Transcript APT_Essentials_Lecture_ch15

Chapter 15
Foreign Policy
Chapter 15: Foreign Policy
What Is Foreign Policy?
• Foreign policy is the term we give to government
actions involving countries, groups, and
corporations that are outside of the United States.
• Military
• Economic
• Human rights
• Environmental
• Foreign assistance
What Is Foreign Policy?
What Is Foreign Policy?
History of American Foreign Policy
• The Founding to World War I
• Until World War I, U.S. foreign policy was
essentially isolationist in nature.
• Washington’s admonition to avoid “entangling
alliances”
• Monroe Doctrine states that the United States
would be neutral in wars involving European
nations and that Americans expected Europe to
stop attempting to colonize North and South
America.
History of American Foreign Policy (cont’d)
• The rise of internationalism
• The United States declared war on Japan
December 8, 1941, after the Japanese attack
on Pearl Harbor.
• The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet
Union led the Allied powers in the fight against
Germany and Japan during World War II.
• Realist arguments justified the policy, though
idealists found reason to support the effort as well.
History of American Foreign Policy
• The United Nations was created in 1945 as well;
the United States was central in the creation of
the UN.
• Containment was used to justify America’s
involvement in the Korean War.
• Nuclear buildup occurred between the United
States and the Soviet Union as each side
began stockpiling nuclear weapons.
• Cuban missile crisis
• Vietnam War
History of American Foreign Policy
History of American Foreign Policy
• Change begins with Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies
of glasnost and perestroika.
• In 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved into 15
different countries, essentially ending the Cold
War.
History of American Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy Makers
• The president and the executive branch
• The dominant actor in American foreign policy is the
president.
• Commander in chief of the armed forces
• Treaties
• Executive agreements
• Executive orders
• Appointing people to agencies and departments
• Marshals public opinion
Foreign Policy Makers
• The president and the executive branch (cont’d)
• National Security Council focuses on providing
foreign policy options to the president.
• State Department
• The principal foreign policy department
• The secretary of state is the president’s
official spokesperson in foreign affairs and is
a crucially important adviser to the president.
Foreign Policy Makers
• Civilian control of military
• Defense Department
• Homeland Security Department
• Combined the Coast Guard, Transportation Security
Administration, Border Patrol, and many other
agencies to prevent future terrorist attacks and to
coordinate the gathering of intelligence
• Intelligence agencies
• National Security Agency and Central Intelligence
Agency are responsible for gathering intelligence.
Foreign Policy Makers
• Congress
• The House Committee on Foreign Affairs and the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee are two
standing congressional committees dealing with
foreign policy.
• Write legislation
• Set the annual budget
• Hold hearings where foreign policy experts
(within and outside of government) are
questioned
Foreign Policy Makers
• The federal courts
• The Supreme Court weighs in on foreign policy
via judicial review.
• Forced the George W. Bush administration
to change its policies regarding the holding
of terror suspects, and required the suspects
to be charged with crimes and given trials
Foreign Policy Makers
The Tools of Foreign Policy
U.S. Imports And Exports As A Percentage Of
Gross
Domestic Product (Gdp)
The Tools of Foreign Policy
• Diplomacy
• Diplomacy is the process of using negotiations with
foreign leaders and their emissaries to work out
international agreements.
• Shuttle diplomacy occurs when the United States
acts as a mediator, meeting separately with two
nations that refuse to meet with each other.
The Tools of Foreign Policy
The Tools of Foreign Policy
• Alliances and treaties
• Treaties are agreements between nations in
which the nations pledge to work together on
issues such as security or economic
development.
• An alliance is a particular type of agreement
that commits nations to specific security
guarantees.
• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES?
As commander in chief, has
the power to deploy troops.
THE PRESIDENT
Under the War Powers
Resolution, has to notify
Congress, and the use of force
must be terminated within 60
days if Congress does not
approve. However, Congress
has never voted
to terminate military action, and
most presidents have argued
that the act is unconstitutional.
ARMED FORCES
WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES?
Has the power to declare war
(but has not used this power
since World War II).
CONGRESS
Has the power of the purse:
can provide or withhold funding
for military action.
ARMED FORCES
WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES?: POP QUIZ!
1. The Constitution gives _______ the power to
declare war.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
the president
Congress
the Pentagon
the State Department
the ambassador to the target country
WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES?: POP QUIZ!
1. The Constitution gives _______ the power to
declare war.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
the president
Congress
the Pentagon
the State Department
the ambassador to the target country
WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES?: POP QUIZ!
2. However, in the past century, almost all military
action has been initiated by
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
the president
Congress
the Pentagon
the State Department
the ambassador to the target country
WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES?: POP QUIZ!
2. However, in the past century, almost all military
action has been initiated by
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
the president
Congress
the Pentagon
the State Department
the ambassador to the target country
Public Opinion Poll
Which of the following foreign policy strategies do you
believe should dominate the decision-making
process of the United States?
a) Deterrence: the development and maintenance of
military strength as a means of discouraging attack
b) A policy of preemptive action by striking first when a
nation fears that a foreign foe is contemplating
hostile action
c) Appeasement efforts to forestall war by giving in to
some of the demands of a hostile power
Public Opinion Poll
Should the United States trade with countries that
are clearly guilty of human rights abuses
against their citizens?
a) Yes
b) No
Public Opinion Poll
Do you think American popular culture contributes
to positive or negative opinions of America abroad?
a) Positive opinions
b) Negative opinions
c) No impact
Public Opinion Poll
Should the American military be allowed to torture
prisoners of war if they are known to have
information that threatens the security of our
country?
a) Yes
b) No
Chapter 15: Foreign Policy
• Practice quizzes
• Flashcards
• Outlines
wwnorton.com/studyspace
Following this slide, you will find additional slides
with photos, figures, and captions from the textbook.
Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy