Transcript Chapter 22: The Cold War









How did atomic weapons change the world’s
geopolitical dynamic?
What were the two main options for socioeconomic organization at the end of WWII?
What was the purpose of the United Nations?
What were the two most important bodies within
the U.N.?
Why were the five “Great Powers” given
permanent seats on the Security Council?
What was the purpose of these countries
possessing veto power?
How many members did the U.N. have when it
began?
How did decolonization and the growth of the
“third world” affect the U.N.?








Why did the United States and the Soviet Union
become enemies after WWII?
*What role did the division of Europe, and
Germany in particular, play in deepening the
divide between the two countries?
*How did the American refusal to provide loans
and aid to a rebuilding USSR influence Stalin?
Why is this oppositional relationship known as
the “Cold War”?
What did the United States fear with regard to
Soviet intentions?
What was the strategy they devised to combat
possible Soviet expansion?
How did developments in Eastern Europe support
the American interpretation of Soviet intentions?
How did the Soviet handling of situations
elsewhere in the world, such as Iran and Turkey,
affect the American point of view?









What did Churchill mean when he said that an
“iron curtain” had descended across eastern
Europe?
*Why did the U.S. and the USSR disagree over
plans for nuclear regulations?
* Who was George C. Marshall?
* Who were Dean Acheson and George Kennan?
What was the Truman Doctrine? Truman's speech
What was the role of the national security
apparatus established within the United States in
the late 1940s and early 50s?
What is the most well known example of the
national security establishment?
Why did the Soviet Union feel threatened by the
United States?
How did the U.S.S.R. respond to these perceived
threats?







How did the policies of the western powers in
Germany provoke a response from the Soviet
Union?
What form did that response take (June
1948?)
*How did Truman respond to the
blockade?CBC Radio Report
* What was the significance of the blockade
for the U.S. domestically and internationally?
* What was the Marshall plan and why was it
proposed?
What is NATO?
How did it come to exist?





* What was the significance of the stationing
of American forces inside West Germany?
How did the Soviet Union interpret the “three
prongs” of the Western response to the Soviet
Union?
What was the geopolitical situation in Europe
by 1950?
* What did the National Security Act of 1947
accomplish?
* Why was Dean Acheson, and others,
insistent that the U.S. should develop the
hydrogen bomb?








* What is the significance of NSC-68?
What changes to Japanese government and
society did the American government bring about
in occupied Japan?
What factors contributed to Japan’s economic
revival?
What was the situation in Korea as of 1950?
How did it get this way?
What was the state of Sino-Soviet relations by
February 1950?
How did the United States interpret the invasion
of South Korea by the North in June 1950?
What were the most likely intentions of the North
and the U.S.S.R. in mounting the invasion?







What role did the UN play in the Western
response?
How did the initial fighting go for the UN
forces? Map
What turned the tide and put the UN back on
the offensive?
Why did China enter the war and what was
the effect?
How did the war finally “end”?
What were the “costs” of fighting the war to
the participant nations?
Did they view the costs as acceptable?









How did many of the nonaligned nations view
the outcome of the war?
Section 112
When did Stalin die?
What was his impact on the Soviet Union?
How did Stalin’s paranoia and totalitarian
controls manifest themselves in Soviet policy?
What was meant by “Khruschev’s thaw”?
How deep did the thaw really go?
What was Sputnik?
Why was Khruschev ousted from power in
1964? Who succeeded him?








Which eastern European countries fell into the
Soviet sphere of influence after the war?
How did Soviet supported policies in eastern
Europe “make a mockery” of the idea of free
elections?
How did Stalin’s paranoia fuelled purges manifest
themselves in eastern Europe?
What economic reforms did the communist
governments enact?
What was the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance?
What was the Warsaw Pact?
Who was Tito?
How and why did Poland revolt against the Soviet
Union following Khrushchev's de-Stalinization
speech in 1956?







How did the Polish success influence
Hungary?
Why did the Soviet Union crush the Hungarian
uprising of 1956? Video Summary
What happened to its leader, Imre Nagy?
Section 113
How did the Chinese Nationalists and
Communists get along during the war with
Japan?
What happened when WWII ended?
What happened to China’s seat in the UN in
1971?







What were Mao’s goals for China after he
attained power?
How repressive was Mao’s regime during the
1950s?
Why did Mao encourage a “hundred schools
of thought”? What happened to many of the
thinkers?
What evidence was there of friendly SinoSoviet relations early on?
What was the “Great Leap Forward”? Video
How successful was it?
What are some examples of positive
economic, technological and social changes
brought about by Mao?








What was the cultural revolution? Who were
its main tools and who were its main victims?
What were the results of the Cultural
Revolution?
When did Mao die?
What was Mao’s legacy?
What was his “little red book”?
Why did China invade Tibet?
Why did Sino-Soviet relations sour
throughout the 1960s?
Whom did Mao welcome to China in 1972?




Readings for the next few weeks:
Main Text:







P. 947-950 French Algerian War
P.961-962 Belgian Congo
P.981-987 Iran-Iraq War, First Persian Gulf War
P.995-1010 Section 121: Confrontation and Détente
P. 1021-1027 Section 123: The Cold War Rekindled
P. 1027-1032 Section 124: China After Mao
P. 1033-1064 Ch. 26 End of the Cold War
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
706 -720 Cold War at Home and Abroad
728- 738 Sputnik, Beginning of Civil Rights
739-772 the 60s
793-94 Collapse of Détente
799-804 Reagan and the World
808-809 Ending the Cold War, The Gulf War
Handouts
American Text:











Describe Spain and Portugal’s system of
control over Latin America during the colonial
period.
What class (caste) distinctions were there in
Latin American society?
How did these influence the push towards
independence?
What role did the Napoleonic invasion of
Spain and Portugal play in increasing Latin
American autonomy?
Why did many Spanish American “colonies”
create their own juntas?








Why did Brazil not need to create a junta?
Who were some of the leaders of the
independence movements?
How did the United States view the newly
independent nations of the south?
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
What was Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress?
Did it work?
What impact did borrowing money have on
the countries of Latin America?
What is the OAS?
How did the United States often “handle”
governments that were deemed to be too far
left?






Who was Salvador Allende of Chile? What
happened to him?
How did Castro challenge America’s power in
the Western Hemisphere?
Section 117/Handout on Algerian War of
Independence
How did France’s treatment of Tunisia and
Morocco differ from its treatment of Algeria?
Why do you think this was the case?
How many of Algeria’s 9 million people were
French settlers, or “colons”?






What is a guerrilla war? Where does the term
come from?
What are the common strategies and tactics
used in most guerrilla campaigns?
What are some of the challenges in mounting
a guerrilla campaign?
How did Mao’s victory in China influence
other movements?
Describe the societal advantages French
settlers enjoyed over Arab natives in Algeria.
What were the three sides involved in the
war?






What were the UDMA and the Ulema? What
were their respective beliefs regarding
Algerian independence?
How were the two sides represented in the
MTLD and its successor the Font de
Liberation Nationale (FLN)?
Who was Ahmed Ben Bella?
How did events in Korea and French
Indochina (Vietnam) influence the Algerian
nationalists?
How similar were the Viet Minh with the FLN?
When and how did the Algerian War begin?





What tactics did the FLN use throughout
1954-55? How did the French respond?
What does the principle of “collective
responsibility” mean? Is it just?
How did the use of helicopters affect the
French army’s ability to conduct operations?
How many soldiers did France have “incountry” by 1957? How many guerrillas were
they fighting?
Why did the French use torture? How did this
knowledge affect public opinion of the war in
France?





Did Morocco and Tunisia play a role in the
war?
Why did the army and pied-noirs turn to
Charles de Gaulle?
How did things go for the FLN in Algeria
during 1959?
How did they bring the war “home” to the
people of France?
Why did de Gaulle put the issue of Algerian
independence to a referendum? How did it
turn out?





Do you agree with Kissinger’s quote, “A
conventional army loses if it does not win. A
guerrilla army wins if it does not lose.”?
How did the colons/pied-noirs/French
settlers in Algeria, along with portions of the
army, react to the move toward Algerian
independence?
Approximately how many people were killed
during, and as a result of, the war?
What were the Evian Accords?
How did Islamic extremism affect Algeria in
the 1990s?








The Belgian Congo:
What did the Belgian government decide to
do in 1960?
Who was Patrice Lumumba?
What happened that undermined the power
and authority of Lumumba’s government?
Why did Moise Tshombe have the European
financial support for his attempted secession
of the Katanga region of the Congo?
Why did Lumumba appeal to the UN for help?
How did the UN respond?
To whom did Lumumba turn after the UN?







Why was Lumumba removed as Prime
Minister?
How was he able to establish his own
government in Stanleyville?
What happened on January 17, 1961?
How did the UN end up conducting offensive
military operations against the Katanga
government?
How did it turn out?
Why is this an important event in the history
of the UN?
In what ways did the larger struggle of the
Cold War manifest itself in the Congo Crisis?








How did the internal strife in the Congo
finally resolve itself?
Why did the United States support Mobutu?
How did Mobutu remake the Congo?
Iran-Iraq War
How is Iran different than most of the Arab
Gulf states?
What had been Iran’s history through the 20th
century up to the revolution of 1978-79?
What was the nature of the Iranian
Revolution?
Who took ultimate control of Iran as result of
the revolution?







How did the Ayatollah Khomeini and his
Supreme Council change the country?
How did they view the west? How did they
express their view in the autumn of 1979?
Why were Iraq and Iran natural enemies as of
1980?
What did Iraq use as an excuse to attack Iran?
How did the war progress for each side?
What was the extent of western involvement
in the Persian Gulf?
Why did Iran and Iraq bring the war to an end
in 1988?










What were the effects of the war on each country
and the region?
The Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991
What were the long-term causes of the war?
Why had the United States and other western
powers support Hussein’s Iraq?
What was the impact of the decline of Soviet
influence in the region?
What were the issues Iraq had with Kuwait?
What were the larger regional issues that caused
concern?
Why did Hussein appear to believe that the U.S.
would not take action to prevent an Iraqi invasion
of Kuwait? Invasion of Kuwait
Why did Saddam Hussein’s Iraq invade Kuwait in
August of 1990?
How did other countries in the region, and
around the world, interpret Iraq’s aggression?










What was Operation Desert Shield?
What was the purpose of economic sanctions against
Iraq?
Were they successful?
Why could the U.S. and the UN coalition not wait too
long before engaging a military solution to the crisis?
*Why did the Soviet Union not block the United
States’ push for UN support of military action against
Iraq?
*How did the attack on Iraq begin? How was this an
example of the increased importance of air power in
modern warfare?
What role did technology play in the air campaign?
How successful was the ground assault launched five
weeks later?
Why did President Bush not push American forces all
the way to Baghdad and remove Hussein from power?
What were the immediate and long-term effects of
the war?








The Cold War: The 50s
How did the Berlin crisis of 1948 help Truman
retain the presidency?
* How did the Cold War impact America’s “home
front”?
* What was the purpose of Truman’s loyalty
program?
* What was the House Un-American Activities
Committee?
What was the impact of the “loss of China”, the
detonation of Soviet nuclear bomb, and the trial
of the Rosenbergs on the Truman administration
and American society?
* What did Senator Joseph McCarthy say on
February 12, 1950 that grabbed national
attention?
* How did this lead to “McCarthyism” and what
does the term mean?







* What were McCarthy’s usual tactics?
* How did he use his Senate subcommittee to
promote his agenda?
* To whom did McCarthy appeal?
* What was Eisenhower’s approach to dealing
with McCarthy?
* What were the Army-McCarthy
hearings?"Have you no decency?"
* How did it bring about McCarthy’s political
downfall?
*In the 1952 presidential campaign what did
thee Republicans refer to as K1C2?








*How did Dwight D. Eisenhower win the 1952
election?
*Why was Eisenhower well prepared to lead
the United States during the Cold War?
*Who was Eisenhower’s Secretary of State?
*What was Eisenhower’s approach to military
spending while in office?
*What was “massive retaliation”?
*Who was Ho Chi Minh?
*What happened at Dien Bien Phu?
*How did events in Indochina present a crisis
for President Eisenhower and how did he
handle it?





*How did this contribute to the creation of
North and South Vietnam?
*What was America’s role in South Vietnam by
the end of the 1950s?
*How did Eisenhower handle communist
China’s claims to Formosa?
*What was the Suez crisis and how did it
increase tensions between the Soviet Union
and the U.S.? Suez Crisis
*How does the text assess Eisenhower’s
record as a “cold warrior”?




What implications did the development of
ICBMs and the hydrogen bomb create for the
superpowers and the world in general?
*How did Eisenhower react to the claims that
a missile gap was developing between the
USSR and USA?
*What effect did the shooting down of Gary
Powers’ U-2 spy plane have on SovietAmerican relations?
What did Eisenhower mean when he warned
of the “acquisition of unwarranted
influence….by the military-industrial
complex”? Video







Section 121 Main Text: Confrontation and
Détente 1955-1975
What pressures brought and end to the thaw
in American-Soviet relations in 1960?
What was the “Eisenhower Doctrine”?
Why was the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957
a game changing event?
Why did it make the idea of “massive
retaliation” less practical?
How did it contribute to the growth of
“mutual deterrence”?
*What was Eisenhower’s response to Sputnik?
(p.728)




What did President Kennedy mean when he
said in his inaugural address that, “…we shall
pay any price, bear any burden, meet any
hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe,
to assure the survival and success of liberty.”?
(p.741) Video
*Who were the “best and the brightest” and
what did they all believe?
What steps did Kennedy take to make the
United States more appealing to developing
countries?
What pledge did he make with regards to
space exploration?





*Was there actually a missile gap by the time
Kennedy took office in 1961?
What did Kennedy do to ensure the US
increased its lead in the nuclear arms race?
What were the “Green Berets” and what was
their role?
What was the name for the new strategy, of
which the Green Berets were now a part, as
made clear by Secretary of Defense Robert
McNamara?
Why was the Soviet Union interested in
curbing the exodus of East Germans fleeing
to the west through Berlin?







How did Khrushchev finally decide to settle
the problem in August of 1961?
What was the impact of the wall?
Why did Castro and the US not get along?
What had Eisenhower been planning with
regards to Cuba in the months before he left
office?
*Why did Kennedy feel compelled to go along
with the invasion plans?
How did the Bay of Pigs invasion turn out?
Why?
How did the Bay of Pigs play a causal role in
the Cuban Missile Crisis?






Why did the Soviet Union begin an arms
build-up in Cuba?
*What types of weapons were being installed
when Kennedy warned the Soviets not to
introduce offensive systems? Crisis Video Clip
*On October 14, 1962 how did the United
States become aware of the Soviet missiles
installed in Cuba?
*Why had the U.S. halted U2 surveillance
flights over Cuba?
What did Kennedy and his EXCOMM advisers
decide to do about the missiles?
What did the “quarantine” of Cuba actually
mean?






What was the Soviet response to the blockade
of Cuba?
*What was the tone and content of the first
Khrushchev letter?
*What was the tone and content of the
second, received on October 27?
How did Kennedy handle the two letters and
what was his response?
What did he tell his brother Robert to do with
regards to contacting the Soviets?
What was the publicly acknowledged
settlement to the crisis and what was the
actual arrangement?








*What were the larger consequences of the
crisis?
Vietnam War
*Who was the Soviet Union really competing
with when Khrushchev declared Soviet
support for “wars of national liberation”?
*How did many in the Kennedy administration
interpret that statement?
What had the Geneva Conference decided to
do with Vietnam in 1954?
*Why did Ngo Dinh Diem’s South Vietnam
need American support?
*What were the Viet Cong?
*How many American military “advisers” were
in South Vietnam by late 1963?






Could it be said that Ngo Dinh Diem had the
popular support of his people?
From where did Ho Chi Minh and his North
Vietnamese Army receive much military
support?
Explain the “Domino Theory”.
What happened to Diem? What was the US’s
involvement?
Who became president after JFK’s
assassination?
How did the loss of China to communism
haunt LBJ and the Democratic party?






What was SEATO? What was its purpose?
What was the National Liberation Front?
What happened to the USS Maddox on August
2, 1964?
How did this eventually lead to the Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution and the issuance of a
Congressional “blank cheque” for escalating
the war in Vietnam?
How honest was LBJ about the events in the
Gulf of Tonkin?
Why did Johnson allow for the bombing of
selected targets in North Vietnam in 1965?






What did Johnson initially say was the role for
the increased number of American combat
troops in South Vietnam?
What did Secretary of Defense Robert
McNamara recommend in the summer of
1965?
Did LBJ approve of McNamara’s plan?
What were the troops used for?
What was the highest number of American
military personnel serving in Vietnam at any
one time?
How intense was the American bombing
campaign?






What was the Tet Offensive?
How was it both a victory and a defeat for the
United States?
Why did General Westmoreland’s strategy of
using “search and destroy” missions to reach
a “crossover point” fail?
What did the Americans mean when they used
the term “pacification”?
What was the situation in Vietnam by the end
of LBJ’s first full term in office?
Why did much of world and domestic public
opinion begin to change with regards to the
war?






Who became president after LBJ decided not
to run in the 1968 election?
What was Nixon’s policy of “Vietnamization”?
How did Nixon try to increase the
communist’s willingness to continue the
peace talks in Paris?
What did Nixon’s National Security Advisor
Henry Kissinger achieve through secret
negotiations with North Vietnam?
When did the United States officially end its
military involvement in Vietnam?
How long was it before the North overran and
took over the South?






What were the costs of the war to both the
people of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia as
well as the United States?
Why did the United States lose the war in
Vietnam?
Brezhnev and Prague Spring
Why did Brezhnev commit to building the
Soviet Union’s military power while at the
same time avoiding direct confrontation with
the US?
What happened in 1968 in Czechoslovakia?
How did the intervention lead to the
“Brezhnev Doctrine”?






How did the Soviet commitment to
maintaining communist governments mirror
the Truman Doctrine?
How did Nixon and Kissinger’s view of the
Cold War differ from previous
administrations?
What was Nixon and Kissinger’s strategy for
achieving détente?
Why did Nixon visit China?
How did this change China’s relationship with
the west?
What was the “One China Policy” that the
United States made official after Nixon’s visit
with Mao?






How did this warming of relations between China
and the US affect relations between the US and
the USSR?
What were the SALT I agreements?
Why was it important that SALT I agreements did
not target the number of warheads?
How had the development of MIRVS made the
number of missiles available to each country less
relevant?
How did Nixon and Kissinger use America’s
economic power to ease tensions with the USSR?
How had Brezhnev's obsession with military
spending contributed to the USSR’s economic
woes?









Who became president after Nixon resigned
the presidency in 1974?
Did Ford continue Nixon’s policies of
détente?
What were the Helsinki accords?
Who became President after Gerald Ford?
What did Carter place at the center of
American foreign policy?
What conditions did Carter attach to
American aid for communist regimes?
What happened in Nicaragua in 1979?
What happened in El Salvador in 1981?
How did Carter handle the situation?







How did the American-Chinese relationship
improve on January 1, 1979?
What was this a continuation of?
How did the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
lead to the collapse of détente?
Provide evidence of the collapse.
What was the “Carter Doctrine”?
Why didn’t many of the United States’
European allies not take the invasion of
Afghanistan as seriously as the US?
How did the Afghan invasion turn out for the
USSR?







Who won the 1980 presidential election?
What was Ronald Reagan’s background?
What was Reagan’s policy on defense spending?
How did this increase reflect his overall attitude
toward the Cold War?
How did Reagan increase Soviet, and European
unease in November of 1983?
List ways in which Reagan fought the Cold War in
places such as Afghanistan, Nicaragua and
Grenada.
Why was the United States willing to support
authoritarian regimes that weren’t communist?







What was the Strategic Defense Initiative?
Why was it criticised?
Why did Reagan want to get rid of the
Sandinista government in Nicaragua?
What did he do when Congress refused to
allow direct military intervention?
What effect did the Boland Amendment have
on American support of the Contras?
How did the amendment lead to the IranContra scandal?
Who were Oliver North, William Casey and
John Poindexter?













China After Mao
Who were the “gang of four”?
What was their goal?
How did Mao’s wife’s (Jiang Qing) former career
help her gain power in China?
How was the Gang of Four finally defeated? Why?
Who was Deng Xiaoping?
What sorts of reforms did Deng bring to China in
the late 70s and throughout the 1980s?
What were the “Four Modernizations”?
What was the household responsibility system?
How did China reform management and
ownership of enterprise?
How did these reforms transform China?
Despite the many apparent successes of Deng’s
reforms there were problems. What were they?
What did many people in China desire that was
still not permitted?









Despite the many apparent successes of Deng’s
reforms there were problems. What were they?
What did many people in China desire that was
still not permitted?
Why did Deng not support the idea of
political reform and democratization?
Who was Hu Yaobang and how did he
inadvertently contribute to the student led
protests for democracy?
What happened in Tiananmen Square in April
of 1989?
How did Deng handle the demonstration?
When did Deng die?
Hu became president of China in 2003.
What did he continue to do?






Collapse of the Soviet Union/End of the Cold
War
When did Brezhnev die?
Who replaced Brezhnev as the head of the
USSR?
What changes did Andropov attempt in an
effort to increase productivity, accountability
and end stagnation?
How did Andropov’s moves against
established Brezhnev era party officials?
What affect did the shooting down of a
Korean Airlines flight have on world opinion
of the USSR?








Who replaced Andropov after his death in
1984?
Did Chernenko institute any significant
reforms? Why not?
What was Mikhail Gorbachev’s background?
Why was he unusual when compared to other
members of the Politburo?
Was Gorbachev a capitalist?
Why did he attack alcohol production and
sales? Was he successful?
What was perestroika?
How was it similar to reforms in China and
Lenin’s NEP?






Why was the release of Andrei Sakharov in
late 1986 significant?
What was glasnost?
What sort of freedoms came with this new
Soviet openness?
Provide examples to support the scope of
glasnost’s impact on Soviet society.
What limitations and challenges did
Gorbachev face in his economic and social
reforms?
What sort of political reforms did Gorbachev
bring to the “election” process in the USSR?






Which groups began to criticize Gorbachev as
government control loosened?
How did the many republics respond to the
easing of centralized control?
How did Gorbachev negate the Brezhnev
Doctrine?
When did the USSR finish its withdrawal from
Afghanistan?
How did Gorbachev’s focus on “universal
human interests” go against the teachings of
Marx and Lenin?
Why was a new détente essential for the
Soviet Union’s economy to improve?





What was the significance of the meetings
between Reagan and Gorbachev in Geneva
and Reykjavik?
What did their third meeting, in Washington
in December 1987, lead to?
What were the conditions of the INF treaty?
What did that treaty eventually lead to in
1991?
What caused the end of the Cold War?







Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe
Why were people in Poland becoming
dissatisfied with the communist system?
What happened in the Lenin shipyards in
1980?
What was Solidarity and who became its
leader?
How did the Soviet Union react to the calls for
reform in Poland?
How did the selection of a Polish pope affect
the reform movement in Poland?
Why were many leaders in Eastern Europe
disturbed by Gorbachev’s negation of the
Brezhnev Doctrine?




What role might the COMECON (Council for
Mutual Economic Assistance) have played in
Gorbachev’s decision to let the satellite states
leave the Soviet orbit?
How did Poland’s electoral system change in
1989?
How had Hungary already begun to move
toward a more western system before the
regional protests of the late ‘80s?
Was the communist party in Hungary reacting
to calls for reform or leading the reform on
its own initiative?






What type of reforms did Hungary bring in?
What evidence is there that nationalism played a
significant role in the Hungarian revolution?
What did Hungary remove from its border with
the German Democratic Republic on May 2,
1989?
What was East Germany’s economic status in
comparison to the other Warsaw Pact countries?
Were the people of East Germany content with
being the most well off of the communist
populations?
How did the removal of the fence between the
GDR and Hungary demonstrate their
unhappiness?






How was moving to West Germany made
relatively easy by the West German
government?
How did Erich Honecker handle the mounting
calls for reform in the GDR?
What happened to him on October 18?
What was the scale of the demonstrations on
November 4, 1989?
What was announced on November 9?
How was the collapse of the wall symbolic of
the collapse of the communist party in the
GDR?






What did the reform movement eventually
culminate with on October 3, 1990?
Why did East Germany collapse and disappear
so quickly?
What was the “Charter ‘77” group in
Czechoslovakia and what were they
committed to?
Who was Vaclav Havel and what was his role
in the Czech protests?
What happened on Nov. 24, 1989?
What immediate reforms did the reform
minded communist leaders bring after the
hardliners resigned?







Who was elected president on December 28?
What did Gorbachev about the protests and
loss of another satellite state?
Why was the Czech transformation called the
“Velvet Revolution”?
Why has the revolution in Bulgaria been
compared to a palace coup?
Who was Nicolai Ceausescu and in what
manner had he ruled Romania since 1965?
What happened in the city of Timisoara in
December of 1989?
Which groups did much of the heavy fighting
involved with the Romanian revolution?







What eventually happened to Ceausescu and
his wife?
Why was Romania’s revolution so different
from the other Warsaw Pact countries’?
Collapse of the Soviet Union
How did reformers and conservatives view
Gorbachev’s manoeuvring by 1991?
How had events in Lithuania and his
abandonment of the 500-Day economic plan
contribute to reformer’s fears?
Who was Boris Yeltsin?
Why had he fallen into disfavour with the
party and how did this draw reformers to
him?




What did Yeltsin accomplish in June of 1991?
What changes did Yeltsin call for from his
new seat of power?
What was Gorbachev’s proposal to keep the
republics happy?
Did all 15 republics sign up?





Civil Rights and the Counter Culture
Describe the state of African Americans in
1950s America. How were circumstances for
African Americans different from the North to
the South?
How did the Cold War posturing of the United
States draw accusations of hypocrisy from
within and without?
Why did the many recommendations of
Truman’s civil rights commission and his Fair
Deal program not get put into practice?
Name one tangible way in which Truman did
help the cause of civil rights.





Why did civil rights activists focus on
desegregating the nation’s public schools?
What had the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court decision said about
segregation?
What did Chief Justice Earl Warren and the
Supreme Court decide in the case of Brown v.
Board of Education?
Why did he instruct the integration of the
schools to be conducted with “all deliberate
speed”?
Was there actually much speed to the
integration of schools in the South?





Why did Eisenhower not provide obvious and
vocal public support for the Brown v. Board of
Education decision?
How was his lack of obvious support
interpreted by many white leaders in the
South?
What happened at Little Rock’s Central High
School in 1957?
When did Eisenhower bring in the permanent
Civil Rights Commission?
How did Southern registrars manage to keep
African Americans from voting?







What did Rosa Parks do on December 1,
1955?
What did her act of protest lead to?
Who emerged as a powerful leader for African
American rights during the bus boycott?
How did the boycott eventually end?
What was the reasoning behind King’s tactic
of passive resistance?
What was the name of the group founded by
King to direct the fight for civil rights?
What happened at a lunch counter in
Greensboro, North Carolina in February of
1960?






What did the sit-in lead to?
What did SNCC stand for?
How did the rise of SNCC and the SCLC
change the face of civil rights activism in
America?
Why did Kennedy move forward on civil rights
only tentatively and not aggressively as he
had indicated during his election campaign?
What positive and not so positive actions did
he undertake?
Why did the Congress of Racial Equality
organize the “freedom ride” in May 1961?





What happened to the freedom riders in
Alabama?
Did the protests meet with success?
Why did James Meredith evoke violence
simply by registering for university 1962?
How did Martin Luther King’s massive
demonstrations in Birmingham in the spring
of 1963 force Kennedy openly confirm his
support for racial justice?
What event took place on August 28, 1963
and why is it considered to be a pivotal
moment in the push for civil rights?





What was the state of Kennedy’s civil rights
agenda by the time of his death in November
1963?
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 contain?
Why did it contain an amendment that
prohibited discrimination based on gender as
well as race?
How did the white authorities in Selma,
Alabama handle King’s march from Selma to
Montgomery?
How did Johnson react to the violence used
against the marchers?






What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and
what was its impact on African American
participation in southern elections?
What was the impact of Jonson’s Great
Society?
What were some of the core beliefs of the
counterculture movements of the 1960s?
How did the Free Speech movement at UC
Berkeley demonstrate these beliefs?
What was Students for a Democratic Society
and what were their goals?
What was the scope and impact of the
student protests against the Vietnam war?






What were some of the hallmarks of the
counterculture?
What was the philosophy behind “back
power”?
How did this new, more radical approach to
civil rights activism affect Martin Luther King?
What happened to King in April of 1968?
Who was Cesar Chavez and what did he
accomplish?
Explain the goals of the women’s liberation
movement.





Cold War and the Americas
How did the countries of Latin America and
the United States differ in their views of
regional co-operation and support following
WWII?
How did the Rio Treaty (1947) fit within
Truman’s global doctrine of containment?
From the US’s perspective what was the main
goal of the OAS? What would many of the
Latin American countries have preferred it to
be?
How did events in Asia distract the United
States from, and overshadow events in, Latin
America?





What was NSC-141? What did it lay out as the
United States’ primary goal in Latin America?
On which side of the political spectrum did
Carlos Ibanez’s government in Chile fall?
How did the authoritarian approaches used
by Ibanez create a split in Chilean politics?
How did the left and the right argue their
cases within a Cold War framework?
Why did the Christian Democratic Party (PDC)
receive support from US and European
sources as well as right wingers in Chile?





What problems did Eduardo Frei’s PDC
government face after its election in 1964?
What was involved in Frei’s “Chileanization” of
American owned copper mines? How did it
reflect the ideological debate occurring within
Chile?
How did Salvador Allende’s Popular Unity (UP)
party come to power in 1970?
Did the United States welcome this
development?
How did the upper classes respond to the
election of Allende?








How did Allende’s reaching out to Soviet bloc
countries go over with the United States and right
wingers inside Chile?
How did the United States attempt to destabilize
Allende’s government?
How did the people of Chile react to his Unified
National Schooling (ENU) program?
What happened on September 11, 1973?
What happened to Allende?
What type of government did Pinochet bring to
Chile?
What role did the School of the Americas play in
the crackdown on political dissent?
How did the US respond to this abusive,
authoritarian government?