Transcript Unit 5

Unit 5
Second Industrial Revolution
The Progressive Era
Unit 5 Essential Questions
1. What was the impact of the
Transcontinental Railroad on the U.S.?
2. What civil rights issues existed in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries?
3. What led to people moving to large cities
(urbanization) in the late 19th and early
20th centuries?
Unit 5 vocab.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bessemer Process
Wildcatters
Laissez-faire
Monopoly
Progressivism
Muckrakers
2nd Industrial Revolution
• The United States experienced a ‘Second
Industrial Revolution between 1860 and the
early 1900s
▫ A period of rapid industrial growth
• Many factors contributed to this growth, and
their were many effects as well
Causes
• Development
of steel/oil
industry
• Expansion of
railroads
• Growing
population +
immigration
• Laissez-Faire
capitalism +
corporations
• Development
of electricity
Effects
Second
Industrial
Revolution
• Advances in
transportation
• Growth of
cities and
pollution
• Monopolies +
Massive
profits for
tycoons
• Poor working
conditions
• New ‘working
class’ of
Americans
Railroad and Oil production
250
200
150
Railroad miles
(in thousands)
Barrels of Oil
(in millions)
100
50
0
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
Labor
80
70
60
Population
50
40
Immigrants
30
Workers in
Manufacturing
20
10
0
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
• Describe the factors that contributed to
the Second Industrial Revolution in the
United States?
New Immigrants
• From 1880 to 1910, a new wave of
immigration brought 18 million people to
America
• People came to America for various ‘push’
and ‘pull’ factors
▫ Push – immigrants left their homes to escape
persecution, poverty, and limited
opportunities
▫ Pull – immigrants came to America for
religious freedom and economic opportunities
New Immigrants
Old Immigrants
New Immigrants
• Arrived before 1880
• Came from Northern
and Western Europe
• Mainly Protestant
Christians
• Culturally similar to
original American
settlers
• Settled in cities and
rural areas
• Arrived 1880-1910
• Came from Southern
and Eastern Europe
• Mainly Catholics,
Jews, or Orthodox
• Culturally different
from original
American settlers
• Generally settled in
cities
New Immigrants
Second Industrial Revolution
• Corporations▫ Owned by stockholders
▫ Can raise large sums of money
to grow and expand quickly
▫ Stockholders share risk and
reward
• Trusts▫ Competing companies would
agree to merge together
▫ The board would run the
corporation as one big
company and share the profits
Second Industrial Revolution
• Monopolies▫ When a trust gained
complete control over an
industry, it held a monopoly.
▫ That meant it had no
competition and could raise
prices or lower quality much
more freely
▫ The government would take
action to limit/prevent
monopolies
The Workforce
• Many factory workers were immigrants
or rural Americans who came to the cities
for work
• The best jobs went to native-born whites
• African Americans usually worked as
laborers or household servants
The Workforce
• Many industrial
workers were
children
▫ In 1900, 1 in 6 children
from 10-15 years
worked outside the
home
▫ Children as young as 5
could work
The Workforce
• 10 hour work days
• 6 day work weeks
• Extremely low pay, around $500 a year
• Dangerous working conditions
▫ Injuries and accidents were common
▫ No fire regulations
▫ No safety standards
• No paid vacation or sick days
• No compensation for injuries
The Workforce
• By 1890 just 10% of the population
controlled 75% of the nation’s wealth
Big Business
• Read the statements and determine if
they are advantages or disadvantages
• On the back:
▫ Pick the 3 advantages you feel were most
significant of the growth of industry
▫ Pick 3 disadvantages you feel were most
significant, then for each you pick, explain
what steps would need to be taken to
improve that disadvantage
The Workforce
• These working conditions, combined with
the government’s ‘Laissez Faire’ attitude,
would lead to ‘labor unions’
▫ By 1886 there were nearly 1 million union
members
▫ Workers often went on strike to gain
improvements
▫ Some strikes were put down by the
government or ended violently
Age of Invention
Advances in Transportation
• Streetcars (cable cars)
• Subways
▫ Underground transportation
that relieved street traffic
▫ First used in Boston and New
York
• Automobiles
▫ 1867 – internal combustion
engine
▫ Early automobiles were very
expensive and unreliable
• Airplanes
▫ 1903 – Wright brothers first to
successfully fly an airplane
Age of Invention
Advances in communication
• The telegraph
▫ Sending messages over wires
using electricity
▫ Morse code
• The telephone
▫ Invented in 1876
▫ By 1900 more than 1 million
had been installed
• The typewriter
▫ Created many new job
opportunities, especially for
women
Quiz #1
•
•
•
•
•
Unit 5 vocab.
Notes on 2nd Industrial Revolution
Notes on Workforce
Story of Us: Cities I
Handout: Growth of Industry
Quiz #1
1. Explain how the steel, oil, and railroad
industry contributed to the beginning of
a ‘Second Industrial Revolution’ in the
United States
2. Where did ‘New Immigrants’ come
from? Where did they enter the United
States? What are two ways immigrants
contributed to the 2nd Industrial
Revolution?
Quiz #1
3. What is ‘Laissez Faire’? How did Laissez
Faire attitudes contribute to the 2nd
Industrial Revolution? What was one
negative consequence of these attitudes?
4. How did cities change during the late
1800s and early 1900s? Provide two
examples.
Progressive Era
• By the late 19th century industrialization had
created many social, political, and economic
problems in the United States
• Poor and dangerous
working conditions
• Child labor
• Urban poverty
• Political corruption
•
•
•
•
•
Trusts and monopolies
Civil rights inequalities
Women’s Suffrage
Alcoholism
Immoral business
practices
Progressive Era
• In the 1890’s A reform movement called
‘Progressivism’ began to address these issues
• Reformers, people who brought about change,
were known as ‘Progressives’
• Some Progressives were investigative journalists
called ‘muckrakers’ because they ‘raked up,’ or
exposed, the filth of society
Problems
• Urban poor
(poor living
conditions)
• Poor/dangerous
working
conditions
Progressive
• Child labor
Era
• Trusts and
Monopolies
• Gender
inequality
• Political
corruption
Solutions
• Settlement
Houses &
housing reform
• Muckrakers
• Labor Unions
• Child Labor
laws
• ‘Trust Busting’
• Temperance
and Suffrage
movement
• Election
reforms
• Some Progressives were investigative
journalists called ‘muckrakers’ because
they ‘raked up,’ or exposed, the filth of
society
Class Differences
The Wealthy
• Made fortunes in business
and industry
• Liked to display their
wealth
• High society women often
read
▫ Valued ‘proper’ behavior
▫ Organized and decorated
the home, entertained
guests, managed servants
▫ Some lent their time and
money to social reform
Middle Class
• Accountants, managers,
salespersons
• Professionalization for
teachers, engineers,
lawyers, doctors, etc.
• Women with more leisure
time could participate in
reform movements
• Became more public
Urban Poor
• Many people in the cities
lived in terrible poverty
▫ Wages kept low
▫ Housing shortages
▫ Cramped conditions
• In New York City, ½ the
population lived in
crowded tenements
▫ Located near factories
▫ Extreme pollution and filth
▫ Unsanitary – sickness and
death were common
▫ Most had no lighting,
ventilation, or running water
Urban Poor
• In response, U.S. cities began
building ‘Settlement Houses’
▫ Place in poor areas that provides
services to people in need
• Jane Addams founded the Hull
House in Chicago 1889
▫ Taught English
▫ Provided job training
▫ Held social activities and hosted
clubs
• The settlement house movement
spread quickly to other major U.S.
cities
▫ Lillian Wald in New York
• Most workers were middle-class
women
Political Machines
Party
Boss
Gave money to
party boss
Carried out favors
for poor immigrants
Looked the other
Way
Got votes
Got ‘kickbacks’
Laws favored
business
Police officials
Rich businessmen
Boss supporters
Political Corruption
• Progressives wanted to
eliminate political
corruption and make
government more
efficient
▫ City governments ran by
commissions
▫ Government control of
utilities
▫ Limits on campaign
spending
Election Reform
• Progressives also wanted to
reform elections
▫ Make them more fair
▫ Hold politicians accountable
• They helped bring about
several changes:
▫ Direct primary elections
▫ Helped pass the 17th Amendment
– direct election of senators
▫ Secret ballots
▫ Initiative – citizens can propose
new laws
▫ Referendum – Citizens can vote
on proposed or existing laws
▫ Recall – citizens can remove an
elected official from office
Muckrakers
• Ida Tarbell
▫ 523
• Upton Sinclair
▫ 528
• Lincoln Steffens
▫ 547
• Florence Kelley
▫ 547
• What problems/issues
did the muckraker
address?
• How did they bring
attention to the
problem?
• What were some
examples of the
problem?
Woman’s Rights
• By the late 1800s, women
were finding more
opportunities for education
and employment than ever
before.
• 1870 = 20% of college students
• 1900 = 33% of college students
• Continued to work as teachers
and nurses
• Also entered work as
bookkeepers, typists,
secretaries, and shop clerks
Woman’s Rights
• Women had a 3-part strategy to achieve suffrage
(right to vote)
1.
2.
Convince state’s to allow woman to vote
•
•
Achieved victory in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho
No more successes from 1896-1910
•
•
Women attempted to vote illegally 150 times
Supreme Court ruled woman were citizens, but citizenship
did not automatically grant the right to vote
Women challenged the Supreme Court on the 14th
amendment
3. Woman tried for constitutional amendment that
would grant the vote
•
•
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any
state on account of sex.”
Amendment was introduced every year for 18 years,
always failed
Winning the Vote
• Alice Paul and Lucy
Burns broke away from
NAWSA
• Began using more bold
and radical tactics
• Focused on National
Amendment
• Created National
Woman’s Party
Winning the Vote
• 1916 Parade
interrupted the
Democratic convention
• 1918 – women picketed
in front of the white
house 24/7
▫ Picketers arrested, jailed,
and force fed when
attempting hunger strike
Progressive Presidents
• Teddy Roosevelt used the power
of the Presidency to push for
Progressive reforms
▫ Especially in business and
environmental protection
▫ White House as ‘Bully Pulpit’
• Roosevelt tried to bring to the
nation a ‘square deal’
▫ Expressed his belief that the needs of
workers, consumers, and owners,
should be balanced
Progressive Presidents
• “We demand that big
business give the
people a square deal;
in return we must
insist that when
anyone engaged in big
business honestly
endeavors to do right
he shall himself be
given a square deal.”
Progressive Presidents
• Roosevelt earned a reputation as a ‘trust-buster’
▫ Filed dozens of lawsuits against companies that
held monopolies or sold inferior products, or
competed unfairly
• Regulated railroads
▫ Elkins Act
▫ Hepburn Act
• Passed consumer protection laws
▫ Meat Inspection Act
▫ Pure Food & Drug Act
Progressive Presidents
• Before Roosevelt, business needs
had always taken priority over the
environment
• Roosevelt believed each
generation had a duty to protect
and conserve natural resources
• In 1905 established the U.S.
Forest Service
• Added 150 million acres to the
national conservation forests
Progressive Presidents
• Republican William Howard
Taft 1908-1912
• Helped pass the 16th
Amendment – created a
federal income tax
▫ Continued many programs
begun by Roosevelt
▫ Helped the government pay
for progressive programs
▫ Lost election in 1912 to
Woodrow Wilson
Progressive Presidents
• Democrat Woodrow Wilson
1912-1920
▫ Reduced tariffs
▫ Created a ‘graduated’ income
tax
• Passed the Federal Reserve Act
• Clayton Antitrust Act
▫ Prohibited companies from
buying stock of competing
companies
▫ Legalized labor strikes and
boycotts
• Helped ratify the 19th
Amendment, guaranteeing
women the right to vote



After the Civil War America experienced a
rapid change into another Industrial
Revolution
“Big Business” described the new breed of
industry that focused on profits and
expansion
By the late 1800s most business leaders
believed in laissez-faire capitalism

Laissez-faire (le-say-FER) is the belief that
government should stay out of business and “let it
lie”

Economists and business leaders embraced
the idea of ‘Social Darwinism’ Charles
Darwin studied plants and animals and
found that they compete for survival


He then applied these beliefs to human society
Survival of the fittest was a business belief
that defined the Second Industrial Revolution

It tried to justify the gap between the extremely
rich and the extremely poor.

Using your textbook (pgs. 468-471) fill in the blanks
and construct a timeline of the following events:
1. Rockefeller enters the ______ business
2. Carnegie leaves the railroad business for the _______
industry.
3. Vanderbilt owns the New York Central _______.
4. 90% of US oil is _________ by the Standard Oil
Company.
5. George Pullman builds a town for his __________.
6. Carnegie sells US Steel to ___________.

John D. Rockefeller


Oil Tycoon who held control
of almost all oil refining in the
US
Expanded his business to
include many sectors
including railroads and steel
production

Andrew Carnegie


A Scottish born immigrant, Andrew Carnegie rose from
relative “rags to riches” by working and investing in
railroads, oil, and steel.
He dominated the steel production industry until he sold
everything and began giving away massive amounts of
his fortune to charity

Cornelius Vanderbilt


Vanderbilt invested in
railroads during the Civil
War which turned out to be a
huge profit machine
His company owned over
4,500 miles of railroad track

Essential Question:
What caused people to move to large cities?
 What civil rights issues existed in the late
19th and early 20th centuries?
 What were Americans’ reactions to social
change in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth century


Lets read the inside story pg. 472

Ranking working conditions
during the Second Industrial
Revolution





Each member of you group has a role:
1st role: Founder – Name your group and
create a motto
2nd role: Visionary – Come up with 3 goals
your union is demanding
3rd role: Tactician – Come up with 2 strategies
on how to reach your goals
4th role: Publicist – Present your Labor Union
to the class

You are a worker in a factory during the
Second Industrial Revolution. Write a diary
entry about your work life…
 Include:
 Where you work
 Working conditions
 What you can do to change the
conditions?
Progressives Research & Presentation
Immoral Business practices
• Ida Tarbell
• Upton Sinclair
• Julius Chambers
• Henry Demarest Lloyd
• Samuel Hopkins Adams
• Burton Hendricks
Political Corruption
• Lincoln Steffens
• Tom Johnson
• Robert LaFollette
• Thomas Nast
• David Graham Phillips
Living Conditions
• Jacob Riis
• Eugene V. Debs
• Mary Harris Jones
• Jane Addams
• Lillian Wald
• Frances Kellor
• Nellie Bly
Trusts and Monopolies
• Frank Norris
• Teddy Roosevelt
• Woodrow Wilson
Prohibition
• Frances Willard
• Carry Nation
Suffrage
• Lucy Burns
• Susan B. Anthony
• Alice Paul
• Carrie Chapman Catt
Prejudice and Discrimination
• Ida B. Wells
• W.E.B. Du Bois
• Jane Addams
• Sigmund Livingston
• Booker T. Washington
• William Walling
Child Labor
• Florence Kelley
• John Spargo
New Immigrants
• Read the sections titled:
▫ Ellis Island (pg.491)
▫ Angel Island (pg. 492)
• Pretend you are an immigrant who came to
America through either Ellis Island or Angel
Island and you are writing a journal entry of
your experience.
▫ In your journal entry, include where you may have
come from, why you left, what obstacles you had to
overcome, and generally what your experience was
like
▫ Extra credit – write a 2nd account from the other
port of entry
Notebook check - Today
•
•
•
•
•
Unit 4 vocab.
Discrimination and Segregation Q&A
Struggles for Equality (ranking)
Unit 5 vocab.
New Immigrants Q&A