Transcript Anatomy and Physiology Honors

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Biology – the study of life
› Living organisms have 5 basic functions:
 Responsiveness
 Organisms respond to change in their immediate
environment
 Growth
 Over their lifetime, organisms increase in size through cell
growth
 Reproduction
 Movement
 Metabolism
 Organisms use chemical reactions to create energy for
responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement
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Anatomy
› “a cutting open”
› The study of internal and external structure
and the physical relationships between body
parts
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Physiology
› The study of how living organisms perform
their vital functions
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Anatomy can be broken down into gross
anatomy and microscopic anatomy
› Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
 Considers features visible with the unaided eye
 Surface anatomy-study of general form and superficial
markings
 Regional anatomy-considers all superficial and internal
features in a specific region of the body
 Systemic anatomy-considers the structure of major
organ systems
› Microscopic anatomy
 Concerns structures that cannot be seen without
magnification
 Subdivided into specialties
 Cytology-analyzes the internal structure of individual cells
 Histology-examines tissues, groups of specialized cells, and cell
products that work together to perform specific functions
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Human physiology-Study of the function of
the human body
› Cell physiology-study of the functions of living
cells
 Both within cells and between cells
› Special physiology-study of the physiology of
specific organs
› Systemic physiology-considers all aspects of the
function of specific organ systems
› Pathological physiology (pathology)-study of the
effects of diseases on organ or system functions
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To understand the human body you must
understand its levels of organization
› Chemical (molecular) level-a molecule’s specialized
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shape determines its function
Cellular level-molecules interact to form structures that
have specific functions in a cell
Tissue level-tissue is composed of similar cells working
together to perform a specific function
Organ level-organs consist of 2+ different tissues
working together to perform specific functions
Organ system level-organs interact in organ systems
Organism level-all of the organ systems in the body
work together to maintain life and health
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Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphoid system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
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Structures: Skin, hair,
sweat and oil glands
Function:
› Forms external body
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covering
Protects deeper
tissues from injury
Involved in vitamin D
synthesis
Prevents desiccation,
heat loss, and
pathogen entry
Site of pain and
pressure receptors
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Structure: 206 bones
of the human body
Function:
› Protects and supports
body organs
› Provides a framework
that muscles can use to
create movement
› Mineral storage
 Bone contains 99% of
the body’s store of
calcium
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Structures: The 600+
muscles of the body
Function:
› Locomotion
› Manipulation of the
environment
› Maintaining posture
› Thermogenesis
(generation of heat)
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Structures: Brain, Spinal
cord, and peripheral
nerves.
Function:
› Fast-acting control
system of the body
› Monitoring of the
internal and external
environment and
responding (when
necessary) by initiating
muscular or glandular
activity
› Information Assessment
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Structures: Hormone
Secreting Glands
› Pituitary, Thyroid,
Thymus, Pineal,
Parathyroid, Adrenal,
Pancreas, Small
Intestine, Stomach,
Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys,
Heart
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Functions:
› Long-term control
system of the body
› Regulates growth,
reproduction, and
nutrient use among
other things.
Structures: Heart, Blood
vessels (arteries, veins,
and capillaries)
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› The heart pumps blood
thru the blood vessels.
› Blood provides the
transport medium for
nutrients (glucose,
amino acids, lipids),
gases (O2, CO2), wastes
(urea, creatinine),
signaling molecules
(hormones), and heat.
Structures: Lymphatic
vessels, Lymph nodes,
Spleen, Thymus, Red
bone marrow
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› Returning “leaked” fluid
back to the
bloodstream
› Disposal of debris
› Attacking and resisting
foreign invaders
(pathogens i.e., diseasecausing organisms)
› Absorption of fat from
the digestive tract
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Structures: Nasal
cavity, pharynx,
trachea, bronchi,
lungs
Functions:
› Constantly supply
the blood with O2,
and remove CO2
› Regulate blood pH
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Structures:Oral cavity,
esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large
intestine, rectum,
salivary glands,
pancreas, liver,
gallbladder
Functions:
› Ingestion and
subsequent
breakdown of food
into absorbable units
that will enter the
blood for distribution
to the body’s cells
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Structures: Kidneys,
ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra
Functions:
› Removal of
nitrogenous wastes
› Regulation of
body’s levels of
water, electrolytes,
and acidity
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Structures:
› Male: Testes,
scrotum,
epididymis, vas
deferens,
urethra, prostate
gland, seminal
vesicles, penis
› Female: Ovary,
uterine tube,
uterus, cervix,
vagina,
mammary
glands
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Functions:
› Making Babies
Homeo (unchanging) + stasis (standing)
Refers to the existence of a stable internal
environment; living organisms must maintain
homeostasis to survive
 Homeostatic regulation-the adjustments in
physiological systems that preserve
homeostasis. Involves 3 parts:
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› A receptor-sensitive to a stimulus
› A control center-receives and processes
receptor information
› An effector-responds to the commands of the
control center and opposes/reinforces the
receptor
Negative feedback opposes variations from
the norm, whereas positive feedback
exaggerates them
 Negative feedback-regardless of whether
the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor, a
variation outside normal limits triggers an
automatic response that corrects the
situation
 Positive feedback-the initial stimulus
produces a response that reinforces that
stimulus
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Anytime you describe
structures relative to one
another, you must assume this
standard position:
 Body erect
 Feet slightly apart
 Palms facing forward
 Thumbs point away from
body
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Cephalon
or head
(Cephalic)
Anterior Position
(Supine)
Posterior Position
(Prone)
Lateral
Distal
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Abdominal: abdominal
region
Acromial: the point of the
shoulder
Antebrachial: forearm
Antecubital: anterior
surface of the elbow
Axillary: armpit
Brachial: upper arm
Buccal: cheek of the face
Calcaneal: heel of the foot
Carpal: wrist
Cephalic: head
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Cervical: neck
Deltoid: round part of the
shoulder
Digital: fingers and toes
Dorsum: back
Femoral: thigh
Frontal: forehead
Gluteal: buttocks
Hallux: big toe
Inguinal: groin
Lumbar: lower back
Mammary: breast
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Mental: chin
Nasal: Nose
Occipital: base of the
skull
Olecranal: elbow
Oral: mouth
Orbital: bony eye socket
Otic: ear
Palmar: palm of hand
Patellar: Kneecap
Pedal: Foot
Pelvic: pelvis region
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Perineal: area between
anus and external
genitals
Plantar: sole of foot
Pollex: thumb
Popliteal: behind the
knee
Pubic: genital region
Sacral: lower back
between the hips
Scapular: shoulder blade
Tarsal: ankle
Thoracic: chest
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Many vital internal organs
are housed in chambers
called body cavities that
have essential functions:
› Protect the organs from
shock and cushioning them
from jolting that occurs when
walking, running, or jumping
› Permit significant changes in
the size and shape of internal
organs
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Dorsal body cavityprotects the nervous
system
› Contains the brain and spinal
cord
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Ventral body cavity (coelom)-appears
early in development and gradually
subdivides as the organs it contains grow
› Diaphragm-divides ventral cavity into thoracic
and abdominopelvic cavities
 Thoracic-subdivided into the pericardial cavity
(containing the heart) and 2 pleural cavities
(containing the lungs)
 Abdominopelvic-subdivided into the abdominal
cavity (containing the liver, stomach, spleen, small
intestine and most of the large intestine) and the
pelvic cavity (small portion of the large intestine,
urinary bladder, and various reproductive organs)
› The internal organs within the thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera
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Serous
Membranes
have two layers
› Parietal serosa-
lines internal
body walls
› Visceral serosacovers the
internal organs
› Serous fluid
separates the
serosae
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RUQ
› Liver
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LUQ
› Spleen
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RLQ
› Appendix
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LLQ
› Sigmoid colon