessels
enforcing the blockade
• Soviet ships stopped short of the blockade
• October 27th
• American reconnaissance plane was shot down over Cuba
A DEAL ENDS THE STANDOFF
• During the crisis, the Americans and Soviets had
exchanged letters and other communications
• On October 26th Khrushchev sent a message to Kennedy in
which he offered to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange
for a promise by U.S. leaders not to invade Cuba
• The Soviet leader sent a letter proposing that the USSR would
dismantle its missiles in Cuba if the Americans removed their
missile installations in Turkey
• The Kennedy administration decided to accept the
terms of the first message and ignore the second
Khrushchev letter entirely.
• Privately, however, American officials also agreed to
withdraw their nation's missiles from Turkey.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Amber
• "Home." Ourdoocuments.gov. NARA, n.d. Web. 12 Apr.
2013.
• McNamara, Robert S. "Notes on October 21, 1962 Meeting
with the President." Gwu.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr.
2013.
WHY DID THE COLD WART CONTINUE?
• The Cold War continued because the United States
and the Soviet Union were in a fight to be the best.
They both wanted to be a “world superpower”.
Also, both nations had such differing ideologies and
interests. As is shown by the conflicts over Cuba, the
Soviet Union wanted Cuba to be communist while
the US wanted to protect Cuba from communism.
Their differences in ideology is what fueled the Cold
War for many years.
“Berlin was considered to be the key to the
B Y : J A N balance
E L L E OofL power
I V E R in post-World War II Europe”
• The early ideas and motives
behind Berlin
• Allies originally wanted Berlin
to be symbol of Germany's
defeat.
• Both East and West powers
could not come to an
agreement on German
Unification
• Berlin was used as a tool by
both sides
• It is said that history of Berlin
reflects the history of the Cold
War itself
• Soviet Union
blockades their side of
Berlin
• They hoped this would
force the Allies to
abandon Berlin and their
reforms
• Allies responded with
Berlin Airlift
• Delivered supplies to
Eastern Berlin
• The Soviets suffered a
major defeat
• After the Airlift, Eastern
German People became tired
of Soviet Rule
• On June 16, 1953 they began to
protest government demands
to increase productivity.
• Soviets quickly suppressed the
revolt
• Soviet were surprised and
became frightened
• The United States and its allies
offered only moral support
• This revolt would be repeated
in other places such as
Hungary and Czechoslovakia
• Tensions between East and West continued
• Almost a decade after the Berlin airlift, another Crisis arose
• Khrushchev delivered the Berlin Ultimatum
• He wanted a withdraw of allied troops from West Berlin
within six months, have complete control of all Berlin
territory and stop access between the two Berlins
• American’s response to the Soviet demands
• “A failure in Berlin could disrupt NATO and weaken
American influence in West Germany, the key to the
balance of power in Europe”
• Withdrawing their troops from West Berlin was out of the
question.
• The powers also insisted on their right of free access to Berlin
• U.S. President John F. Kennedy affirmed this stance in his “Three
Essentials” of July 1961.
• There was a stalemate between the two powers.
• After the Geneva conference of foreign ministers the
Berlin crisis reached its end with the American-Soviet
summit meeting in Vienna.
• Vienna became the turning point for the Soviet Union
• Second Great Depression began to
his Germany Hard
• Hardly able to find good paying jobs
• People began to flock to the
Western side of Berlin
• Brain-Drain
• 100s left the daily
• Western spies would infiltrate
Eastern Berlin
• After the Berlin Ultimatum there
was an increase in refugees fleeing
Eastern Germany
• They feared that tie was running out
• The Western powers were
unwilling to fight a war over
Berlin and responded with
restraint.
• "I understand your question as follows: There are people in
West Germany who want us to mobilize the construction
workers of the GDR to build a wall. I am not aware of any
such plans ... No one has the intention of constructing a wall."
- Ulbricht
• Well, that is exactly what Khrushchev did
• Creation of the Berlin Wall
• Kennedy's struggle regarding the wall
• Life of a Reinforcement
2.55
• Checkpoint Charlie Conflict
• General Clay order American tanks to head to the Checkpoint
• Khrushchev sent an equal number tanks to meet them
• The had a rivals faced down
• First Cuban missile Crisis
• Fortunately, both Kennedy and Khrushchev did not
think berlin was “vital” enough to start war over
• Khrushchev called off his tanks first
• This is were where the Berlin Crisis began to decrease
• The wall fell in 1989
• Eisenhower on the Second Berlin Crisis. Dir. Dwight
Eisenhower. Perf. President Eisenhower. The United State's
Government, 1958. Speech.
• Kennedy Responds to Berlin Wall. Dir. Perf. History, Film.
• Colitt, Leslie . " Berlin crisis: the standoff at Checkpoint
Charlie | World news | The Guardian ." Latest US news, world
news, sport and comment from the Guardian |
guardiannews.com | The Guardian . The Guardian, 24 Oct.
2011. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/24/berlin-crisisstandoff-checkpoint-charlie>.
• "Berlin Crisis | Allied Museum."Home | AlliiertenMuseum
Berlin. Version w. Alliertenmusuem Berlin, n.d. Web. 14 Apr.
2013.
<http://www.alliiertenmuseum.de/en/themen/berlinkrisemauerbau.html>.
BY: BAILEY HOBACK
• Formation of foreign
policy of Federal Republic
of Germany
• Policy was pushed forward
in late 1960s-1970s
• Developed by Willy Bradnt
• Foreign Minister in the
Federal Republic of Germany
• 1969; Chancellor of West
Germany
• German for Eastern Policy
• Sought closer ties between
Eastern Europe and USSR
• Political, Economic
• Recognition of German
Democratic Republic as a
state
• Wanted to lessen divide
between two nations.
• Brandt and Eastern German leader
Willi Stoph met for discussions.
• Could not reach final decision,
since Brandt would not recognize
East Germany as sovereign State.
• Treaty of Moscow with Brezhnev,
Treaty of Warsaw with Poland
signed.
• Respect frontiers in central
Europe.
• Basic Treaty 1972; recognition of
both sovereign states.
• Brandt retired 1974; Berlin and
Germany’s achieved some
stability.
• "Ostpolitik." Weblog post. National Cold War Exibition. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
• Egon, Bahr. Eastern and Western Germany. Four-Power
Agreement. Basic Treaty. East Berlin: , 1972. Print.
• Willy, Brandt. Western Germany and People's Republic of
Poland. German Bundestag. Treaty of Warsaw. Presidential
Palace,Warsaw : , 1970. Print.
HUNGARIAN REVOLT OF
1956
NIC ARLANDSON
WHAT WAS THE HUNGARIAN REVOLT?
• Nationwide revolt against the government of
Hungary
• Lead by the Hungarian social workers party
• Lasted from October 23 to November 10
• First major threat to Soviet control since the USSR
drove out Nazis
HOW DID THE HUNGARIAN REVOLT
START?
• Started a student demonstration
• Used vans to call out support from speakers
• The revolt spread quickly and government quickly
collapsed
• Civilians started militias to battle the State Security
Police
• Rebellion against Nagy's ideas
WHAT HAPPENED IN THE REVOLT?
• The civilians took arms against the soviets
• The people created a social militia and were
fighting against the government that was being
aided by the soviets
• Kremlin let out a fake proposal of accepting
negotiation with the people but then flipped the
switch
• Soviets completely crushed the revolt and killed
everyone
• Very unorganized resistance with little to no actual
resistance leadership
HOW DID THE REVOLT END?
• It ended with the Soviets putting through a military
force that completely wiped out the revolution
• The Soviets gained control until they could put
Kadar in
• This allowed the Soviets to keep communism alive
and not threatened
• This also made other leaders and countries not try to
revolt against the soviets and their communism
• Although it did bring Hungary to neutrality and
renounced the Warsaw treaty in the UN
PRIMARY SOURCES
• "Study Prepared for U.S. Army Intelligence,
“Hungary: Resistance Activities and
Potentials,”."Study
Prepared for U.S. Army
Intelligence, “Hungary: Resistance Activities and
Potentials,” (1956):
n. pag. Print.
• "Minutes of the Nagy Government’s Fourth Cabinet
Meeting." (1956): n. pag. Print.
PRAGUE SPRING
TAYLER SHREVE
WHAT IS PRAGUE SPRING?
• “The brief period of time when
the government of
Czechoslovakia led by
Alexander Dubcek seemingly
wanted to democratize the
nation and lessen the
stranglehold Moscow had on
the nation’s affairs. The
Prague Spring ended with a
Soviet invasion, the removal of
Alexander Dubcek as party
leader and an end to reform
within Czechoslovakia.”
WHAT CAUSED PRAGUE SPRING
• May 1966
• Complaints that the Soviet Union was exploiting the people
• People in Czecholslovakia complained about the government
in Prague
• A weak economy worsened the tensions
• None of the reforms that were introduced worked
• Workers remained in poor housing and led the most basic of
lifestyles
• June 1967
• Open criticism of Antonin Novotný, Party Leader, at the Writers’
Union Congress
• October 1967
• Students demonstrated against Novotný
• Liberals and Czechoslovakians united to elect Dubcek
as first secretary in early 1968
• This marks the beginning of Prague Spring
THE BEGINNING OF PRAGUE SPRING
• January 5, 1968
• Alexander Dubcek became leader in
Czechoslovakia
• Czechoslovakia was Communist at this time
• Dubcek began a series of reforms
• “We shall have to remove everything that strangles artistic
and scientific creativeness."
• Bypassed Soviet control
• Threatened Soviet control
WHAT REFORMS?
• Dubcek’s reforms
• Communism should be more liberal
• Communism should be more responsive to the people
• Freedom of press
• Newspapers began publishing revelations about corruption in
‘high places’
•
•
•
•
Emphasizing consumer goods
Multi-party government
Abolition of censorship
Creation of works councils in industry
MORE REFORMS
• Dubcek wanted the Czecoslovakia Communist
Party to remain the predominant party in
Czechoslovakia
• Wanted the totalitarian aspects of the party to be
reduced
FOREIGN POLICY
• Dubcek announced that Czechoslovakia had no
intention of changing its foreign policy
• Made speeches stating that Czechoslovakia would
not leave the Warsaw Pact or end its alliance with
the Soviet Union
DECLINE OF PRAGUE SPRING
• March 1968
• Soviet leaders met to caution Czechoslovakians on their
reforms
• July 1968
• Soviet leaders announced that the Federal Republic of
Germany was planning an invasion of the Sudetenland
• Asked permission to send in the Red Army to protect
Czechoslovakia
• Alexander Dubcek declined the offer
• Final Soviet effort to fix the Czechoslovakian party
• Efforts to recruit pro-Soviet leaders in Czechoslovakia
DECLINE OF PRAGUE SPRING
• August 21, 1968
• The Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia
• Warsaw Pact forces had been building their forces on the
borders for months
• To avoid bloodshed, the Czechoslovakian government
ordered its armed forces not to resist the invasion
• Occupied Czechoslovakia
• Wanted to see an end to the liberal policies
THE END OF PRAGUE SPRING
• Alexander Dubcek and Ludvik Svoboda were taken
to Moscow
• Soon afterwards they announced that after "free
comradely discussion" that Czechoslovakia would be
abandoning its reform program
• This marks the end of Prague Spring
PRIMARY SOURCES:
• Central Intelligence Agency, "Understanding the Prague
Spring," Making the History of 1989, Item #326,
http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/326 (accessed
April 14 2013, 5:21 pm).
• Dubček, Alexander, and Jiří Hochman. Hope Dies Last:
The Autobiography of Alexander Dubcek. New York:
Kodansha International, 1993. Print.
• Secondary Source:
• "Prague Spring." Spartacus Educational. N.p., n.d. Web.
14 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COL
The Middle Years of the Cold War
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AP European History
4th Period
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Katherine Zimmerman and Kali Hoying
The Vietnam War
Katherine Zimmerman
Overview
•Occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
•November 1 1955 to April 30 1975
•North Vietnam
•Supported by communist allies
•South Vietnam
•Supported by the United States and other antcommunist countries.
•America believed that communism was
threatening to expand all over South-east Asia.
The Conflict
•France accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in Vietnam.
• The Geneva Conference
•Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam and a
pro-Western administration in South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north.
•The war started in November 1946, when the French bombarded the port of Haiphong
•Bao Dai was appointed the new leader of the country.
•The Russians and Eastern Europe refused to recognize his rule. They claimed that
Ho Chi Minh was the real ruler of Vietnam.
•The USSR did not fight in Vietnam
• they supported the Communist cause
•Armed fellow Communist state, China who in turn, armed and equipped the
North Vietnamese, who fought the Americans.
•The Viet Cong (directed by the North)
• fought a guerrilla war against the anit-communist
forces in the region.
•The North Vietnamese Army committed large units of
troops into battle.
•The South Vietnamese and their allies relied on air
superiority and firepower to conduct operations.
•The North Vietnamese government and Viet Cong
were fighting to reunify Vietnam under communist rule.
•They viewed the conflict as a colonial war, fought
initially against France, backed by the U.S., and
later against South Vietnam, which it regarded as a
puppet state of the United States
•The cold war was a fight between the United States and the
USSR over the world's resources.
•South Vietnam was an ally of the US and North was an
ally of the USSR.
•The US feared if North Vietnam won the war other
countries in South Asia would also fall to Communism.
•The US attempted to halt the spread of communism,
which the Soviets were trying to spread.
•In the 1960s Cold War tensions included fear of nuclear
devastation
Impact on Europe
•Fear of nuclear devastation
•Student revolts sparked by involvement in war
•War viewed as immoral
Primary Sources
Sources
"American Policy in Vietnam." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/psources/>.
"President Eisenhower's Letter to Ngo Dinh Diem." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/psources/>
Secondary Sources
"Vietnam War." About.com Military History. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
<http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/tp/vietnam101.htm>.
"Cold War In Vietnam." Cold War In Vietnam. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2013.
<http://public.csusm.edu/sween013/website502/coldwarvietnam.html>.
"The Causes of the Vietnam War." The Causes of the Vietnam War. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/causes_vietnam_war.htm>.
"American Policy in Vietnam." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/psources/>.
"Three Theses on the Cold War." - Centre for World Dialogue. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=168>.
The Afghanistan Conflict of 1979
Kali Hoying
Overview
•
Soviet Invasion 1979-1989
•
Part of the Afghan War
• Separate Communist conflict
•
Invaded to support new Communist government
• Resistance groups and uprisings
• Mujahideen
Political Background
•
Used to be centrist
• Run by Mohammad Daud Khan
•
Overthrown by force
• Nur Mohammad Taraki
•
New government was run by two parties
• People’s Party and the Banner Party
Invasion
•
People’s Party leader overthrown by
Soviet forces
• Hafizullah Amin
•
Replaced by Banner leader
• Babrak Karmal
•
Wanted to protect the Afghan people from
“outside” involvement
• Led to an alliance
• Afghans wanted to protect their new
government
• Thought Soviets would withdraw
when the crisis passed
Resolution
•
Mujahideen gain outside support
• U.S. and Pakistan
•
Stalemate in the war
•
Mujahideen splinter into independent groups
• Scattered
• Quality improves over time
•
Soviet Union signs an accord
• U.S., Pakistan, Afghanistan
• 1988
Why did the Cold War Continue?
•
Differing interests of the United States and the •
Soviet Union.
•
US feared spread of communism, especially
from Vietnam to Laos and Cambodia
•
Nuclear stalemate
“The domino theory"
•
Soviets eventually agreed to withdraw
• Wanted to maintain the war
• Agreed to continue to support
Afghanistan
•
•
Once a nation fell to communism, others
around it would follow
The identity of the Soviet state and the
legitimacy of its power were threatened
by the West
Sources
Primary Sources
“Directive Nº 312/12/001 of 24 December 1979 signed by Ustinov and Ogarkov." December 24, 1979,
History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, A. A. Lyakhovskiy’s “Plamya Afgana” (“Flame of the
Afghanistan veteran”)”, Iskon, Moscow, 1999. Translated for CWIHP by Gary Goldberg.
<http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111784>.
"Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union Announcement, Attachment to CPSU Politburo Protocol #177"
December 27, 1979, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, TsKhSD, F. 89, P. 14, D. 32.
Translated for CWIHP by Gary Goldberg. <http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111548>.
"Intelligence note concerning actions by the US in aiding the Afghanistan Rebel fighters." September 01,
1980, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, A. A. Lyakhovskiy’s “Plamya Afgana” (“Flame of
the Afghanistan veteran”)”, Iskon, Moscow, 1999; Translated for CWIHP by Gary Goldberg.
<http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111792>.
"Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU on the Current Situation in Afghanistan" February 17, 1989,
History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, State Central Archive Prague, File 02/1, CC CPCz
Politburo 1980-1989, 106th Meeting, 22 February 1989, in Russian. Translated by Todd Hammond and
Derek Paton. Obtained by Oldrich Tuma. <http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111774>.
Sources
Secondary Sources
Etheredge, Laura, and Parul Jain. "Soviet invasion of Afghanistan." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1499983/Soviet-invasion-of-Afghanistan>.
"Russian invasion of Afghanistan." History Learning Site. N.p.. Web. 14 Apr 2013.
<http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/russia_invasion_afghanistan.htm>.
THE SPACE RACE
WHITNEY LONGENECKER
WHAT WAS IT?
• The United
States and the
Soviet Union
competed
against each
other to prove
their
technological
superiority.
• Space served as
another arena
for the Cold War
competition.
• October 4, 1957,
HOW DID THIS AFFECT THE UNITED
STATES?
• Space was seen as the
next frontier, so it was
crucial to not loose to
the Soviets.
• Russia’s ability to
launch missiles into the
atmosphere created a
new sense of urgency.
• The first American
satellite was launched
in 1958, called Explorer
I.
• Dwight Eisenhower
WHY DID THE COLD WAR CONTINUE?
• The relationship
between the US and
USSR was a tense one.
• The rivalry between the
two nations led them
to attain “firsts” in
space exploration, in
order to prove the
superiority of their
technology and
missiles.
THE RACE HEATS UP
• In 1959, the Soviets
moved to launch Luna
2, the first space probe
to reach the moon.
• April 1961, USSR
cosmonaut Yuri
Gagarin became the
first man to orbit the
Earth.
• May 5, 1961, astronaut
Alan Shepard became
the first American in
space.
THE MOON LANDING
• December 1968,
Apollo 8 orbited the
moon.
• July 16, 1969, Apollo 11
set off, the first lunar
landing attempt.
• It landed successfully on
the 20th.
• Neil Armstrong became
the first man to walk on
the moon.
• http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=RMINSD7Mm
T4
CONCLUSION OF THE SPACE RACE
• By landing a man on
the moon, the US won
the space race against
the Soviets.
• The Soviets had made
4 failed attempts at a
lunar landing.
• The Apollo-Soyuz
mission sent 3
American astronaut to
a Soviet Soyuz vehicle
in orbit. They docked,
and the commanders
of both sides met and
SOURCES
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUXuV7XbZvU
Kennedy’s Speech
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMINSD7MmT4
Moon Landing
• "The Space Race." History. History.com, n.d. Web. 14 Apr.
2013.
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
GABRIELLA ANDINO
TO PREFACE..
• In 1949, the Soviets detonated their first
atomic bomb at the Semipalatinsk Test Site
in Kazakhstan.
• Ended American monopoly on atomic weaponry.
• In 1952, the United States tested the first
Hydrogen bomb.
• In 1953, the Soviets tested their first H-Bomb.
HYDROGEN BOMB
• Smaller in size than the atomic bomb.
• 2500 times more powerful
MONEY MONEY MONEY MONEY
• The United States funded for the creation of B52’s –
a bomber that could fly 6000 miles and drop off
nuclear bombs.
• The Soviets did not have the financial aid from the
government that the USA had.
• Focused on creating bigger bombs.
THE “COLD” WAR IS HEATING UP…
• “Massive Retaliation” is put into place by U.S.
Secretary of State (John Foster Dulles).
• States that any major Soviet attack would be met with a
“massive” nuclear “retaliation”.
• ICBM’s became a result of this threat.
• Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
ICBM
•
•
•
•
Thermo-nuclear technology
Internal Guidance system
Multistage rockets
Can destroy targets 5000 miles away.
THE TSAR BOMBA
• In 1961, the Soviets tested the largest nuclear
weapon to date.
• Over 58 megatons
• Detonated after the USA and USSR agreed to limit
nuclear testing.
• Seen as an act of intimidation.
SOME PERSPECTIVE…
POOF
By 1961, there were enough bombs to destroy the
world.
SECRETS, SECRETS ARE NO FUN..
• Neither side knew the number of nuclear
weapons the other had.
• Bomber Gap theory
• China signed a secret agreement with
Moscow to provide uranium ores in
exchange for nuclear technology. (1951)
• First Chinese nuclear test in 1964 at Lop Nur
• First Hydrogen Bomb detonated by Chinese in
1967.
U-2 INCIDENT
• Eisenhower sent a U-2 in May of 1960 (long-range
spy plane capable of flying over 70,000 feet) into
Soviet territory as a covert surveillance aircraft.
• Shot down by the Soviets – pilot survived.
• Purpose was to photograph ICBM sites and land in Norway.
• Was a great embarrassment to the USA
MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION
• MAD
• If you hurt me, I hurt you.
• This is what kept them from attacking each other.
• Brinkmanship
PRIMARY SOURCE 1
• In 1965, The USA Committee on Nuclear
Proliferation reported to the President that
active measures needed to be put in place
in order to protect our country.
• Formal multilateral agreements
• Set an example
• Apply sphere of influence
• Showed the psychological affect that MAD
had on the United States.
• Poised us to fear Soviet advances in
technology
PRIMARY SOURCE 2
• In 1966, the Department of State Policy Planning
Council researched the further spread of
nuclear weapons and its threat to the west.
• Nuclear Proliferation issue in West Germany, Japan,
Sweden, and Israel.
• China’s advance in nuclear technology threatened
US-Japan Security Treaty
• USSR sought to divide and weaken the West
• 5 countries that have tested nuclear weapons.
• Perceived threat from USSR and China
• Concluded to retard nuclear advancements in other
countries.
SOURCES
• Atom Central. "The Cold War." - Nuclear Arms Race.
N.p., 2003. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
• Department of State Policy Planning Council. "The
Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons: Problems for the
West." GWU. N.p., 2008. Web. 2013.
• The Committee on Nuclear Proliferation. "The
Gilpatric Report." The Gilpatric Report. GWU, 2008.
Web. 14 Apr. 2013.