Transcript The Cold War

The Early
Cold War:
1947-1960
Chapter 26
Chapter 26, Section 1
1945—A Critical Year
• As the end of World War II approached, relations between
the Communist Soviet Union and its wartime allies, the
United States and Great Britain, grew increasingly tense.
• At a meeting at Yalta in February, Roosevelt, Churchill, and
Stalin agreed on the postwar division of Germany.
• In April, representatives of 50 countries, including the United
States, adopted the charter for the United Nations, an
organization dedicated to cooperation in solving
international problems.
• On April 12, Roosevelt died unexpectedly, making Vice
President Truman the new President. Truman continued
Roosevelt’s negotiations with Stalin at the Potsdam
Conference in July.
Conflicting Postwar Goals
American and Soviet Goals
Chapter 26, Section 1
American Goals
• Wanted conquered
European nations to
experience the
democracy and
economic opportunity
that the United States
had fought for during
the war
• Wanted to develop
strong capitalist
economies, which
would provide good
markets for American
products
Soviet Goals
• Wanted to rebuild Europe in ways
that would help the Soviet Union
recover from the huge losses it
suffered during the war
• Wanted to establish Soviet
satellite nations, countries subject
to Soviet domination and
sympathetic to Soviet goals
• Wanted to promote the spread of
communism throughout the world
Chapter 26, Section 1
The Iron Curtain
Churchill coined the phrase iron curtain to
describe the geographic and political divisions
between Communist and capitalist nations in
Europe.
Containment and the Truman
Doctrine
Chapter 26, Section 1
• The competition between the United States and
the Soviet Union for world influence came to be
known as the Cold War.
• The American containment policy accepted the
fact that Eastern Europe was under Communist
control, but sought to prevent Communist
governments from forming elsewhere in the
world.
• The Truman Doctrine, which applied the
principles of containment, stated that the United
States would support free peoples who resist
attempted conquest. The Truman Doctrine was
first applied in the cases of Greece and Turkey.
Origins of the Cold War—
Assessment
Chapter 26, Section 1
Which of these choices best describes the primary goal of the United
States for postwar Europe?
(A) Protect the Soviet Union from future invasion
(B) Build economically strong democracies
(C) Add more members to the United Nations
(D) Ensure further cooperation with Stalin
Which of these events directly inspired the Truman Doctrine?
(A) Soviet threats in Greece and Turkey
(B) The division of Germany into four zones
(C) The arrest of anti-Communist leaders in Hungary
(D) Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech
Origins of the Cold War—
Assessment
Chapter 26, Section 1
Which of these choices best describes the primary goal of the United
States for postwar Europe?
(A) Protect the Soviet Union from future invasion
(B) Build economically strong democracies
(C) Add more members to the United Nations
(D) Ensure further cooperation with Stalin
Which of these events directly inspired the Truman Doctrine?
(A) Soviet threats in Greece and Turkey
(B) The division of Germany into four zones
(C) The arrest of anti-Communist leaders in Hungary
(D) Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech
The Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
GOAL  spread worldwide Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL  “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
[George Kennan]
 Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
 Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
 Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
Chapter 26, Section 2
The Marshall Plan
• The United States wanted to help European
nations recover from the war and become
economically strong democracies. It also
wanted to prevent Communists from continuing
to gain power in Europe.
• The Marshall Plan was created in 1947 by U.S.
Secretary of State George C. Marshall as a
means to achieve these goals. According to the
Marshall Plan, participating nations would
design recovery programs and would receive
financial aid from the United States.
• Seventeen Western European nations joined
the plan, receiving a total of $13 billion in aid.
Chapter 26, Section 2
The Berlin Airlift
• As part of the postwar division of Germany, the
city of Berlin, located in Communist East
Germany, was divided into West Berlin
(capitalist) and East Berlin (Communist).
• In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to
West Berlin through East Germany, creating a
blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to
the city.
• In response, Allied nations began the Berlin
airlift, which delivered thousands of tons of food
and other supplies to West Berlin via air.
• Although the Soviet blockade ended in May
1949, Berlin remained a focal point of Cold War
conflict.
Post-War Germany
Berlin Blockade & Airlift
(1948-49)
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (1949)
 United States
 Luxemburg
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Britain
 Norway
 Canada
 Portugal
 Denmark
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 France
 Iceland
 Italy
 1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.
} East Germany
} Albania
} Hungary
} Bulgaria
} Poland
} Czechoslovakia
} Rumania
Chapter 26, Section 2
Communist Advances
The Soviet Atomic Threat
• In September 1949,
Truman announced that the
Soviet Union had
successfully tested an
atomic bomb.
• In response, the United
States began developing
the even more powerful
hydrogen bomb. This
began the nuclear arms
race between the US and
USSR.
• The newly formed Federal
Civil Defense
Administration distributed
information on how to
survive a nuclear attack;
this information was
ridiculed by experts.
China Falls to the Communists
• During World War II, competing
factions in China had cooperated, but
fighting between them resumed
towards the end of the war.
• After the war, hostilities between the
Nationalists and Communists started
up again.
• The US supported the Nationalists and
the Soviets backed the Communists.
• By 1949, Communist leader Mao Tsetung (Mao Zedong) won control of
China.
• The US refused to recognize the new
govt, and used its veto power to
prevent the UN from formally
recognizing Mao’s govt.
The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”
} The Soviet Union
exploded its first
A-bomb in 1949.
} Now there were
two nuclear
superpowers!
The Cold War at Home
Chapter 26, Section 2
•
•
•
•
During the late 1940s, fear of Communist spies created a climate
of suspicion in the United States.
Truman established a federal employee loyalty program in 1947,
checking the backgrounds of all new and existing federal
employees.
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began
investigating Hollywood personalities who the committee claimed,
had Communist leanings. When one group, known as the
Hollywood Ten, refused to answer HUAC’s questions, they were
cited for contempt of Congress and imprisoned.
Hollywood studios compiled a blacklist, a list circulated to
employers naming persons who should not be hired. Blacklisted
individuals came from all sections of the industry and included
anyone who seemed subversive.
The Cold War Heats Up—
Assessment
Chapter 26, Section 2
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada,
and Western European nations
(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
(C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
(D) A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie
industry?
(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial
social problems.
(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
(D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.
The Cold War Heats Up—
Assessment
Chapter 26, Section 2
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada,
and Western European nations
(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
(C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
(D) A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie
industry?
(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial
social problems.
(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
(D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.
Communist Expansion in Asia
Chapter 26, Section 3
The Division of Korea
• World War II ended before a plan could be made for Korean
independence from Japan.
• Korea was temporarily divided at the thirty-eighth parallel, the latitude
line running through approximately the midpoint of the peninsula.
• A pro-American government formed in South Korea, while a
Communist government formed in North Korea.
• In June 1950, the Korean War broke out when North Korean troops
invaded South Korea, aiming to reunite the nation by force
Chapter 26, Section 3
The Korean Conflict
• A UN resolution, which passed because the Soviets
were not there to veto it, called on member states to
defend South Korea and restore peace, thus beginning
the Korean War. Roughly 80 percent of the troops who
served in the resulting UN police action were American.
• By attacking North Korean supply lines, General Douglas
MacArthur was able to gain an advantage and push
north. However, a stalemate developed after China
helped the North Koreans push the UN forces back into
South Korea.
• A truce signed in 1953 left Korea again divided near the
thirty eighth parallel.
The Korean War—Assessment
Chapter 26, Section 3
What was the significance of the thirty-eighth parallel?
(A) It formed Korea’s border with China.
(B) It was the place to which Chinese Nationalists fled.
(C) It divided Korea into two halves, North and South.
(D) It was the location of Korean War peace talks.
Why did the United Nations send troops to Korea?
(A) To support South Korea and restore peace
(B) To install a Communist government in South Korea
(C) To help China defend its border
(D) To put an end to Japanese rule of Korea
The Korean War—Assessment
Chapter 26, Section 3
What was the significance of the thirty-eighth parallel?
(A) It formed Korea’s border with China.
(B) It was the place to which Chinese Nationalists fled.
(C) It divided Korea into two halves, North and South.
(D) It was the location of Korean War peace talks.
Why did the United Nations send troops to Korea?
(A) To support South Korea and restore peace
(B) To install a Communist government in South Korea
(C) To help China defend its border
(D) To put an end to Japanese rule of Korea
The Korean War: A “Police
Action” (1950-1953)
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
Chapter 26, Section 4
The McCarthy Era
McCarthy’s Rise to Power
• Wisconsin Senator
Joseph McCarthy, up for
reelection raised the
specter of Communist
conspiracies within the
United States.
• McCarthy produced a list
of 250 names of
presumed Communistsupporting government
employees. Later, when
scrutinized, this list was
reduced to 57.
• Although McCarthy’s
accusations were usually
baseless and unprovable,
few were willing to risk
their reputations by
speaking out against him.
McCarthy’s Fall
• In early 1954, McCarthyism, the name
given to McCarthy’s crusade, reached
the army.
• Democrats asked that the hearings
between McCarthy and the army be
televised, hoping to swing popular
opinion against McCarthy.
• By mid-June 1954, McCarthy had lost
even his strongest supporters. The
Senate formally condemned him for
his actions.
Chapter 26, Section 4
The Arms Race
• Throughout the 1950s, the United States
and the Soviet Union competed in an
arms race, a struggle to gain weapons
superiority.
• Deterrence, the policy of maintaining a
military arsenal so strong that no enemy
will attack for fear of retaliation, resulted in
the escalating development of powerful
nuclear weapons.
The Arms Race in the Skies
Chapter 26, Section 4
• To carry bombs to their targets, the Soviet
Union developed long-range rockets known
as intercontinental ballistic missiles, or
ICBMs.
• In 1957, one of these rockets was used to
launch the Soviet satellite Sputnik, the first
artificial satellite to orbit Earth..
The Continuing Cold War—
Assessment
Chapter 26, Section 4
Why did the United States choose not to support uprisings in Eastern
Europe?
(A) It appeared that these uprisings would succeed on their own.
(B) The Soviet Union supported the uprisings.
(C) Senator McCarthy was against such support.
(D) Eisenhower felt that doing so would risk war with the Soviets.
What was the significance of the U-2 incident?
(A) It motivated the United States to increase the technological
development of its military.
(B) It provided the first test of Soviet ICBMs.
(C) It led to the development of the hydrogen bomb.
(D) It began the Cold War.
The Continuing Cold War—
Assessment
Chapter 26, Section 4
Why did the United States choose not to support uprisings in Eastern
Europe?
(A) It appeared that these uprisings would succeed on their own.
(B) The Soviet Union supported the uprisings.
(C) Senator McCarthy was against such support.
(D) Eisenhower felt that doing so would risk war with the Soviets.
What was the significance of the U-2 incident?
(A) It motivated the United States to increase the technological
development of its military.
(B) It provided the first test of Soviet ICBMs.
(C) It led to the development of the hydrogen bomb.
(D) It began the Cold War.
Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in
space—they have the technological edge!
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint
Charlie
Ich bin ein Berliner!
(1963)
President Kennedy
tells Berliners
that the West is
with them!
Khruschev Embraces Castro,
1961
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973