Transcript Cold War - Effingham County Schools

THE COLD WAR, 1945-1990
 SSUSH20 The student will analyze the impact of the Cold
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War on the United States.
a. Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S.
commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the origins
and implications of the containment policy.
b. Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China
and the outbreak of the Korean War and how these events
contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy.
c. Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, and the
Cuban missile crisis.
d. Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet offensive, and growing
opposition to the war.
e. Explain the role of geography on the US containment
policy, the Korean War, the Bay of Pigs, the Cuban Missile
Crisis, and the Vietnam War.
THE COLD WAR
 1.The Cold War was the state of conflict,
tension and competition that existed between
the superpowers, the United States (US) and
the Soviet Union (USSR), and their respective
allies, from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s.
 USA VS. USSR
 CAPITALISM VS. COMMUNISM
 DEMOCRACY VS. DICTATORSHIP
 SUPERPOWERS: GOAL: SPREAD
IDEOLOGY (IDEAS, BELIEFS)
THE COLD WAR
 2. Rivalry between the two superpowers was
expressed through military coalitions,
propaganda, espionage, weapons
development, industrial advances, and
competitive technological development, e.g.,
the space race.
THE COLD WAR
 3. Both superpowers engaged in costly
defense spending, a massive conventional
and nuclear arms race, and numerous wars.
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
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* American fear of communist attack
* Truman’s (USA) dislike of Stalin (USSR)
* Russia’s fear of the American's atomic bomb
* Russia’s dislike of capitalism
* Russia’s actions in the Soviet zone of Germany
* America’s refusal to share nuclear secrets
* Russia’s expansion west into Eastern Europe and
broken election promises in Eastern European
nations
 * Russia’s fear of American attack
 * Russia’s need for a secure western border
 * Russia’s aim of spreading world communism
UNITED STATES REACTIONS TO
THE COLD WAR
 1. THE MARSHALL PLAN-ECONOMIC AID
TO EUROPE
 2. USA COMMITMENT TO EUROPEFORMATION OF NATO ALLIANCE (AND
WARSAW PACT, REACTION)
 3. TRUMAN DOCTRINE-CONTAINMENT,
STOPPING SPREAD OF COMMUNISM
COLD WAR, MARSHALL PLAN
 1.EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM, AFTER WW
II, 1947
 2.GEORGE MARSHALL, SEC. OF STATE
 3.PROGRAM TO REBUILD WESTERN EUROPE
AND OPPOSE COMMUNISM AFTER WW II
 4.PROGRAM WAS OFFERED TO USSR AND
ALLIES IF POLITICAL REFORM STARTED AND
SOME OUTSIDE CONTROL ALLOWED.
COLD WAR
 GEORGE MARSHALL
COLD WAR, USA COMMITMENT
TO EUROPE
 1. FORMATION OF NATO ALLIANCE, 1949,
BY USA, DEFENSE/MILITARY
 2. NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANIZATION
 3. MEMBER NATIONS INCLUDED MOST
OF W. EUROPEAN NATIONS
 4. REACTION: USSR FORMED WARSAW
PACT,1955, DEFENSE/MILITARY
NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT
 1. NATO, 1949
 2. WARSAW
PACT, 1955
NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT, A
COMPARISON
NATO, 2008
COLD WAR, USA COMMITMENT
TO EUROPE, CONTINUED
 5.REACTION BY USA: CONTAINMENT
POLICY
 6.STOP SPREAD OF COMMUNISM
 7.CONTAINMENT WAS PART OF USA
FOREIGN POLICY DURING COLD WAR.
COLD WAR, TRUMAN DOCTRINE
 1.1947, PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAN
 2.USA MILITARY AND ECONOMIC AID TO
ANY NATION TO PREVENT COMMUNISM
 3.TRUMAN, “SUPPORT FREE PEOPLES WHO ARE RESISITING
ATTEMPTED SUBJUGATION BY ARMED MINORITIES OR BY
OUTSIDE PRESSURES”
 4.USSR NEVER DIRECTLY MENTIONED
COLD WAR AND TRUMAN
DOCTRINE
 The Truman Doctrine is a
proclamation by Harry S.
Truman, President of the
United States on March 12,
1947. It stated that the U.S.
would support the Kingdom
of Greece and Turkey
economically and militarily to
prevent their falling under
Soviet control. Truman called
upon the U.S. to "support
free peoples who are
resisting attempted
subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside
pressures."
COLD WAR AND THE SPREAD OF
COMMUNISM IN ASIA: CHINA
 1.CHINESE CIVIL WAR, 1945-1949
 2.CHINESE COMMUNISTS VS. CHINESE
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NATIONALISTS
3.MAO ZEDONG VS. CHIANG KAI-SHEK
4.RESULT: CHINESE COMMUNIST WIN
5.RESULT: PEOPLES’ REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC)
6.CHINESE NATIONALISTS FLEE TO ISLAND OF
TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA (RC)
CHINESE CIVIL WAR
 The Chinese Civil War,
Nationalist-Communist Civil
War, "War of Liberation",
actually lasted from April 1927
to May 1950, and was a civil
war in China between the
Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese
Nationalist Party) and the
Chinese Communist Party
(CPC). The war represented an
ideological split between the
Western-supported Nationalist
KMT, and the Soviet-supported
Communist CPC.
CHINESE CIVIL WAR, LEADERS CHIANG
KAI SHEK AND MAO ZEDONG
COLD WAR, KOREAN CONFLICT
 1. 1950-53
 2. PRC SUPPORTED CONFLICT
 3.COMMUNIST N. KOREA AND PRC INVADED
DEMOCRATIC S. KOREA
 4. USA AND 15 OTHER UN NATIONS AIDED S.
KOREA
 5. 1953, ARMISTICE SIGNED
 6. RESULT: DIVIDED KOREAN PENINSULA AT 38TH
PARALLEL (LINE OF LATITUDE)
KOREAN CONFLICT
RESULTS OF KOREAN CONFLICT
 1.COMMUNISM CONTAINED.
 2.TWO KOREAS, COMMUNIST N. AND
DEMOCRATIC S.
 3. 54,000 AMERICAN DEATHS
 4.FEAR OF SPREAD OF COMMUNISM IN
USA
 5.SECOND RED SCARE, MCCARTHYISM
RISE TO POWER, SENATOR
JOSEPH MCCARTHY
 1.U.S. SENATOR, R., WISCONSIN
 2.NEEDED AN ISSUE TO BE REELECTED
 3.MADE CHARGE COMMUNISTS WERE
OVERTAKING U.S. GOVT
 4.BLAMED DEMOCRATIC PARTY FOR
ALLEGED COMMUNIST INFILTRATION IN
U.S. GOVT
SECOND RED SCARE,
MCCARTHYISM, 1950S
 1. McCarthyism is a term denoting the
intense anti-communist suspicion in the
United States in a period that lasted roughly
from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. This
period is also referred to as the Second Red
Scare, and coincided with increased fears
about communist influence on American
institutions and espionage by Soviet agents.
SECOND RED SCARE
 2. Originally coined to criticize the actions of
U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy,
"McCarthyism" later took on a more general
meaning, not necessarily referring to the
conduct of Joseph McCarthy alone.
SECOND RED SCARE CAUSES
 1.USSR ESTABLISHED
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COMMUNIST GOVTS IN E.
EUROPE
2.USSR, A-BOMB
3.KOREAN CONFLICT
STALEMATE
4.PRC, 1949
5.ACCUSATIONS THAT USA
PRES. HARRY TRUMAN WAS
SOFT ON COMMUNISM
6.DESIRE BY SOME
AMERICANS TO STOP
SPREAD OF COMMUNISM TO
USA
RESULTS OF SECOND RED
SCARE
 1.ALLEGED COMMUNIST MOVEMENTS IN
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND
MILITARY
 2.CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS OF
COMMUNISTS IN USA
JOSEPH MCCARTHY
 Joseph Raymond
McCarthy (November 14,
1908 – May 2, 1957) was an
American politician who
served as a Republican U.S.
Senator from the state of
Wisconsin from 1947 until
his death in 1957. Beginning
in 1950, McCarthy became
the most visible public face
of a period of intense anticommunist suspicion
inspired by the tensions of
the Cold War.
MCCARTHYISM
 The term "McCarthyism," coined in 1950 in
reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon
applied to similar anti-communist pursuits.
Today the term is used more generally to
describe demagogic, reckless, and
unsubstantiated accusations, as well as
public attacks on the character or patriotism
of political opponents.
COLD WAR “WALLS”
 1.BERLIN WALL, 1961, BUILT BY USSR
AND E. GERMANY; PHYSICAL WALL
 2.38TH PARALLEL, DIVIDES N. AND S.
KOREA; FIGURATIVE WALL
 3.BREAKING THROUGH THE WALLS
CAUSED CONFLICT.
COLD WAR WALLS, BERLIN
WALL
THE BERLIN WALL
BERLIN WALL
BERLIN WALL
THE 38TH PARALLEL
 The 38th parallel was first suggested as a
dividing line for Korea in 1902.. Russia was
attempting to pull Korea under its control,
while Japan had just secured recognition of
its rights in Korea from the British. In an
attempt to prevent any conflict, Japan
proposed to Russia that the two sides split
Korea into separate spheres of influence
along the 38th parallel. However, no formal
agreement was ever reached, and Japan
later took full control of Korea.
THE 38TH PARALLEL
 After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the
parallel was established as the boundary.
 In 1948, the dividing line became the
boundary between the newly independent
countries of North and South Korea. After the
ceasefire that effectively ended the Korean
War (1950-1953), a new border was
established through the middle of the
Demilitarized Zone, which cuts across the
38th parallel at an acute angle, from
southwest to northeast.
THE 38TH PARALLEL
THE 38TH PARALLEL
THE 38TH PARALLEL AND THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE
BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA
 The Korean Demilitarized
Zone is a strip of land
running across the Korean
Peninsula that serves as a
buffer zone between North
and South Korea. The DMZ
cuts the Korean Peninsula
roughly in half, crossing the
38th parallel on an angle,
with the west end of the
DMZ lying south of the
parallel and the east end
lying north of it. It is 155
miles (248 km) long and
approximately 2.5 miles
(4 km) wide, and is the most
heavily armed border in the
world.
SOUTH KOREA AND NORTH KOREA
 SOUTH KOREA
 NORTH KOREA
COLD WAR CONFLICT, CUBA
 1.CUBAN REVOLUTION, 1956-59
 2.BAY OF PIGS INVASION, 1961
 3.CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, 1962
CUBAN REVOLUTION
 The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that
led to the overthrow of the United States supported
ruler General Fulgencio Batista's regime on January
1, 1959 by the 26th of July Movement and other
revolutionary elements within the country. The Cuban
Revolution also refers to the ongoing implementation
of social and economic programs by the new
government since the overthrow of the Batista
dictatorship, including the implementation of Marxist
policies.
LEADERS OF THE CUBAN
REVOLUTION
 1.Fidel Castro
2.Ernesto "Che"
Guevara
3.Raul Castro
4.Camilo Cienfuegos
5.Huber Matos
FIDEL CASTRO
 Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz
(born August 13, 1926) is a
Cuban revolutionary leader who
was prime minister of Cuba
from December 1959 to
December 1976 and then
president until his resignation
from the office in February
2008.
BAY OF PIGS INCIDENT
 1.CUBAN EXILES FROM USA INVADE
CUBA WITH SUPPORT OF U.S. MILITARY.
 2.U.S. AIRSTRIKE FAILED TO DESTROY
CUBAN AIRFORCE
 3.FAILED INVASION, POOR PLANNING
 4.EMBARRASSED USA PAID CUBA 53 MIL
OF FOOD AND MEDICINES FOR RELEASE
OF CAPTIVES.
BAY OF PIGS
 The bay is the site of the failed
Bay of Pigs Invasion, an
unsuccessful April 17 1961
United States CIA-backed
invasion which many people
believe was directed by
President John F. Kennedy in
an attempt to overthrow Fidel
Castro.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
 1.USSR AND CUBA BUILT MISSILES IN
CUBA AIMED AT USA
 2.WHY? CUBA’S DEFENSE AGAINST USA
 3.USA REACTION: PRESIDENT JOHN
KENNEDY (JFK) ORDERED A BLOCKADE
OF CUBA AND THREATENED A USA
INVASION OF CUBA.
 4.USSR REMOVED MISSILES IN CUBA;
USA REMOVE MISSLES IN TURKEY AIMED
AT USSR.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
 The Cuban Missile Crisis was a
confrontation between the United States, the
Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War.
In Russia, it is termed the "Caribbean
Crisis,“ while in Cuba it is called the
"October Crisis." The crisis ranks with the
Berlin Blockade as one of the major
confrontations of the Cold War, and is often
regarded as the moment in which the Cold
War came closest to a nuclear war.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
JFK VS. NK, USA VS. USSR IN CUBA
THE VIETNAM WAR
 1. The Vietnam War, or the Vietnam Conflict, also,
the Second Indochina War, occurred in Vietnam,
Laos and Cambodia from 1959 to April 30, 1975.
 2. The war was fought between the communist North
Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the
government of South Vietnam, supported by the
United States and others.
 3. The United States entered the war to prevent a
communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of a
wider strategy called containment.
 4. USA FEAR OF COMMUNISM SPREADING IN SE
ASIA AND BEYOND, AKA, THE DOMINO THEORY
VIETNAM CONFLICT
 4. The Vietnam War was the longest military conflict in U.S.
history. The hostilities in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia claimed
the lives of more than 58,000 Americans. Another 304,000 were
wounded.
 5. From 1946 until 1954, the Vietnamese had struggled for their
independence from France during the First Indochina War.
 6. At the end of this war, the country was temporarily divided into
North and South Vietnam. North Vietnam came under the
control of the Vietnamese Communists, LED BY HO CHI MINH,
who had opposed France and who aimed for a unified Vietnam
under Communist rule. The South was controlled by Vietnamese
who had collaborated with the French.
 7. VIETMINH, GROUP WHOSE GOAL WAS TO OPPOSE ALL
FOREIGNERS IN VIETNAM
HO CHI MINH
 Hồ Chí Minh (May 19, 1890
– September 2, 1969) was a
Communist, Marxist-Leninist
Vietnamese revolutionary
and statesman, who later
became prime minister
(1946–1955) and president
(1946–1969) of the
Democratic Republic of
Vietnam (North Vietnam).
 Defeated the French Union
in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
 The former capital of South
Vietnam, Saigon, was
renamed Ho Chi Minh City in
his honor.
VIETNAM CONFLICT
 7. In 1965 the United States sent in troops to prevent
the South Vietnamese government from collapsing.
 8. THE WAR: DEMOCRATIC SOUTH VIETNAM
AND USA VS. COMMUNIST NORTH VIETNAM AND
THE THE VIETCONG (The Vietcong , or National
Liberation Front, was an army based in South
Vietnam that fought the United States and South
Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War
(1959-75). It had both guerrilla and regular army
units.)
 10. USA involvement peaked in 1968 at the time of
the Tet Offensive.
VIETNAM CONFLICT
 11. The Tet Offensive was a military campaign
conducted between 30 January and 23 September
1968, by forces of the Viet Cong, and the North
Vietnamese army against the forces of the South
Vietnam, the United States, and their allies.
 12. The purpose of the offensive was to strike military
and civilian command and control centers throughout
South Vietnam and to spark a general uprising
among the population that would then topple the SV
government, thus ending the war in a single blow.
VIETNAM CONFLICT
 13. The operations are referred to as the Tet
Offensive because they began during the
early morning hours of 31 January, the day of
the most important Vietnamese holiday, Tết
Nguyên Đán, which celebrates the first day of
the year on a traditional lunar calendar. Both
North and South Vietnam announced on
national radio broadcasts that there would be
a two-day cease-fire in honor of Tết, also
called "Spring Festival."
VIETNAM CONFLICT
TET OFFENSIVE
RESULTS:
 1.FAILED AT GOAL TO
DRIVE OUT USA
 2.FAILED AT
BRINGING ABOUT SV
UPRISING
 3.LED TO QUESTIONS
OF FURTHER
INVOLVEMENT OF
USA IN WAR
VIETNAM CONFLICT
 4. ANTI-WAR
PROTESTS HAPPEN,
ESPECIALLY ON
UNIVERSITY
CAMPUSES, ABOUT
ENDING DRAFT AND
WITHDRAWING FROM
VIETNAM
 5.AT RIGHT, PRES.
LYDON BAINES
JOHNSON, LBJ
THE END OF THE VIETNAM
CONFLICT FOR THE USA
 1. Under a policy called Vietnamization, U.S. forces
withdrew as South Vietnamese troops were trained
and armed, A POLICY STARTED BY PRESIDENT
RICHARD M. NIXON
 2. A peace treaty was signed by all parties in January
1973, Paris Peace Accords, and USA WITHDREW,
but fighting continued.
 3. South Vietnam surrendered to North Vietnam in
1975 while last Americans were being evacuated
from SV.
 4.1976, VIETNAM REUNITED UNDER COMMUNIST
DICTATORSHIP
THE VIETNAM CONFLICT
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Anti-Communist forces:
South Vietnam
United States
South Korea
Australia
Philippines
New Zealand
Khmer Republic
Thailand
Kingdom of Laos
Communist forces:
North Vietnam
Viet Cong
Khmer Rouge
Pathet Lao
People's Republic of China
Soviet Union
North Korea
SOUTH VIETNAM, NORTH
VIETNAM, AND VIETNAM
ROLE OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE
CONTAINMENT POLICY
 1.KOREA-RUGGED, MOUNTAINOUS
TERRAIN WITH EXTREME TEMPS
 2.BAY OF PIGS, SECLUDED WATERBODY
SURROUNDED BY SWAMPLAND
 3.CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, ISLAND
NATION EASY TO SURROUND
 4.VIETNAM, RUGGED TERRAIN INLAND
WITH TROPICAL RAINFORESTS AND HOT,
HUMID TEMPS
RESULTS OF THE COLD WAR
 1.TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND MARSHALL
PLAN
 2.EAST-WEST TENSIONS OVER BERLIN
 3.NATO AND WARSAW PACT
 4.RED SCARE AND MCCARTHYISM
 5.MILITARY ARMS RACE
 6.SUPERPOWER RIVALRY FOR WORLD
POWER