Transcript The Cold War - cloudfront.net

Cold War
Notes
How to fight a war without actually fighting the war
-orThe war of words
United Nations
• International
Organization where
countries try to find
peaceful solutions
• Formed in 1945
• Cannot stop the
Cold War
United Nations
• It has no army but uses troops from
other countries.
The Cold War Defined
• A continuing state of
tensions between the
United States and the
Soviet Union
– 1945-1991
• Fighting of Diplomacy
(no weapons)
Two sides of Cold War
• NATO – North
Atlantic Treaty
Organization
• USA, France, Great
Britain, West
Germany
• CAPITALISM
• Warsaw Pact – pro
Soviet countries –
USSR, and all
countries controlled
by the USSR.
• COMMUNISM
Development of the Cold War
• U.S. saw Soviet
Union as threat to
their way of life
• USSR thought they
had won WWII
– Lost most lives
– Wanted to gain land
as prize
– Saw U.S. as threat
Development of the Cold War
• Iron Curtain-figure of speech by Churchill describing line
separating free and communist Europe
• “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an
iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind
that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central
and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna,
Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these
famous cities and the populations around them lie in
what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in
one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a
very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of
control from Moscow. “
Iron Curtain (Winston Churchill)
The Cold War [1945-1991]:
An Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
GOAL  spread worldwide Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL  “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
[George Kennan]
1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples [Communist govt. &
command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist
economy]  “proxy wars”
4. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
The Bipolarization of Europe
Two sides of Cold War
• NATO – North
Atlantic Treaty
Organization
• USA, France, Great
Britain, West
Germany
• CAPITALISM
• Warsaw Pact – pro
Soviet countries –
USSR, and all
countries controlled
by the USSR.
• COMMUNISM
Behind the Cold War
• U.S. theory was that communism spread
– Countries fall like a set of dominoes
• USA citizens begin to worry
WWII Ends
• Germany gets divided into 4 sections (Yalta
Conference)
– Democratic – West Germany
– Communist – East Germany
• West Berlin – Democratic
• East Berlin – Communist
• Soviet Union sets up buffer zones in Eastern
Europe
• Berlin Airlift (1948 – 1949)
– Soviets blockade supplies to West Berlin
– USA airlifts supplies for 1 year until Stalin lifts blockade
• 1949 Germany is officially divided
Berlin Airlift
movie—
the big lift
Why not bomb the Soviets into
the stone age?
• WWII soldiers were not willing to fight and
wanted to go home
• US would have to occupy the largest nation
in the world
• US would have lost a land battle with the
Soviets (e.g. Napoleon, Kaiser Wilhelm,
Hitler)
• A-Bombs would not have stopped them
because of the largeness of their nation
What about the Berlin Wall?
• In 1961, the Soviet begun construction of the Berlin
Wall, which cut off movement between East and West
Berlin and became a symbol of the eroding relations
between the Soviet Union and the United States.
• November 9, 1989 East Germans said all citizens
could visit West Germany and West Berlin. Crowds of
East Germans crossed and climbed onto the wall,
joined by West Germans on the other side. Over the
next few weeks, a euphoric public and souvenir
hunters chipped away parts of the wall.
• The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German
reunification, which was formally concluded on
October 3, 1990.
View, from the West Berlin side, of graffiti art on the wall in 1986.
The wall's infamous "death strip", on the east side of the wall, here
follows the curve of the long closed Luisenstadt Canal.
Berlin
BerlinWall
Wall
Wall torn down in 1989.
Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine in
March 1947 promised
that the USA “would
support free peoples who
are resisting”
communism.
This led to containment –
policy of containing
communism where it is.
What to do with the Soviets
• Containment Theory – George Kennan
–Never believed US and USSR would
go to war
–He wanted to contain or block the
Soviets and stop communism from
spreading
–Communism would either mellow or
eventually break up
Domino Theory
Communism spreads like a disease
Marshall Plan
• USA’s plan to send food,
blankets, fuel to Europe to help
them. AND to keep them from
turning communist.
•
Example of Containment
The Cold War Heats Up:
Problems of the Atomic Age
• The most frightening aspect of the Cold
War was the constant threat of nuclear
war.
– Russia detonated its first atom bomb in 1949.
– Truman ordered construction of the hydrogen
bomb.
• Call for buildup of conventional forces to
provide alternative to nuclear war.
More Cold War Ideas (John
Foster Dulles)
• Massive Retaliation
• M.A.D. (Mutually Assured Destruction)
• Brinkmanship
– Brinkmanship is the practice of pushing a dangerous
situation to the verge of disaster in order to achieve the most
advantageous outcome.
– This maneuver of pushing a situation to the brink succeeds
by forcing the opponent to back down and make
concessions. This might be achieved through diplomatic
maneuvers by creating the impression that one is willing to
use extreme methods rather than concede.
– During the Cold War, the threat of nuclear force was often
used as such an escalating measure.
Cuban missile crisis is an example
of brinkmanship
National Defense Budget [1940-1964]
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Korean War – Communism tries to
spread (first hot war of the cold
war)
• Korean peninsula wanted unity but under
their own form of government
• June 1950 – NK marches across the 38th
parallel
• U.N. security council votes to assist SK
• Bulk of troops came from US
• Only wanted to contain communism
• Did not take any territory
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
The Shifting Map of Korea
[1950-1953]
Events of the Korean War
• MacArthur gets fired
– Wanted to advance on China
– Wanted to completely destroy
communism
– Gets canned by Truman for violating
containment & because Truman
wanted a more stable general should
atomic weapons be necessary.
• War ends in a stalemate
• Objective of containment successful
Cold War Fears at home
• Second Red Scare
– Mccarthyism (Arthur Miller The Crucible)
– Truman Loyalty Oaths--1947
– Rosenbergs
– Alger Hiss—pumpkin papers
– HUAC (House Committee on Un-American Activities
–1938 to 1975) the committee investigated suspected
threats of subversion or propaganda that attacked "the
form of government guaranteed by our Constitution."
• Hollywood Ten
– Refused to answer ?’s. Convicted of contempt
Rosenbergs
Fun Fact
• On September 12, 2008, co-defendant
Morton Sobell admitted that he and Julius
Rosenberg were guilty of spying for the
Soviet Union.
• He believed Ethel was aware of the
espionage, but did not actively participate
• Typically, a loyalty oath has wording similar to that mentioned in
the U.S Supreme Court decision of Garner v. Los Angeles
Board, 341 U.S. 716.
– "I further swear (or affirm) that I do not advise, advocate or teach,
and have not within the period beginning five (5) years prior to the
effective date of the ordinance requiring the making of this oath or
affirmation, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force,
violence or other unlawful means, of the Government of the
United States of America or of the State of California and that I am
not now and have not, within said period, been or become a
member of or affiliated with any group, society, association,
organization or party which advises, advocates or teaches, or has,
within said period, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by
force, violence or other unlawful means of the Government of the
United States of America, or of the State of California. I further
swear (or affirm) that I will not, while I am in the service of the City
of Los Angeles, advise, advocate or teach, or be or become a
member of or affiliated with any group, association, society,
organization or party which advises, advocates or teaches, or has
within said period, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by
force, violence or other unlawful means, of the Government of the
United States of America or of the State of California . . . ."
The 1947 HUAC hearings in session. On the right, standing with his hand raised,
is committee chairman J. Parnell Thomas; 34-year-old congressman
Richard Nixon is seated immediately to Thomas's left.
The Wave--McCarthyism
More Fears at Home
• Movies
–Invasion of the Body Snatchers
• Government increase spending
on defense significantly
• Soviets get the A-Bomb (1949)
–Duck and Cover (9 min)
Bomb Shelters
National Highway Act
1956 - Eisenhower
• Evacuation of
Cities
• Landing Strips
• Transport
military fast
Space Race
• The USA and the Soviet Union raced as
the world watched to be the first to
conquer space.
1957 Sputnik – first satellite
Score 1 for Soviets!
First man in space
• Score: USA –
0
• Soviets - 2
Apollo program
• USA spent
the 60s
trying to
catch up to
the Soviets.
Armstrong lands on moon!
• What is the
purpose of
a space
program?
What the Soviets thought
• By the end of the 1950s rhetoric toned down
against the U.S.
– “We declare that however acute the two systems—
the socialist and the capitalist—we must solve
questions in dispute among states not by war, but
by peaceful negotiation” Nikita Khrushchev, 1957
• Still enemies---but worried about M.A.D.
Eisenhower’s warning
• In his farewell message to the
American people, he warned of the
growth of the “military industrial
complex”
–The threat of the influence of defense
contractors on Congress
–They would use the fear of communism
to enrich themselves
Vietnam War 1960s-1973
• Through the Kennedy years, US
troops trained S. Vietnamese
troops to fight the Reds.
• After the Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution, under LBJ, US troops
started to fight more.
Vietnam, 1968
Helicopters!
Napalm!
Seeing this on TV led to a
loss of support at home
Hippie bashing!!!
Hippies/Anti-war
Meanwhile. . .
• After Korea and before
Vietnam got really bad,
America felt they had a
problem closer to home.
Bay of Pigs
• The CIA trained
and funded an
invasion of
communist Cuba.
The invasion failed,
and Castro had
some powerful
friends!
Soviet response.
• Don’t worry comrade
Castro. We got your
back!
A U2 spy plane found these missile
silos in Cuba, 1962.
Kennedy
Khrushchev
People built more bomb
shelters.
End to a crisis!
• The Soviets
removed the
missiles in Cuba.
• In exchange,
USA pledged to
not invade Cuba
again. And to
remove missiles
in Turkey (right).
Afterward
• A direct phone
line was set
up between
their offices to
bypass other
channels.
Embargoes
• Refusing to
trade or aid
countries in
order to
punish them
Cuba embargo
• the USA has an
economic embargo
on communist Cuba.
• Their only cars are
from before the
embargo!
• In Dec. 2014 the
U.S. decided to try
to normalize
relations with Cuba
to end the embargo
Castro is still alive!
The Fall of the Soviet Union
Causes
1.
Leadership
of Mikhail
Gorbachev
2.
Glasnostopenness to
democracy
3.
Perestroikareshaping of
economy
4.
Economic
movements
5.
Freedom
Movements
Effects
1. Formation of
Commonwealth of
Independent States
Fall of
Soviet
Union
2. Loss of role as
superpower
3. End of Cold War
4. Economic Hardship
5. Minority Revolts
and ethnic conflicts
YERTLE THE TURTLE
• Read the story
• This is analogy for what?
• How does it reflect the feelings of the
United States during the 1950s?
The Hangman
• Read the poem…
• Analogy for what?
Class Discussion
• Analyze developments from 1941
to 1949 that increased suspicion
and tension between the United
States and the Soviet Union.