Transcript The End of the Spanish

Diplomacy in Latin America and the
Spanish-American War
The Monroe Doctrine,
Europe and the
Western Hemisphere
* American/French Revolutions
sparked revolution in C. and S. America
against Imperial powers (Spain,
Portugal, France) *
* In 1823, President James Monroe issues a
warning to EUROPE – the Monroe Doctrine *
* The Monroe Doctrine stated:
1. W. Hemisphere was CLOSED to Europe for colonization
2. U.S. would OPPOSE European intervention in W.
Hemisphere
3. U.S. would NOT involve itself politically in European affairs
* Americans had always been interested in building a
CANAL to ease transportation *
* The Monroe Doctrine was
important because it set the
tone for United States foreign
policy for the next 100 years!
The $.99 version of the
SPANISH-AMERICAN War!
* In 1895, a revolt against Spanish imperial rule broke out
in Cuba. Three years later, the United States came to the
support of the Cuban people by declaring war against
Spain. More than any other event, this war represented a
turning point in U.S. foreign policy. The swift and decisive
victory demonstrated the country’s military and economic
power!
CUBA, Spain and
Imperialism
* Cuba was one of Spain’s OLDEST
colonies in it’s empire (1500s) *
* Starting in 1868, Cubans began to
revolt against Spain for independence…
* Ten Years War ends with many Cubans in
exile, living in U.S. – JOSE MARTI *
** By the 1890s, the U.S. and Cuba were
linked economically – SUGAR, mines,
railroads **
* 1894, Marti launches new and
“successful” rebellion – Republic of Cuba
Propaganda and U.S.
Support for Cuba –
“Yellow Journalism”
* Joseph Pulitzer of the New York
World and William Randolph Hearst of
the New York Journal created
sensationalist headlines to attract
readers!
* Stories were told of Spanish atrocities
towards Cubans – Valeriano “The
Butcher” Weyler
* Civilized, educated and Protestant U.S.
– “backwards” and Catholic Spanish
Empire
When the famous painter Remington, working for the Journal in Cuba,
asked for permission to return, Hearst replied with his famous saying,
"Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."
By the end of 1897, General Weyler had relocated more
than 300,000 into "re-concentration camps"
Lead up to WAR! DUH-duh-duuuuh…
* Spain removed Weyler from power and made concessions to Cuban
rebels…
* January 1898, ENRAGED Spanish loyalists – riots broke out in HAVANA –
send in the USS MAINE *
* February 1898, De Lome Letter
(New York Journal)
“shows once more what
McKinley is: weak and catering
to the rabble, and, besides, a
low politician, who desires to
leave a door open to me and to
stand well with the jingoes of
his party.”
February 15, 1898
“REMEMBER THE MAINE!”
* On Feb. 15th, at 9:40 p.m.,
the USS Maine exploded,
killing 260 crew members! *
President McKinley and
the “Declaration of War”
* BOTH Democrats and
Republicans wanted war with
Spain… (JINGOISM)
* By April 19th, Congress
proclaimed Cuba
independent and demanded
Spain’s withdrawal
* Congress passed the Teller
Amendment to ensure NO
annexation of Cuba…
* Ultimatum sent to Spain,
Spain declares war a week
later!
What were the MAIN CAUSES of the
Spanish-American War
1. Cubans REBEL against Spain – Spanish OPPRESSION…
2. U.S. investment in Cuba – rebellion = unstable economy!
3. “Yellow Journalism” of Hearst and Pulitzer
4. Sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor
The “splendid little
war” was fought in
both the Pacific and
Caribbean
April – August,
1898
* 1.) The Pacific theater of the war was
fought in the Philippines and Guam*
"You may fire when you are ready, Gridley"
* May 1, 1898 – U.S. Commodore
George Dewey defeated a Spanish
squadron of 8 ships, in Manila Bay
in SIX HOURS *
* U.S. was not prepared for such a
quick victory – enter Emilio
Aguinaldo! (declared ind., June)
** By August, the U.S. had taken
control of Manila, Filipinos had
taken control of all other islands **
* Would lead to the PhilippineAmerican War… UH-OH!
* Guam was captured just as easily!
* 2.) The Caribbean theater of the war was
fought in Cuba and Puerto Rico *
* The Americans planned to capture the city of Santiago to
destroy the Spanish Army and Navy *
* From June 22-24, U.S. Marines landed east of Santiago and
established an American base of operations *
* On July 1st, American troops, among them Roosevelt and his
“Rough Riders”, attacked entrenched Spaniards at the Battle of
El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago *
Teddy and the "Rough Riders"
The First United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment –
“Rough Riders”
The End of the Spanish-American War:
1.) By the end of July, Spain had been defeated in CUBA
and PUERTO RICO…
2.) The Spanish government initiated a message to
President McKinley to suspend the hostilities and to start
the negotiations to end the war!
3.) August – American invasion forces begin to evacuate
Cuba (all except the Black 9th Infantry Regiment) – “immunes”
4.) By December 1898 – the Treaty of Paris ended the war
and settled the terms for peace!
The Treaty of Paris
Spain:
1. Gave up all rights to Cuba
2. Surrendered Puerto Rico *
3. Surrendered Guam
4. Surrendered the Philippines
to the U.S. for a payment of
$20 million * (HUGE debate)
* The Platt Amendment of 1901
replaced the Teller Amendment!
* Cuba would sell U.S. Guantánamo Bay, U.S. would have exclusive
territory rights in Cuba, Cuba would keep it’s debts low and U.S. could
intervene for protection*
Aftermath of the Spanish-American War:
* Ended the Spanish Empire (but helped Spain in the long-run)
** The U.S. gained Puerto Rico (1900 – Foraker Act), Guam and the
Philippines as territories **
** Cuba became a protectorate of the United States (Platt
Amendment) **
* Helped race relations in the United States (not really)
* Thrust TEDDY into the national spotlight!