Transcript The Cold War - Gonzaga - Gonzaga College High School

The Cold War
Time Line
• 1945
• 1946
• 1947
The United Nations is
established.
Winston Churchill delivers his
Iron Curtain speech.
Peace treaties are signed with
Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Italy,
and Rumania.
President Truman calls for
American aid to Greece and
Turkey.
The United States proposes the
Marshall Plan.
Time Line
• 1948
• 1949
A Communist dictatorship is
imposed on Czechoslovakia.
The Soviets begin the Berlin
Blockade.
The German Federal Republic
and the German Democratic
Republic are established.
The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) is created.
The Communists win the
Chinese civil war.
Time Line
• 1950
• 1953
• 1954
North Korea invades South
Korea.
An armistice ends the Korean
War.
The Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO) is
established.
Time Line
• 1955
• 1961
• 1962
West Germany becomes a
member of NATO.
The Soviets establish the
Warsaw Pact.
The Baghdad Pact is established.
The Austrian State Treaty is
signed.
The Geneva summit conference
meets.
The Berlin Wall is built.
The Cuban missile crisis
endangers world peace.
Time Line
• 1963
• 1972
• 1979
The United States and the Soviet
Union sign the Nuclear Test Ban
Treaty.
The United States and the Soviet
Union sign the SALT I Treaty and
the ABM Treaty.
The Soviet Union invades
Afghanistan.
Time Line
• 1985
• 1987
Mikhail Gorbachev becomes
general secretary of the Soviet
Communist party.
The United States and the Soviet
Union sign the Intermediate
Range Nuclear Force (INF) treaty.
Origins of the Cold War
• Hostility between Eastern and
Western allies a product of:
• 1. military developments during the
war
• 2. wartime agreements
• 3. political & ideological differences
Origins of the Cold War
• Teheran Conference (11/1943)
– Big Three: Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill
– Over Churchill’s objections, Roosevelt and
Stalin agreed on a combined U.S./G.B. assault
through France.
• Ramifications:
– 1. eventual meeting Russian and U.S./G.B. armies along a
north-south line in Germany.
– 2. Only Russian troops would liberate eastern Europe.
– Shape of postwar Europe clear before
the end of fighting.
Origins of the Cold War
• Yalta Conference (2/1945)
– Big Three again.
– Red Army 100 miles east of Berlin and occupying
Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, part of
Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia (The Soviet Bloc).
– U.S./G.B. forces stalled west of the Rhine (not yet
in Germany).
– Agreement on the division of Germany into zones
of occupation
– Eastern European governments to be freely elected
but pro-Russian.
• Russians violated agreement almost immediately—no free
elections.
Origins of the Cold War
• Potsdam Conference (7/1945)
– Stalin, Truman, Atlee.
– Truman demanded immediate free elections in
eastern Europe.
• Driven by U.S. idealism, influenced by millions of
voters of eastern European extraction.
– Stalin refused.
• Saw eastern Europe as a Soviet domain—a
protective buffer against any possible future German
aggression and only communist states could be truly
dependable allies.
– The stage for the cold war was set.
Origins and Development of
the Cold War
• The Founding of
the United
Nations
• 4/45, delegates of
50 nations met in
SF to draft the
charter of the UN.
Origins and Development of
the Cold War
• The Founding of the United Nations
(cont.)
– General Assembly: all member nations
represented.
– Security Council: 11 (later 15) members.
• Permanent members: US, USSR, GB, FR, &
China. Each has veto power.
– Purpose: international cooperation.
– Reality: forum for East-West antagonism.
Origins and Development of
the Cold War
• East-West Relations in Germany
– 5/45, Americans, British, Soviets, and
French took control of their occupation
zones.
• Berlin, former German capital, laying within
the Soviet zone, was divided into 4
occupation zones as well.
• Access by road, rail, and air.
• No agreement on common policies, so each
power determined policy for its zone.
Origins and Development of
the Cold War
• The Soviets and
Eastern Europe
– The Iron Curtain:
• Fulton, MO, 3/46,
Churchill declared
“From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in
the Adriatic, an iron
curtain has
descended across
the continent.”
Origins and Development of
the Cold War
• East-West Relations in Germany
– Consolidation of Western Zones:
• 1947, US and British zones merged for economic
purposes.
• French zone joined several months later.
• First steps to establishing a separate West German
state.
– Peace Treaties with Germany’s allies:
• No treaty ever signed with Germany.
• 2/47: treaties with Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Italy,
and Rumania.
The Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
GOAL  spread
world-wide
Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
 Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
 Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL 
“Containment” of
Communism & the
eventual collapse
of the Communist
world.
[George Kennan]
 Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples [Communist govt. &
command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist
economy]  “proxy wars”
 Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
Origins and Development of
the Cold War
• US Containment Policy
– 1946, State Dept. Staffer George Kennan
designed the policy of “containment” which
held that only determined and continuing
resistance could halt the advance of Soviet
power.
– The Truman Doctrine:
• GB unable to continue to fund resistance of
Greeks and Turks.
• 3/12/47: Truman appealed to Congress for
$400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey.
Origins and Development of
the Cold War
• US Containment
Policy
– The Marshall
Plan:
• Inspired by fear
of total
economic
collapse of warravaged Europe
and ensuing
Soviet
dominance.
Origins and Development of
the Cold War
• US Containment Policy
– The Marshall Plan:
• 1948 to 1952, the European Recovery
Program (ERP), provided $13 billion in
American economic aid to W. Europe.
– This move
is not against any country or doctrine,
but against hunger, poverty,
desperation, and chaos.
COMECON
• Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance
• Soviet response to Marshall plan
• Est’d 1949
Origins and Development of
the Cold War
• The Berlin Blockade
– 6/20/48, the Soviets cut off the highway and rail
routes between the Western occupation zones
and Berlin.
– U.S. Response was the Berlin Airlift, providing
the 3 western sectors with food, fuel, and other
supplies.
– Creation of 2 German States:
• 5/49, Soviets lifted the blockade.
• Mid ‘49, Federal Republic of Germany
• German Democratic Republic
Origins and Development of
the Cold War
• The Establishment of NATO
– Mounting tension led to a military
alliance.
– The Brussels Pact:
• 3/48, GB, FR, Belgium, the Netherlands, and
Luxembourg signed a defense alliance.
– The North Atlantic Pact:
• 4/49, 5 Brussels Pact states plus US,
Canada, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Italy,
and Portugal.
The Western Renaissance
• Post-War:
– Western Europe
• Runaway inflation and black market operations.
• 13 million Germans in the lands assigned to Poland
forced to move into a reduced Germany.
• 1947, western zones on the verge of collapse.
• Emergence of progressive political parties like the
Christian Democrats.
– Political democracy, economic reconstruction, moderate
social reform platform.
– Rejected authoritarianism.
The Cold War During the 1950s
• The Rearmament of West Germany
– Eisenhower Administration, 1953--60.
– France’s fear of rearmed Germany.
– Agreement on rearmament.
• GB agrees to maintain troops on the continent to
reassure France.
• West Germany joined NATO in 1955.
• The Warsaw Pact
– May, 1955 alliance of USSR, Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,
Poland, and Rumania.
The Cold War During the 1950s
• The American Alliance System
– Started with NATO in 1949.
– Expanded with:
• SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization) in 1954.
– US, GB, FR, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines,
Thailand, & Pakistan.
• CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) in ‘55.
– US, GB, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan.
– Iraq dropped out due to anti-Western coup in ‘58.
The Cold War During the 1950s
• The Geneva
Summit
– 3/53, Stalin died.
Khrushchev and
“peaceful
coexistence.”
– 7/55, meeting in
Geneva of
Eisenhower,
Anthony Eden,
Edgar Faure, &
Khrushchev.
The Cold War During the 1950s
• The Geneva Summit (cont.)
– No agreement on issues such as arms
limitation and German reunification.
The Cold War During the 1950s
• The Berlin Crisis of 1958
– Flight of refugees from E. Germany to the West
= crisis for USSR.
– Khrushchev demanded demilitarization and
neutralization of West Berlin.
– Khrushchev and Eisenhower agree to discuss
Germany at a summit meeting in Paris in 1960.
– U-2 Incident forces the collapse of the Paris
summit.
Crisis & Detente: East-West Relations
from the ‘60s thru the ‘80s
• The Berlin Wall
– 8/13/61, Soviets
and E. Germans
closed the border
between East and
West Berlin.
• Began construction
of the wall to
prevent flight of
East Germans to the
West.
• Western protests,
but no action.
Crisis & Detente: East-West Relations
from the ‘60s thru the ‘80s
• The Cuban Missile Crisis
– Most dangerous E-W confrontation of the Cold
War.
– Castro, worried about US action vs Cuba,
turned to USSR for aid.
– USSR began construction of missile launching
pads for intermediate range missiles.
– US-Soviet Confrontation
• 10/22/62, JFK demanded dismantling of sites and
removal of missiles.
• Also established American blockade to stop Soviet
ships from bringing additional weapons to Cuba.
Crisis & Detente: East-West Relations
from the ‘60s thru the ‘80s
• Negotiations and
Settlement
– Crisis ended on 10/28.
– Soviets agreed to
dismantle sites and
remove missiles.
– US agreed not to
invade Cuba.
– US also agreed to pull
its missiles out of
Turkey.
– Establishment of the
Washington-Moscow
hotline.
Crisis & Detente: East-West Relations
from the ‘60s thru the ‘80s
• The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 7/63.
– Testing of nuclear weapons in the
atmosphere banned.
– Underground testing continued.
– France and China refused to adhere to
the treaty.
Crisis & Detente: East-West Relations
from the ‘60s thru the ‘80s
• Detente and East-West Treaties
– Reduction of tension in US-USSR relations
known as “detente”.
– Outer Space Treaty, 1/67
• US, USSR, GB & 57 others banned weapons of mass
destruction and installations from outer space.
– Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 7/68
• US, USSR, & 60 others agreed to prevent the spread
of nuclear weapons to nonnuclear countries.
– SALT I & II, and ABM Treaties
• All designed to end the arms race. All ineffective.
Crisis & Detente: East-West Relations
from the ‘60s thru the ‘80s
• “Socialism with a human face”?
– 1/68, Czech Communist Party reform leader Alexander
Dubcek takes over government.
• Believed that socialism could be reconciled with
personal freedom and internal democracy.
• While still loyal to the Warsaw Pact, reforms alarmed
hard line communists.
– West-leaning??
– 8/68, ½ million Russian and other eastern Euro troops
invaded Czechoslovakia.
• Reforms abandoned.
– Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviets and allies had the right to
intervene inn any socialist country whenever they saw
the need.
Crisis & Detente: East-West Relations
from the ‘60s thru the ‘80s
• The End of Detente
– 12/79, USSR invaded Afghanistan.
• Pres. Carter imposed economic sanctions on USSR
and declared a US boycott of the 1980 Moscow
Summer Olympic Games.
• Talk of a new Cold War.
– Martial law in Poland.
• Under pressure from Moscow, Polish government
declared martial law to destroy Solidarity, an
independent labor union.
• Pres. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on
Poland.
Crisis & Detente: East-West Relations
from the ‘60s thru the ‘80s
• The End of Detente
– Korean Plane Incident, 9/83
• Soviet fighter shot down Korean Airlines 747 that
had strayed over Soviet territory on flight from
Alaska to Seoul. 269 killed. Soviets insist plane was
engaged in espionage.
• Renewed Easing of E-W Tension
– Mikhail Gorbachev took office as general secretary of
the Soviet Communist party in 3/85.
– Summits between Reagan and Gorbachev.
– Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
– Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
Reform and Death of the
Soviet Union
• Mikhail Gorbachev’s intentions were to
revitalize Soviet communism.
• The political forces unleashed by his
reforms killed it instead.
Reform and Death of the
Soviet Union
•
•
Gorbachev’s Reforms
1. Glasnost: “openness” in
the political system. Whole
periods of Soviet history were
changed. Only Lenin
remained in esteem.
– School history exams for
1988 were canceled. So
much conventional
wisdom had been
overturned that existing
Soviet history texts
became useless.
– Ultimately used to criticize
Gorbachev!
Reform and Death of the
Soviet Union
• Gorbachev’s
Reforms (cont’d.)
• 2. Democratization:
initially in the
introduction of
competition to the
way the Communist
Party was run.
Reform and Death of the
Soviet Union
• Gorbachev’s Reforms
(cont’d.)
• 3. Perestroika:
“economic
restructuring.”
Gorbachev realized
that the Soviet
economy was failing.
Reform, not
replacement, was
needed, such as
reducing amounts
spent on defense.
Reform and Death of the
Soviet Union
• 3. Perestroika
(cont’d.): To do this,
Gorbachev felt the
Soviets should
– Pull out of
Afghanistan
– Negotiate arms
reduction treaties
with the US
– Cease interference
in other communist
countries
Reform and Death of the
Soviet Union
• Sensing the Soviet Union’s reluctance to
interfere in their affairs, the satellites
began the process of revolution:
• 1. Poland and the Solidarity labor movement.
• 2. Opening the Iron Curtain border with Austria by
Hungary.
• 3. Protest movements in E. Germany and the
11/9/89 fall of the Berlin Wall.
• 4. The selection of anti-communist dissident
Vaclav Havel to the presidency of
Czechoslovakia.
Key Institutions
• The New System.
– 1. No more Soviet Union.
• All 15 republics declared independence
in late 1991.
– Nationalism became the political rallying
cry.
– Concerns remain over the ultimate direction
of the ex-Soviet Muslim republics.
Key Institutions
– 2. A
Commonwealth of
Independent
States.
• Most of the newlyindependent 15
republics agreed
to form a
commonwealth in
1991.
Key Institutions
– 3. A New
Constitution.
• Approved in 1993.
Features:
– Strong
Presidency.
Key Institutions
– President sets policy, names the prime
minister and other top officials, can veto bills
and dissolve parliament, and can rule by
decree under certain circumstances.
» Maybe too strong.
– A Prime Minister.
» Powers are unclear.