Transcript 4-chambered heart

Vertebrate Animals
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DOMAIN- Eukarya
KINGDOM- Animalia
– PHYLUM- Chordata
•SUBPHYLUM- Vertebrata
– CLASS- 7 different
»ORDERS- 10 Placental mammals
Phylum Chordata
• Recall that vertebrates are chordates.
• Phylum Chordata includes the lancelets
and tunicates (invertebrate chordates)
as well as the vertebrates
• All chordates have:
Characteristics of all Vertebrates
• Endoskeleton with a backbone for
support of a dorsal nerve cord &
muscle attachment
• Distinct skull/cephalization
• Bilateral symmetry
• 2 pairs of jointed appendages
• Coelom
• Closed circulatory system &
chambered heart
Vertebrate Evolution
Major Groups of Vertebrates
•Fish – aquatic tetrapods with scales, gills, & 2 chambered hearts
•Agnathans – jawless fishes – hagfish and lampreys
•Chondrichthyes – cartilagenous fish - sharks & rays
•Osteichthyes – bony fish – mahi-mahi, tilapia, halibut, puffer fish,
tetras, guppies
•Amphibians – semiaquatic tetrapods with split lives & 3-chambered
hearts
•Anura – “tailless ones” – frogs & toads
•Urodela – “tailed ones” – salamanders & newts
•Apoda – “legless ones” - caecilians
•Reptiles – terrestrial amniote tetrapods with scales & lungs & 3-ish to 4
chambered hearts
•Squamata – lizards and snakes
•Testudines – turtles & tortoises
•Crocodilia – alligators, crocodiles, and related species
•Birds – terrestrial amniote tetrapods with feathers & lungs & 4
chambered hearts
•Ratites – ostriches, emus, kiwis
•Passeriformes – perching birds – jays, sparrows, crows, etc.
•Aquatic birds – ducks, swans, geese
•Raptors – eagles, falcons, hawks
•Penguins
•Mammals – terrestrial amniote tetrapods with lungs, hair and
mammary glands & 4 chambered hearts
•Monotremes – echidna and platypus
•Marsupials – koala, kangaroo, opossom
•Placentals – humans, bears, tigers, giraffes, deer, pigs,
dogs, cats, raccoons, squirrels, whales, walruses,
manatees, etc
Fish Vocabulary
•Gill – respiratory structure that uses countercurrent exchange to extract oxygen from water
•Operculum – gill covering in bony fish
•Lateral line - a row of microscopic organs sensitive to pressure changes, can detect low frequency
vibrations.
•Swim bladder – internal, air-filled sac that acts as an organ for buoyancy in bony fish; sharks have
oils in their livers to help them remain buoyant
•Scale – small, platelike structure covering an organism (or parts of an organism); sharks, fish,
reptiles, and birds all have different types of scales
•Fin – paired appendage found on fish used for locomotion and steering
•Reproduction
•External fertilization – release of gametes to the environment where fertilization takes
place; bony fish
•Internal fertilization – deposition of sperm in the female reproductive tract where
fertilization takes place; sharks
•Hermaphrodite – some organisms are capable of producing both male and female gametes; few
are capable of self-fertilization; most exchange sperm; evolutionary adaptation for solitary and
slow-moving or sessile organisms
•Ovoviviparous = eggs are fertilized inside the parent and hatch inside the parent and are
born live
Oviparous = eggs are laid in a nest or in the ground and hatch
Viviparous = internal fertilization with live born young (as soon as the egg is fertilized, it
becomes an embryo and develops as a fetus).
Class Agnatha
Hagfish – a detritivore
Hagfish and lampreys
- Jawless & finless
- Skeleton of cartilage
- Reproduce sexually
- Gills
- 2 Chambered Heart
- Oviparous
Lamprey – an
ectoparasite
Evolution of Gnathostomes –
the jawed fishes
Gills are supported by cartilage or bone. Some of
these gill supports became other structures,
including the jaws and inner ear bones of other
vertebrates.
Class Chondrichthyes –
sharks and rays
-
Endoskeleton made of cartilage
Paired fins
Jaws
2 chambered heart
Well-developed sense of sight and smell
Lateral line system (for sensing pressure
changes – vibrations - in water); whole
body acts as an “ear”
- unique scales; teeth may be modified
scales
- Oviparous, ovoviviparous, and a few are
viviparous
- Internal fertilization using claspers to
deposit sperm in female reproductive
tract
Sharks have a unique
digestive structure
called spiral valve that
increases surface area
Can detect electrical fields of living organisms with
special pores in their skin (not the same as the lateral
line system which they also have)
Sharks & some rays are
carnivores
Rays (and the largest
sharks) are suspension
feeders
Class Osteichthyes
Tuna, perch, bass, clown fish, eels, seahorses, goldfish, catfish,
etc….
* One of the most successful groups on Earth – ever!
- Endoskeleton made of bones
- Swim bladder
- Usually, external fertilization & oviparous (think caviar)
- Lateral line system
- Scales different from those in sharks
- 2 chambered heart (all fish!)
- Water balance important; some fish excrete salt through their
gills, others very watery nitrogenous waste using kidneys
Three main groups of Osteichthyes – bony fish
Above: internal anatomy of a ray-finned fish
left - photo of a lobe-finned fish; right – photo of a lungfish
Aquatic tetrapods gave rise to the first amphibians,
who probably came on land in search of food
(abundant plant and arthropod species in Devonian)
Amphibian Vocabulary
Ectotherm – organism that must gain (or lose) heat from the environment
to maintain body temperature; metabolism is NOT sufficient to heat the
body; most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, & reptiles
Endotherm – organism that maintains a stable body temperature through
metabolism; few reptiles, most birds and mammals, insects
Metamorphosis – change from a sexually immature stage to a sexually
mature stage in the life cycle; involves change in body structure and niche;
ex) tadpoles are herbivorous, aquatic larvae with gills and no limbs that
change into carnivorous, terrestrial adult frogs with lungs and 4 limbs
Tetrapod – vertebrate with 4 limbs located in pectoral and pelvic girdles
Lungs – internal respiratory organs that exchange gases across a
membrane surface, usually in conjunction with the circulatory system
Cloaca – common opening to the outside of the body through which fecal
material, nitrogenous waste and gametes pass; common to amphibians,
reptiles, and birds
Class Amphibia
Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts
- Ectotherms
- Need H2O for breeding
- Metamorphosis (tadpole  frog)
- Gas exchange through moist skin & mouth/primitive balloonlike lungs
- External fertilization
- Oviparous
- 3-chambered heart
- Many have chromatophores in the skin for coloration, as well as
poison glands for defense
- Nitrogenous waste varies – aquatic habitat – dilute urine;
terrestrial, concentrated urine
3 major groups of amphibians:
Anura – frogs & toads; tailless
Apoda – caecilians; legless
Urodela –
salamanders & newts
Reptile Vocabulary
Amniotic egg – adaptation to terrestrial life that
results in a water-proof egg with extra-embryonic
membranes that aid in the vital functions of a living
organism
Extinct – all members of a species have died; ex)
pterosaurs
Extant – members of a species are still alive
Bask – behavioral adaptation of ectotherms to
increase body heat; involves moving to locations
where more radiant energy (such as from the sun or
warm rocks) is available for absorption
Amniotic egg in
reptiles
- note leathery
shell characteristic
of reptilian eggs
Class Reptilia
turtles, snakes & lizards, crocodiles
-
Ectotherms – bask and hide to regulate temperature*
Scaly, waterproof skin
Respire through lungs only**
Internal fertilization
Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous (depending on
species)
- 3 or 4 chambered heart
- Nitrogenous waste is a paste rather than a liquid for water
conservation; uric acid
- Extinct reptiles include dinosaurs and pterosaurs, which
dominated the Earth during the Triassic period
Major extant groups of reptiles:
Squamata – snakes & lizards
•
both snakes and lizards shed their skin as they grow
•Loss of legs is unique to snakes within the reptiles; remnants of pelvic girdles present in
boas, as are external claws on the abdomen
• many have unique adaptations for life as predators
•Jacobson’s organ – when a snake flicks its tongue it is collecting molecules that are
then brought in to Jacobson’s organ for “processing”; kind of a combined sense of
taste and smell
•Pits – many snakes have heat sensory organs on their head that gives an IR picture
of an organism, decreasing dependency on vision
•Hollow fangs – with or without poison glands for capturing, holding, and killing prey
•Muscles the length of the body allow it to move quickly and many use those muscles
for immobilizing and strangling prey
Major extant groups of reptiles: (cont’d)
Testudines – turtles and tortoises
* Some are herbivorous, but most are carnivorous
•Lay eggs on land (oviparous)
•Cloaca is secondary respiratory surface in aquatic species **
•Shell is part of the body, connected to muscle and intimately intertwined
with the skeleton
Major extant groups of reptiles: (cont’d)
gharial
crocodiles
Crocodilia – alligators and crocodiles
(caiman, and other related species)
•Adapted for aquatic life with upturned nostrils and eyes on top
of head
• endothermic*
•4-chambered heart
•Related to feathered reptiles
American alligator
Bird Vocabulary
Feather – modified scale used for flight and insulation (contour
and down)
Keel – sternum modified for flight muscle attachment
Ratite – flightless birds
Beak – adaptation to the diet of a bird; cranial structure used for
feeding and defense
Air sac – pocket attached to the lungs that aid the bird in maintaining
constant air flow into the lungs, allowing for flight at high altitudes
and greater muscle use
Preen gland - gland located on the base of the tail, especially in
aquatic birds, that produces oil for waterproofing the feathers
Crop – portion of esophagus used for temporary storage of food
Gizzard – chamber of the stomach for grinding food
Birds are reptiles
Birds
-
Class Aves
Endothermic
4 chambered heart
Internal fertilization
Oviparous
Amniotic eggs with calcerous, hard shells
Cloaca
Nitrogenous waste paste-like for water
conservation; uric acid
- Beaks and claws modified for specific niche
- Classified as reptiles by many taxonomists
- Digestive system modified for diet, including crop &
gizzard
-Many modifications for flight:
-Only organism with feathers (modified scales) for flight
and insulation
-Evolutionarily may have began as courtship or defensive
displays (behavioral adaptation, rather than for flight)
-Hollow bones - make bird lightweight
-Front limbs modified into wings
-Air sacs to aid in breathing at high altitudes
-Unique muscle tissue for sustained, intense use
-Keel – modified breastbone for muscle attachment
Birds migrate – move long distances on a seasonal cycle to
reach mating and/or feeding grounds
8600 species of birds in 28 orders
•Flightless birds called ratites – emu, ostrich, kiwi
•Penguins have wings modified for swimming
•Aquatic birds have preen gland to keep their feathers from
becoming saturated, impeding flight
•Most birds are passeriformes – perching birds, including jays,
swallows, sparrows, and warblers (see pp. 790 & 91 in your text
for more groups of birds)
Bird courtship and mating
behaviors are an
evolutionary adaptation
unique to each species
Many other groups of birds,
including birds of prey,
marine birds, seed eaters,
woodpeckers,
hummingbirds, etc
Mammal Vocabulary
Mammary gland – gland adapted to produce protein and fat rich nutrition for
offspring during early development
Hair – keratinous growth for insulation, camouflage, and display; made of
same material as reptilian scales and bird feathers
Fat – layer of connective tissue for insulation and padding; energy reserve
Diaphragm – sheet of muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities used in
respiration
Monotreme – mammal that lays eggs
Marsupial – mammal with young that finish developing in a pouch
Marsupium – pouch in a marsupial
Placental – mammal whose young develop in a uterus attached to a placenta
Uterus – muscular organ that houses the fetus until birth
Placenta – extraembryonic tissues that develop as a connection between the
circulatory system of the mother and that of the developing fetus
Dentition – tooth pattern; varies with diet; ex) reptilian dentition is
characteristically uniform conical teeth for capturing prey, mammalian dentition
varies significantly (carnivores, herbivores, insectivores, baleen, omnivores)
Class Mammalia
Humans, bears, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, whales, elephants, mice,
koalas, platypus
- Endothermic – hair and layer of fat aid in conserving heat
- Hair – keratinous protein that aids in insulation
- Mammary glands – produce milk to feed offspring
- Internal fertilization
- 2 species of monotreme; oviparous
- Marsupials and placentals are viviparous
- Diaphragm for increased respiration & spongy lungs for increased
surface area
- 4-chambered heart
- Dentition & jaw structure reflect diet
- Inner ear contains 3 bones for improved hearing
- Large brain; learn; Extended parental care
- Most effective kidney for water conservation; urea
Evolutionary advances in jaw structure, dentition,
and inner ear structure from reptile to mammal
3 categories of mammals
1. Monotremes
- mammals that lay eggs, have hair, and produce
milk with mammary glands
-
mother produces milk which is excreted from glands on the
abdomen and the babies lap up the milk or suck it off the fur of the
mother
Echidna and platypus
Platypus has a cartilaginous bill used to find food on
the bottom of a pond or river.
Males have poisonous spurs on their hind feet for
defense
Platypi store fat in their beaver-like tails
2. Marsupials
- embryo develops in a uterus with a placenta
Immature fetus is born into a pouch called a
marsupium.
Young develop in marsupium, attached to a teat,
until much more mature.
All marsupials live in Australia with the
exception of the opossum, which can be
found in the Americas.
Interesting Evolutionary Note
Marsupials and placentals show parallel evolution
3. Placentals
Placental mammals develop in a uterus attached
to a placenta until at a comparably advanced
stage of development
Widespread on earth – found in every major biome,
including marine, arctic, and tundra.
Many orders of placental mammals. 10 discussed as
follows:
Orders of Placental Mammals
Rodentia- razor sharp teeth (rats, squirrels)
Lagomorpha- fused hind leg bones (rabbits)
Chiroptera- flying mammals (bats)
Carnivora- eat meat (lions, tigers, wolves)
Cetacea- Blow holes to breathe (dolphins, whales)
Insectivora- eat insects (moles, shrews, hedgehog)
Artiodactyla- even # of toes (cows, sheep, goat, pigs,
hippos, camels)
Perissodactyla- odd # of toes (horse, zebra, rhino)
Proboscidea- trunks (elephants)
Primates- opposable thumbs (apes, monkeys, humans)
Order Primates
Prosimians – lorises, lemurs, tarsiers
Monkeys – New World
Prehensile tails
Old World
Apes
Gibbon
Orangutan
Gorilla
Chimpanzee
Humans