Transcript body systems - lderewal

A look into our anatomy
BODY PLANES
TERM
DEFINITION
Superior
Toward head
Inferior
Toward bottom
Anterior
Toward front
Posterior
Toward back
Medial
Toward middle
Lateral
Toward side
Internal
Away from surface
External
Toward surface
Proximal
Toward main mass
Distal
Away from main mass
POSITION
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The circulatory system is composed of
the heart and blood vessels, including
arteries, veins, and capillaries. Our
bodies actually have two circulatory
systems: The pulmonary circulation is
a short loop from the heart to
the lungs and back again, and the
systemic circulation (the system we
usually think of as our circulatory
system) sends blood from the heart to
all the other parts of our bodies and
back again.
The circulatory system works closely
with other systems in our bodies. It
supplies oxygen and nutrients to our
bodies by working with the respiratory
system. At the same time, the circulatory
system helps carry waste and carbon
dioxide out of the body.
The Blood Flow Cycle - http://www.smm.org/heart/heart/circ.htm
Blood . . .
Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients
and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products
away from those same cells. Made up of 4 components…
Plasma . . .
The liquid component of blood made up of water, sugar, fat, protein,
and salts. Transports blood cells throughout your body along with
nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical
messengers such as hormones, and proteins that help maintain the
body's fluid balance.
Platelets. . .
Fragments of cells that help the blood clotting process.
Red Blood Cells. . .
Most abundant cell in the blood, accounting for about 40-45
percent of its volume. Can travel through the smallest vessels. Live
up to about 120 days.
White Blood Cells. . .
Protect the body from infection. Much fewer in number than
red blood cells, accounting for about 1 percent of your blood.
Two types: T-CELLS attack cells (immune); B-CELLS create
antibodies to fight off pathogens.
Protein in blood, carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and then returns
Hemoglobin. . .
carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs so it can be exhaled. Blood appears red because
of the large number of red blood cells, which get their color from the hemoglobin
Pathogen. . .
Bloodborne pathogens are transmitted when contaminated blood or body fluids enter
the body of another person
Blood Vessel. . .
Transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels:
the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins.
Artery. . .
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They are the thickest blood
vessels, with muscular walls that contract to keep the blood moving
away from the heart and through the body. Oxygen-rich blood is
pumped from the heart into the aorta. This huge artery curves up and
back from the left ventricle, then heads down in front of the spinal
column into the abdomen.
Coronary. . .
Two coronary arteries branch off at the beginning of the
aorta and divide into a network of smaller arteries that
provide oxygen and nourishment to the muscles of the heart.
Pulmonary. . .
Carries oxygen-poor blood. From the right ventricle, the
pulmonary artery divides into right and left branches, on the
way to the lungs where blood picks up oxygen.
Vein. . .
Carry blood from the capillaries back
toward the heart.
Capillary. . .
Enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between
the blood and the tissues… Connect arteries and veins.
Artria. . .
HEART. . .
The key organ in the
circulatory system. As a
hollow, muscular pump, its
main function is to propel
blood throughout the body. It
beats from 60-100 /per
minute. It beats about
100,000 times a day, more
than 30 million times per
year, and about 2.5 billion
times in a 70-year lifetime.
The heart has four chambers
that are enclosed by thick,
muscular walls that lie
between the lungs and just
to the left of the middle of
the chest cavity.
http://youtu.be/JA0
Wb3gc4mE
Aorta. . .
The upper part of the heart is
made up of the other two
chambers of the heart, the right
and left atria. The right and left
atria receive the blood entering
the heart. A wall called the
interatrial septum divides the
right and left atria, which are
separated from the ventricles by
the atrioventricular valves. The
tricuspid valve separates the
right atrium from the right
ventricle, and the mitral valve
separates the left atrium and the
left ventricle
Ventricles. . .
The bottom part of the heart is
divided into two chambers called
the right and left ventricles, which
pump blood out of the heart. A
wall called the interventricular
septum divides the ventricles.
largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the
abdomen, where it bifurcates into two smaller arteries (the common iliacs). The aorta distributes
oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation
One complete heartbeat makes up a cardiac cycle, which consists of two phases:
1. SYSTOLE: the ventricles contract, sending blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulation. To prevent the flow of
blood backwards into the atria during systole, the atrioventricular valves close, creating the first sound (the lub). When the
ventricles finish contracting, the aortic and pulmonary valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles. This is
what creates the second sound (the dub)
.
2. DIASTOLE: Then the ventricles relax (this is called diastole) and fill with blood from the atria.
Heart Rate. . .
How many times the heart beats in a unit of
time, nearly always per minute. The number
of contractions of the lower chambers of the
heart (the ventricles).
Pulse. . .
As the blood gushes through the artery from
a heart beat, it creates a bulge in the artery.
The rate at which the artery bulges can be
measured by touching it with your fingers,
as on the wrist or neck.
Blood pressure. . .
The force of blood against the walls of arteries. Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers—the systolic
pressure (as the heart beats) over the diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats). The measurement
is written one above or before the other, with the systolic number on top and the diastolic number on the bottom.
For example, a blood pressure measurement of 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) is expressed verbally as
"120 over 80."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MG6ILGiNTvw&feature=relmfu
Think of thee BRAIN as a central computer that controls all the functions of
your body… the nervous system is then like a network that relays messages
back and forth from it to different parts of the body (via the spinal cord, which
runs from the brain down through the back and contains threadlike nerves
that branch out to every organ and body part).
When a message comes into the brain from anywhere in the body, the brain
tells the body how to react.
 CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Integrates the information that it receives from,
and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the
bodies. (BRAIN & SPINAL CORD)
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Involves the spinal cord is a long bundle of
nerve tissue about 18 inches long and ¾ inch
thick. It extends from the lower part of the brain
down through spine. Along the way, various
nerves branch out to the entire body. (NERVES)
The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the
human brain, associated with higher brain
function such as thought and action.
The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections,
called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe,
occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.
The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to
the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres
and has a highly folded surface or cortex. This
structure is associated with regulation and
coordination of movement, posture, and
balance.
Underneath the limbic system is the brain
stem. This structure is responsible for basic
vital life functions such as breathing,
heartbeat, and blood pressure.
Consists of millions of nerve fibers which transmit electrical information to and
from the limbs, trunk and organs of the body, back to and from the brain.
 NEURONS: specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical
process. The human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons.
Dendrites bring
information to the cell
body
CELL BODY…Contains
the information processing
center and the nucleus of
the neuron
Axons take information
away from the cell body
SENSORY NEURONS
Nerve endings on one end of each neuron are encased in a special
structure to sense a specific stimulus… (senses)
MOTOR NEURONS
Cells that directly or indirectly controls the contraction or
relaxation of muscles.
REFLEX ACTION
When a receptor is stimulated, it sends a signal to the central nervous system,
where the brain co-ordinates the response. Sometimes, a very quick
response is needed, one that does not need the involvement of the brain.
This is a reflex action.
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DEEPER LEARNING:
http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/brain_it.html
STUDY GAME: http://anatomyarcade.com/games/matchingGames/MatchABrain/matchABrain.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlUPCNLSJIY&feature=player_embedded
Defends people against germs and
microorganisms every day. Problems
with the immune system can lead to
illness and infection.
 LYMPH: a clear-ish liquid that bathes the cells with water and nutrients.
Lymph is blood plasma -- the liquid that makes up blood minus the red and
white cells. Each cell does not have its own private blood vessel feeding it, yet
it has to get food, water, and oxygen to survive. Blood transfers these materials
to the lymph through the capillary walls, and lymph carries it to the cells.
 LYMPH
NODE: contain filtering tissue and a large number of
lymph cells. When fighting certain bacterial infections, the lymph
nodes swell with bacteria and the cells fighting the bacteria, to the
point where you can actually feel them. Swollen lymph nodes are
therefore a good indication that you have an infection of some sort.
• Once lymph has been filtered through the lymph
nodes it re-enters the bloodstream
 SPLEEN acts
primarily as a blood filter
 IMMUNITY = biological term that describes a
state of having sufficient biological defenses
to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted
biological invasion.
 THYMUS GLAND= The thymus gland is an
organ in the upper chest cavity that processes
lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that
fights infections in the body. This organ is part
of both the lymphatic system, which makes up
a major part of the immune system. People
who do not have this gland, or in whom it does
not function correctly, usually have
compromised immune systems and difficulty
fighting disease.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS…or “Lymphocytes”
• T-Cells - The main job of T-cells is to fight
infection. They directly attack and destroy
infectious agents and also guard the body against
infection. After they are produced in the bone
marrow, these cells spend some time maturing
and developing in an organ in the chest called the
thymus (why they are named T-cells). After
maturation, T-cells are present in the blood and in
lymph nodes.
• B-Cells - make antibodies against antigens
ANTIBODIES: Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used
by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such
as bacteria and viruses (antigens).
Activity…IMMUNE SYSTEM CARTOON/VIDEO GAME

ACTIVITY: Immune
Defense Comic Strip
• Write a cartoon or comic strip
about immune cells and their
enemies. Immune cells such as
white blood cells are the body's
defense system. This system
fights bacteria and viruses.
Create an army of defense cells.
Use knowledge about how the
defense system works and write
a small story using cartoon
figures to explain about how our
body defends itself. The defense
army can remember some
enemies but not others and this
makes a good plot for a cartoon.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdtgVepdC18
…the system of organs in the body responsible for the intake of
oxygen and the expiration of carbon dioxide
 MUCUS: Mucus
acts as a protective blanket
to prevent the tissue underneath from
drying out. Mucus also acts as a sort of
flypaper, trapping unwanted substances like
bacteria and dust before they can get into
the body.
• It also contains antibodies that help the body
recognize invaders like bacteria and viruses.
 MUCUS
MEMBRANE: a thin layer of tissue
that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or
divides a space or organ.
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EPIGLOTTIS:
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TRACHEA:
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CILIA:
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BRONCHI:
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LUNGS:
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BRONCHIOLES:
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ALVEOLI:
Flap of tissue that sits at the base of the tongue that keeps
food from going into the trachea (windpipe) during
swallowing.
A tube-like portion of the respiratory tract that connects the larynx
with the bronchial parts of the lungs. Also known as windpipe.
Tiny hairs that protect the nasal passageways and other parts of the
respiratory tract, filtering out dust and other particles that enter the nose
with the breathed air.
Left and Right air tubes that connect the lungs.
Make up one of the largest organs in your body and allow you
to take in fresh air, get rid of stale air, and even talk.
the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and even smaller
tubes called bronchioles.
Where the bronchioles end there are tiny air sacs called
alveoli This is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide takes place.
 HOW
FAST IS A SNEEZE?
When you sneeze, particles fly
out of your nose at
approximately 100mph. A
sneeze is the body’s way of
getting rid of something that’s
irritating the nose. Your nose
senses a tickle and the sneeze
center in your brain responds
by coordinating muscles in
your belly, chest, and
diaphragm to sneeze out the
irritant.
Provide support for our bodily
structure. The skeleton
functions not only as the
support for the body but also
the manufacture of blood cells
which takes place in bone
marrow. It is also necessary for
protection of vital organs and
is needed by the muscles for
movement.

BONES: Compound http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/bones_it.html
• Up to 90% of peak bone mass is acquired by age 18 in girls and age 20 in boys.
• During the teen years, almost half of the adult skeleton
is formed,
The body
has yet less than
half of all teens get enough calcium every day.
206 bones!
 For teenage girls it is even worse with only 15% getting enough calcium. Females are
four times more likely than males to develop osteoporosis. After puberty, boys tend to
acquire greater bone mass than girls.
 PERIOSTEUM: contains nerves and blood vessels that help nourish bone tissue (thin but
dense)
 BONE MARROW: soft bone found inside of bones. Makes most of the red and
white blood cells.
 CARTILAGE: a flexible, rubbery substance in our joints, supports bones and
protects them where they rub against each other.
 LIGAMENT: Bones are fastened to other bones by long, fibrous straps called
ligaments.
• JOINT: occur where two bones meet. They make the skeleton flexible — without
them, movement would be impossible.
http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/muscles_it.html
 JOINTS!
Fibrous joints: held together by only a ligament. Examples are where
the teeth are held to their bony sockets and at both the radioulnar and
tibiofibular joints.
Cartilagenous: occur where the connection between the articulating
bones is made up of cartilage for example between vertebrae in the spine.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS: have a synovial capsule surrounding the entire
joint, a synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid (a lubricating liquid) and
cartilage which pads the ends of the articulating bones
Joint Type
Movement at joint
Hinge
Flexion/Extension
Pivot
Rotation of one bone around another
Ball and
Socket
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Internal & External Rotation
Saddle
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Circumduction
Condyloid
Gliding
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Circumduction
Examples
Structure
Elbow/Knee
Hinge joint
Top of the neck
(atlas and axis bones)
Pivot Joint
Shoulder/Hip
CMC joint of the thumb
Wrist/MCP & MTP joints
Gliding movements
Intercarpal joints
Ball and socket joint
Saddle joint
Condyloid joint
Gliding joint
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http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/6830-human-body-bone-strength-video.htm
When a bone breaks, the supply of blood and minerals which keep it healthy is temporarily cut off, making it
very important that the bone be "set" in its normal position.Once the bone is set, it can begin to produce new
blood cells and tissue that will rebuild or "knit" the broken ends back in place. Casting or splinting a broken
bone will help keep the bone aligned so it can heal properly.
As we get older, the bones may become porous or brittle, making them more prone to breaking. When this
happens, it takes a longer time for them to heal because they are less dense or sturdy than when the body was
younger. It is important to stay active throughout one's life so as to avoid weakening of the bones. Eating foods
high in calcium such as dark leafy greens and dairy products can help keep bones healthy even as we age.
http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?lic=1&article_set=59302&cat_id=20607