Transcript C. The Digestive System

Digestion
The Transport System
Defense- Infectious Disease
Gas Exchange
Nerves, Hormones, Homeostasis
Reproduction
National Graphic
http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/wallpaper/small-intestine-blood-vessels.html#
accessed 07.06.08
A. Food Molecules
B. Enzymes in Digestion
C. The Digestive System
D. Absorption and Assimilation
Computer Science for Fun
http://www.cs4fn.org/biology/lifeinundergrowth.php
accessed 10.09.07
A. Food Molecules
1. The digestion of large food
molecules (carbohydrates,
lipids, and proteins) is an
essential part of animal
nutrition
a. become part of the body
b. stored for future use
c. used for cellular
respiration_
University of Cambridge
http://www.cheng.cam.ac.uk/research/groups/polymer/RMP/nitin/References.html
accessed 10.09.07
2. Macronutrients are too large
to pass easily into cells
a. cell membranes are only
permeable to small
molecules so large
molecule are hydrolyzed
1) polysaccharides 
monosachharides
2) lipids  fatty acids +
glycerol
3) proteins  amino
acids
4) nucleic acids 
nucleotides_
University of Cambridge
http://www.cheng.cam.ac.uk/research/groups/polymer/RMP/nitin/References.html
accessed 10.09.07
3. Large molecules in food are
different from organism to
organism
a. need to be broken down
and reassembled
b. proteins in your food need
to be broken down to
amino acids that can be
reassembled into your
own proteins_
Ryan photographic
http://www.ryanphotographic.com/cartfishes.htm
accessed 11.09.07
4. Digestion is the process of
breaking down food
molecules into small
molecules that can be
absorbed
a. involves the chemical
hydrolysis of
polysaccharides, fats,
proteins, and nucleic
acids
b. assisted by enzymes_
University of Central Arkansas
http://faculty.uca.edu/~weijiul/MATH3331_DiffEq/MATH3331.html
accessed 11.09.07
Play
B. Enzymes in Digestion
1. Mechanical digestion (chewing
and churning of food) breaks
down large food particles
into smaller food particles
a. increases the surface
area to volume ration
2. Digestive enzymes increase
the rate of digestion
a. at normal body
temperature, polymers
require an enormous
amount of time to break
down_
The International Carnivorous Plant Society
http://www.sarracenia.com/faq/faq1265.html
accessed 10.09.07
Think
b. enzymes speed up the
breakdown of large food
molecules by over 1
million times
1) enzymes lower the
activation energy of
a reaction
2) facilitate the
breaking of
chemical bonds
c. each enzyme works on a
specific substrate and
under specific
conditions_
Peri Home Page
http://www.ndpteachers.org/perit/biology_image_gallery1.ht
accessed 11.09.07
3. The source, substrate,
products, and optimum pH
vary depending on the
enzyme
a. amylase (salivary amylase)
1) source: salivary
glands (mouth)
2) substrate: starch
3) products: maltose
4) optimum pH: 4.6 5.2_
Medicine Plus
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/9654.htm
accessed 10.09.07
Play
b. protease (pepsin)
1) source: (chief cells)
stomach
2) substrate: proteins,
polypeptide chains
3) products: smaller
peptide chains
4) optimum pH: 1.5-1.6_
Medicine Plus
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19223.htm
accessed 10.09.07
Play
c. lipase (pancreatic lipase)
1) source: pancreas
2) substrate:
triglycerides
3) products: fatty acids
+ glycerol
4) optimum pH: 8.0_
Medicine Plus
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/9063.htm
accessed 10.09.07
Play
C. The Digestive System
1. The gut is a coiled tube that is
the site of digestion and
absorption
2. It consists of:
a. mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, anus
b. liver, pancreas, and gall
bladder_
author unknown
address unknown
accessed unknown
Think
3. Stomach- muscular, elastic,
and contains a highly folded
lining with pitted walls which
produce:
a. mucus- lubricates and
protects lining
b. hydrochloric acid- kills
bacteria, denatures
proteins
c. pepsionogen (protease)begins breaking down
proteins_
MedHelp
http://www.medhelp.org/adam_pages/show/4013/Stomach
accessed 03.08.08
4. Small intestine- large surface
area due to great length and
complex folding
a. receives enzymes for the
digestion of all four
macromolecules
b. digested foods are
absorbed through
finger-like projections
called villi_
Medline Plus
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19221.htm
accessed 03.-8.08
5. Large intestinea. removes water (reabsorbs
into the bloodstream)
from the faeces
b. faeces are stored in the
rectum_
MedHelp
http://www.medhelp.org/adam_pages/show/5396/Large-intestine
accessed 03.08.08
D. Absorption and Assimilation
1. Absorption is the transporting
of substances across the
cells lining the gut walls into
the bloodstream and lymph
a. useful products of
digestion (glucose,
glycerol & fatty acids,
amino acids, and
nucleotides)
b. other soluble substances
(vitamins and minerals)_
astrographics.com
http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrintsIndex/GP2134.html
accessed 16.09.07
2. Assimilation is the process of
incorporating and using food
molecules in the body
a. glucose- “burned” for
energy (respiration),
stored as glycogen
b. glycerol & fatty acidsused to build new cell
membranes, stored as
fat
c. amino acids- assembled to
synthesize new proteins
d. nucleic acidsincorporated into RNA
and DNA molecules_
Gary Carlson
http://www.gcarlson.com/cellular_cell_division.htm
accessed 16.07.07
3. The structure of the villus is
related to its role in
absorption and transport of
the products of digestion
a. consist of epithelial cells
which have additional
folding called microvilli
b. the surface of these cells
form a brush border for
additional surface area
c. each cell has additional
mitochondrion to
generate additional ATP
for active transport
Enton’s Earth
(absorption against
http://www.eytonsearth.org/clay-sleep-disorder.html
accessed 08.09.08
concentration
gradient)_
Columbia University
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/pages/demos/105/unit6/peptidases.7.html
accessed 29.07.08
Click
d. capilaries within the villi
carry sugars, amino
acids, vitamins and
minerals to the liver
e. lacteals within the villi
transport fat-soluable
substances_
Columbia University
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/pages/demos/105/unit6/peptidases.7.html
accessed 29.07.08
Think
A. The Heart
B. The Flow of Blood
C. Control of the Heart
D. Blood and Blood Vessels
Belmont Public Schools
http://www.belmont.k12.ma.us/class_pages/jDoblecki/Biology_links.htm
accessed 16.09.07
Play
A. The Heart
1. The transport system consists
of the heart, blood, and
blood vessels_
National Heart Lung and Blood institute
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Hf/HF_HowHeartWorks.html
accessed 28.09.07
Think
Play
2. The coronary arteries supply
heart muscle with oxygen
and nutrients_
Medline Plus
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/1097.htm
accessed 28.09.07
B. The Flow of Blood
1. The action of the heart
(cardiac cycle) consists of
three activities
a. collecting blood
b. pumping blood
c. opening and closing
valves_
Pearson Education
http://www.abacon.com/dia/exphys/one.html
accessed 29.09.07
Play
2. Atrial systole
a. right/left atria contract
and blood is forced out
b. atrio-ventricular valves
(tricuspid/bicuspid) are
opened to allow blood to
pass through
c. blood from the atria are
collected into the
right/left ventricles_
Kellogg Community College
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Cardiovascular%20System.htm
accessed 28.09.07
Play
3. Ventricular systole
a. right/left ventricles
contract forcing blood
out
b. semilunar valves
(pulmonary/aortic) are
opened to allow blood to
pass through while
atrio-ventricular valves
are closed to prevent
blood flowing back
c. blood from the right/left
ventricles is forced to
the lungs/body_
Kellogg Community College
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Cardiovascular%20System.htm
accessed 28.09.07
Play
4. Diastole
a. entire heart is relaxed
allowing blood to flow
into atria from veins
b. semi-lunar valves close
preventing blood from
flowing back from
arteries_
Kellogg Community College
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Cardiovascular%20System.htm
accessed 28.09.07
Play
C. Control of the Heart
1. The heart beats on its own
without being stimulated by
a nerve, through myogenic
muscular contraction and
speeds up or slows down
through involuntary control_
Astrographics
http://www.astrographics.com/cgi-bin/ase/ase.cgi?affiliate=skymaps&mode=display&gallery=3&type=medical&color=&keywords=&page=12
accessed 28.09.07
2. The pacemaker starts the
cardiac cycle at the
sinoatrial node (SA node)
a. small patch of tissue that
has its own natural
rhythmic contraction
b. determines the rate of
contraction of the
cardiac muscle_
How Stuff Works
http://health.howstuffworks.com/heart3.htm
accessed 29.09.07
3. The nervous and hormonal
systems (medulla of the
brain and adrenal glands)
regulates the rate at which
the heart beats
a. sensory receptors detect
changes in blood
pressure and relay the
message to the brain
b. nerves leading back to the
sinoatrial node transmit
impulses that increase
or decrease the hart
rate_
Small World Nikon
http://www.nikonsmallworld.com/gallery.php?grouping=year&year=2003&imagepos=34
accessed 24.09.07
c. at times of excitement,
epinephrine (adrenalin)
is released from the
adrenal glands
increasing the strength
and speed of cardiac
contractions_
Luxorion
http://www.astrosurf.com/luxorion/qsl-em-radiation.htm
accessed 24.09.07
D. Blood and Blood Vessels
1. Blood is composed of plasma,
erythrocytes, leucocytes
(phagocytes and
lymphocytes) and platelets
2. The following are transported
by the blood: nutrients,
oxygen, carbon dioxide,
hormones, antibodies, urea
and heat_
Weber State University
http://faculty.weber.edu/nokazaki/Human_Biology/Chp%207-blood.htm
accessed 24.09.07
3. Arteries carry blood away
from the heart
a. no valves apart from
semilunar valves where
artery and ventricle are
connected
A. Allott
(2007 p.48) Biology IB Study Guide
Oxford University Press, Oxford
Medicina popolare
http://www.pforster.ch/FTC/CSA/Anatomia/Cardiovascolare/ApparatoCircolatorio.html
accessed 24.09.07
b. thick tunica media, with
many muscle fibers and
elastin fibersaccommodates large
volumes of blood
pumped out by the
ventricles of the heart
and then pump it on to
the capillary network_
Click
c. moderately thick tunic
adventitia, which
contains many collagen
and elastin fiberswithstand high blood
pressures without the
artery wall bulging
outward (aneurysm),
leaking, or bursting
(hemorrhage)
A. Allott
(2007 p.48) Biology IB Study Guide
Oxford University Press, Oxford
d. narrow lumen- help
maintain the high blood
pressures
e. overall thick wallwithstand the high
pressures_
Medicina popolare
http://www.pforster.ch/FTC/CSA/Anatomia/Cardiovascolare/ApparatoCircolatorio.html
accessed 24.09.07
Click
4. Capillaries form networks
through the body,
connecting arteries to veins
a. wall consists of only one
layer of very thin
endothelium cells- allow
substances that blood is
transporting to enter
and leave rapidly (small
distance) by diffusion
A. Allott
(2007 p.48) Biology IB Study Guide
Oxford University Press, Oxford
Shockwave Therapy-BC
http://www.shockwavetherapy.ca/about_eswt.htm
accessed 29.09.07
b. coated by a filter-like
protein gel and with
pores between the cellsallow part of the plasma
to leak out into tissues
but not proteins or
blood cells (except for
phagocytes)_
Click
c. very narrow diameter
(about 10 µm) much
branching and rejoining
to form capillary
networks, with a huge
total length- transport
blood as close as
possible to all living cells
of the body (larger
surface area than a few
large ones)_
A. Allott
(2007 p.48) Biology IB Study Guide
Oxford University Press, Oxford
Shockwave Therapy-BC
http://www.shockwavetherapy.ca/about_eswt.htm
accessed 29.09.07
Click
5. Veins carry blood toward the
heart
a. pockets valves, consisting
of three cup shaped
flaps of tissue- prevent
backflow when blood
pressure or flow rate is
low
A. Allott
(2007 p.48) Biology IB Study Guide
Oxford University Press, Oxford
Medicina popolare
http://www.pforster.ch/FTC/CSA/Anatomia/Cardiovascolare/ApparatoCircolatorio.html
accessed 24.09.07
b. thin [overall and] tunica
media containing few
muscle and elastic
fibers- flexible to be
squeezed by adjacent
muscles, to help pump
blood (blood does not
flow in pulses so the
vein wall can not help
pump it)_
Click
c. moderately thick tunica
adventitia, which
contains collagen fiberstransport of blood,
without leaks, from
capillary networks to
the atria of the heart
(there is little danger of
bursting)
A. Allott
(2007 p.48) Biology IB Study Guide
Oxford University Press, Oxford
Medicina popolare
http://www.pforster.ch/FTC/CSA/Anatomia/Cardiovascolare/ApparatoCircolatorio.html
accessed 24.09.07
d. wide lumen- accommodate
the slow moving blood
flow_
Click
A. Antibiotics
B. Skin and Mucus
C. Antigens and Antibodies
D. Phogocytic Leucocytes
E. HIV and AIDS
Community College of Rhode Island
http://faculty.ccri.edu/kamontgomery/anatomy_laboratory_resources.htm
accessed 16.09.07
Play
A. Antibiotics
1. Pathogen- an organism or virus
that causes a disease_
Science Light
http://lightscience.blog.hu/2007/09/12/ebola_jarvany_kongoban
accessed unknown
2. Antibiotics are effective
against bacteria but not
against viruses
a. antibiotics block specific
metabolic pathways
found in bacteria
1) penicillin inhibits cell
wall synthesis
2) streptomycin inhibits
translation in
bacteria
b. viruses reproduce using
the host cell’s metabolic
pathways, which are not
affected by antibiotics_
Brett’s Blog
http://x1brettstuff.blogspot.com/2008/04/germs-that-thrive-on-antibiotics.html
accessed unknown
B. Skin and Mucus
1. Both skin and mucous
membranes play a role in the
defense against pathogens
2. Skin
a. tough physical barrier
against entry of
pathogens
b. sebaceous glands produce
oils (sebum) that
maintain skin moisture
to prevent cracking and
lower pH which inhibits
the growth of fungus
and bacteria_
Resident-Alien
http://resident-alien.blogspot.com/2007/07/humans-wear-diverse-wardrobe-of-skin.html
accessed 20.08.09
Source Unknown
Click
3. Mucous membranes
a. physically traps pathogens
so they can be removed
1) cilia in trachea sweep
particles away from
lungs
2) pathogens swallowed
are destroyed by
acids in stomach
b. antiseptic properties due
to the antibacterial
enzyme lysozyme (also
present in tears)_
Biomedical Image Awards
http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/bia/gallery.html?image=9
accessed 20.09.08
Source Unknown
Click
C. Antigens and Antibodies
1. Antigens are molecules
recognized as foreign by the
immune system
2. Antibodies are globular
proteins that recognize
antigens_
National Institutes of Health
http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/selfNonself.htm
accessed 20.09.08
3. Antibody production is the
result of a series of steps
a. many different types of
lymphocyte exist
b. each type recognizes one
specific antigen and
responds by dividing to
form a clone
c. this clone then secretes a
specific antibody
against the antigen (no
other details are
required)_
HUNTER COLLEGE OF THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK
http://diverge.hunter.cuny.edu/~weigang/Lecture-syllabus.html
accessed 20.09.08
Play
D. Phogocytic Leucocytes
1. Phagocytic leucocytes ingest
pathogens in the blood and in
body tissues
a. engulf foreign bodies by
endocytosis
b. digest using enzymes
contained in lysosomes
G. Jones, M. Jones
(1992 p.228) Biology GCSE edition
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Center for Scientific Creation
http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/LifeSciences45.html
accessed 20.09.08
c. found in blood and can
squeeze through
capillary walls into
tissues (details of the
subdivisions and
classifications of
phagocytes are not
required)_
Click
Theory of Knowledge
THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF
TRANSMISSION OF HIV EACH CARRY
THEIR OWN RISK. THE EXTENT TO WHICH
INDIVIDUALS IN DIFFERENT SOCIETIES
CAN MINIMIZE OR ELIMINATE EACH OF
THESE RISKS COULD BE CONSIDERED.
E. HIV and AIDS
1. The effects of HIV on the
immune system include:
a. reduction in the number
of active lymphocytes
b. loss of the ability to
produce antibodies
2 Discuss the cause,
transmission and social
implications of AIDS_
Ian York's Increasingly Outdated Home Page
http://www.iayork.com/MysteryRays/2008/02/28/hiv-virulence-over-the-years/
accessed 20.09.08
TOK
Play
A. Breathing?
B. Structure of the System
C. The Ventilation System
D. Mechanisms of Ventilation
Tri-City Regional Medical Center
http://www.tri-cityrmc.org/CT/
accessed 17.07.08
A. Breathing?
1. Cell respiration occurs in all
living organisms
a. releases energy for
organic molecules
b. aerobic respiration
requires oxygen
2. Gas exchange is the
absorption of a gas from the
environment and the release
of another
a. occurs in water and air
3. Ventilation is the process of
pumping fresh air or water
to the gas exchange surface
to replace the substance
that is there_
Ghost Notes
http://ghostnotes.blogspot.com/2005/05/holding-my-breath.html
accessed 29.07.08
B. Structure of the System
1. The ventilation system
consists of:
a. trachea, lungs, bronchi,
bronchioles, and alveoli_
Freewebs.com
http://www.freewebs.com/soaring_sphincter_travel_agency/excretorysystem.htm
accessed 29.07.08
Think
Play
2. The alveoli have several
features that adapt them to
gas exchange
a. large total surface areaabout 100 m2 in your
body
b. wall consisting of a single
layer of flattened cells
c. film of moisture- so that
gasses can dissolve
easily
d. dense network of
capillaries_
Kellogg Community College
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Respiratory%20System.htm
accessed 29.07.08
Kellogg Community College
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Respiratory%20System.htm
accessed 29.07.08
Think
Click
C. The Ventilation System
1. A ventilation system is needed
to maintain high
concentration gradients in
the alveoli
a. gas in alveolus does not
have the same
composition of outside
air
b. fresh air brought in each
breath mixes with the
residual volume in the
lungs_
SarahWray.com
http://www.sarahwray.com/page6.htm
accessed 29.07.08
Percentage Composition by Volume
Gas
Inspired
Air
Alveolar
Air
Expired
Air
Oxygen
20.95
13.80
16.40
Carbon
Dioxide
0.04
5.50
4.00
Nitrogen
79.01
80.70
79.60
c. about 70% of each breath
reaches the alveoli
d. air in the alveoli has a
relatively high
concentration of O2 and
a relatively low
concentration of CO2
e. blood from the body has a
relatively high
concentration of CO2
and a relatively low
concentration of O2
f. both gasses diffuse down
their concentration
gradients_
Kent (2000 p.116)
Advanced Biology
Oxford University Press, Oxford
Play
D. Mechanisms of Ventilation
1. The mechanism of ventilation
of the lungs can be
explained in terms of volume
and pressure changes caused
by the internal and external
intercostal muscles, the
diaphragm, and abdominal
muscles
a. when particles are
compressed the
pressure rises
b. when particles spread out,
the pressure becomes
lower_
Kennebecasis Valley High School
http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/negative_pressure_breathing.html
accessed 29.07.08
2. During inhalation:
a. the external intercostal
muscles contract and
move ribs upwards and
outwards
b. the diaphragm contracts
and flattens downwards
c. the volume of the thorax
is increased
d. the pressure inside the
lungs decreases
e. air flows into the lungs
reaching atmospheric
pressure_
G. Jones, M. Jones
(1992 p.63) Biology GCSE edition
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
3. During (relaxed) exhalation:
a. the external intercostal
muscles relax and recoil
and move ribs
downwards and inwards
b. diaphragm relaxes and
recoils upwards
c. the volume of the thorax
is decreased
d. the pressure inside the
lungs increases
e. air flows out of the lungs
reaching atmospheric
pressure_
G. Jones, M. Jones
(1992 p.63) Biology GCSE edition
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
4. During (forced) exhalation:
a. the internal intercostal
muscles contract and
move ribs downwards
and inwards
b. abdominal muscles
contract while the
diaphragm relaxes and
recoils upwards
c. the volume of the thorax
is decreased
d. the pressure inside the
lungs increases
e. air flows out of the lungs
reaching atmospheric
pressure_
G. Jones, M. Jones
(1992 p.63) Biology GCSE edition
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
A. The Nervous System
B. Nerve Impulses
C. The Endocrine System
D. Homeostasis
E. Temperature Regulation
F. Regulation of Glucose
Desktop Wallpapers
http://www.desktopwallpapers.co.uk/desktop-wallpaper/129/out.php?id=71
accessed 17.07.08
A. The Nervous System
1. State that the nervous system
consists of the central
nervous system (CNS) and
peripheral nerves, and is
composed of cells called
neurons that can carry rapid
electrical impulses_
Clarian Health
http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/In-DepthReports/10/000084.htm
accessed 29.07.08
2. The structure of a motor
neuron_
The International School of Caracas
http://www.cic-caracas.org/departments/science/Topic11.php
accessed 03.08.08
Think
B. Nerve Impulses
1. State that nerve impulses are
conducted from receptors
to the CNS by sensory
neurons, within the CNS by
relay neurons, and from the
CNS to effectors by motor
neurons_
author unknown
address unknown
accessed unknown
2. Define resting potential and
action potential
(depolarization and
repolarization)_
author unknown
address unknown
accessed unknown
3. Explain how a nerve impulse
passes along a nonmyelinated neuron
a. include the movement of
Na+ and K+ ions to
create a resting
potential and an action
potential_
author unknown
address unknown
accessed unknown
4. Explain the principles of
synaptic transmission
a. include the release,
diffusion and binding of
the neurotransmitter,
initiation of an action
potential in the postsynaptic membrane, and
subsequent removal of
the neurotransmitter_
Encyclopedia Britanica
http://original.britannica.com/eb/art-66782/Chemical-transmission-of-a-nerve-impulse-at-the-synapse-The?articleTypeId=1
accessed 03.08.08
C. The Endocrine System
1. The endocrine system consists
of glands that release
hormones that are
transported in the blood
a. the nature and action of
hormones or direct
comparisons between
nerve and endocrine
systems are not
required_
Physiwiki World
http://physiwiki.wetpaint.com/page/Chapter+11:+Endocrine+Glands?t=anon
accessed 26.10.08
D. Homeostasis
1. Homeostasis involves
maintaining the internal
environment between limits,
including blood pH, carbon
dioxide concentration, blood
glucose concentration, body
temperature, and water
balance
a. the internal environment
consists of blood and
tissue fluid_
abcam
http://www.abcam.co.jp/index.html?datasheet=12134
accessed 24.10.08
2. Explain that homeostasis
involves monitoring levels of
variables and correcting
changes in levels by negative
feedback mechanisms_
BBC
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/higher/biology/control_regulation/negative_feedback1_rev.shtml
accessed 26.10.08
E. Temperature Regulation
1. In response to temperature
receptors both internal and
in the skin, the brain’s
hypothalamus controls the
body’s temperature, through
a. the transfer of heat in
blood
b. skin arterioles
c. sweat glands
d. shivering_
South Texas College
http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_16_Homeostasis_Fig_f/Homeostasis_TempControl.GIF
accessed 26.10.08
2. (normal) Body temperature
~37°C -(change positive)
increase in body
temperature -(measure)
temperature receptors
corrective mechanism
(correction)
a. the transfer of heat in
blood- excess heat from
body cells is moved to
the blood surface
P&G Beauty Science
http://www.pg.com/science/skincare/Skin_tws_41.htm
accessed 27.10.08
b. vasodilation- skin
arterioles widen
diverting more blood to
surface of body, more
heat lost (blood vessels
DO NOT MOVE)_
South Texas College
http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_16_Homeostasis_Fig_f/Homeostasis_TempControl.GIF
accessed 26.10.08
Click
c. sweat glands- sweating
causes heat loss due to
evaporation (latent heat
of vaporization) requires
lots of energy to break
hydrogen bonds
d. hair flattens- decreasing
insulation
School for Champions
http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/evaporation.htm
accessed 27.10.08
e. behavioral- stretching out
to increase surface
area, go to water/shade
3. (correction) Corrective
mechanism -(return to
normal) body temperature
falls -(negative feedback)
body temperature ~37°C
(normal)_
South Texas College
http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_16_Homeostasis_Fig_f/Homeostasis_TempControl.GIF
accessed 26.10.08
Click
4. (normal) body temperature
~37°C -(change negative)
decrease in body
temperature -(measure)
temperature receptors
corrective mechanism
(correction)
a. the transfer of heat in
blood- heat from body
cells is kept from
surface
b. vasoconstriction- skin
arterioles shrink
reducing blood flow to
surface of body, less
heat lost_
South Texas College
http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_16_Homeostasis_Fig_f/Homeostasis_TempControl.GIF
accessed 26.10.08
c. shivering- generates heat
through muscular
activity
d. sweating is prevented
e. hair raises increasing
insulation
f. behavioral- voluntary
movement, curl up to
reduce surface area,
National Geographic
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/wolf.html
accessed 27.10.08
move to sun, huddling!
Cool Antarctica
http://www.coolantarctica.com/gallery/penguins/emperor_penguin_12.htm
accessed 27.10.08
5. (correction) Corrective
mechanism -(return to
normal) body temperature
rises -(negative feedback)
body temperature ~37°C
(normal)_
South Texas College
http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_16_Homeostasis_Fig_f/Homeostasis_TempControl.GIF
accessed 26.10.08
Click
6. If the homeostatic mechanism
fails the result is death
a. hyperthermia- excess
heat
b. hypothermia- excess cold
Sane Solutions
http://www.sane-solutions.net/7.html
accessed 26.10.08
F. Regulation of Glucose
1. The control of blood glucose
concentration by the
pancreas involves
a. glucagon
b. insulin
c. α and β cells in the
pancreatic islets
d. the effects of adrenaline
are not required here_
University of Mimi
http://porpax.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/physiol/physiology.htm
accessed 24.10.08
2. (normal) Blood glucose
concentration ~90-100 mg
100 cm-3
-(change positive) blood
[glucose] by dietary intake
-(measure) β cells in the
pancreatic islets of
Langerhans corrective
mechanism (correction)
a. produce the hormone
insulin which enters the
blood 
b. increased uptake of
glucose from blood_
University of Mimi
http://porpax.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/physiol/physiology.htm
accessed 24.10.08
c. glucose enters the cells
d. increased glycogenesis in
liver and muscle- target
cells (glucose 
glycogen)
e. increased lipogenesis in
adipose cells, fat under
skin (glucose  fat)
3. (correction) Corrective
mechanism
-(return to normal) lowered
blood glucose level
-(negative feedback) reduces
initial stimulus blood glucose
concentration ~90-100 mg
100 cm-3 (normal)_
University of Mimi
http://porpax.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/physiol/physiology.htm
accessed 24.10.08
4. (normal) blood glucose
concentration ~90-100 mg
100 cm-3
-(change negative) decrease
in blood [glucose] caused by
assimilation or loss
-(measure) α cells in the
pancreatic islets of
Langerhans corrective
mechanism (correction)
a. produce the hormone
glucagon which enters
the blood 
University of Mimi
http://porpax.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/physiol/physiology.htm
accessed 24.10.08
b. increased the release of
glucose from the livertarget cells (stored
glycogen  glucose)_
5. (correction) Corrective
mechanism
-(return to normal) raised
blood glucose concentration
-(negative feedback) reduces
initial stimulus blood glucose
concentration ~90-100 mg
100 cm-3 (normal)_
University of Mimi
http://porpax.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/physiol/physiology.htm
accessed 24.10.08
6. Diabetes is a condition that
results form elevated
glucose levels in the blood
a. type I (early-onset
diabetes)
1) inability to produce
sufficient amounts
of insulin
2) insulin dependant
diabetes_
World Press
http://generalhealthinfo.wordpress.com/2008/08/14/let-natural-health-deal-with-your-diabetes/
accessed 02.11.08
b. type II (adult-onset
diabetes)
1) inability to process or
respond to insulin
2) deficiency of insulin
receptors on target
cells_
University of Pennsylvania
http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~confocal/gallery.html
accessed 02.11.08
A. Reproductive Systems
B. Hormones
C. The Menstrual Cycle
D. In Vitro Fertilization
Med Gadget
http://www.medgadget.com/archives/2005/02/the_human_body.html
accessed 26. 07.08
A. Reproductive Systems
1. Male reproductive system_
Encyclopedia Britannica Online
http://student.britannica.com/eb/art-48173/Organs-of-the-male-reproductive-system
accessed 07.11.08
Think
Play
2. Female reproductive system_
Encyclopedia Britannica Online
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/498625/48179/Organs-of-the-female-reproductive-system
accessed 07.11.08
Think
Play
B. Hormones
1. The roles of testosterone in
males
a. pre-natal development of
male genitalia
b. development of secondary
sexual characteristics
c. maintenance of sex drive_
Daily Waste
http://www.dailywaste.com/pictures/longest-beard.html
accessed 06.11.08
2. The role of hormones in the
menstrual cycle
3. FSH (follicle stimulating
hormone) stimulates
a. development of the
follicle
b. secretion of estrogen by
follicle wall
c. development of oocyte in
the follicle_
The Holistic Care
http://theholisticcare.com/forums/
accessed 06.11.08
University of South Whales
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/week1_3a.htm
accessed 06.11.08
Click
4. LH (luteinizing hormone)
stimulates
a. rupturing of follicle
(ovulation)
b. growth of the corpus
luteum which secretes
estrogen and
progesterone_
The Holistic Care
http://theholisticcare.com/forums/
accessed 06.11.08
Virginia Tech
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/vm8054/labs/Lab28/lab28.htm
accessed 06.11.08
Click
5. estrogen
a. stimulates thickening of
endometrium
b. stimulates blood vessel
growth in endometrium
c. inhibits FSH secretion and
stimulates LH when
estrogen levels are
high_
The Holistic Care
http://theholisticcare.com/forums/
accessed 06.11.08
University of Delaware
http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/lowmagpage/lowmaghistopage.htm
accessed 06.11.08
Click
6. progesterone
a. stimulates further
thickening of the
endometrium with many
blood vessels
b. inhibits FSH and LH
secretion_
The Holistic Care
http://theholisticcare.com/forums/
accessed 06.11.08
Science Roll
http://scienceroll.com/2007/07/12/2000-years-of-human-culture-wellcome-images/
accessed 06.11.08
Click
C. The Menstrual Cycle
1. Annotate a graph showing
hormone levels in the
menstrual cycle illustrating
the relationship between
a. changes in hormone levels
and ovulation
b. menstruation and
thickening of the
endometrium_
The Holistic Care
http://theholisticcare.com/forums/
accessed 06.11.08
Play
Follicular Phase (day 1-14)
– pituitary secretes FSH 
- FSH leads to an increase in
follicle size which
secretes estrogen 
- high levels of estrogen
stimulates an increased
production of LH (FSH
increases) _
The Holistic Care
http://theholisticcare.com/forums/
accessed 06.11.08
DAY 14 (ovulation)
- spike of LH and FSH
causes follicle to
rupture/corpus luteum
formation 
- corpus luteum secretes
progesterone and
estrogen increases 
- progesterone and estrogen
inhibit production of
FSH and LH_
The Holistic Care
http://theholisticcare.com/forums/
accessed 06.11.08
Luteal Phase (day 14-28)
- if pregnancy does occur 
- corpus luteum is
maintained causing
increased production of
progesterone and
estrogen 
- progesterone and estrogen
causes inhibition of FSH
and LH 
- menstrual cycle stops_
The Holistic Care
http://theholisticcare.com/forums/
accessed 06.11.08
Play
Luteal Phase (day 14-28)
- if pregnancy does not
occur 
- corpus luteum degrades
causing production of
progesterone and
estrogen to decrease 
- lack of progesterone and
estrogen causes
production of FSH and
LH to increase 
- the cycle continues _
The Holistic Care
http://theholisticcare.com/forums/
accessed 06.11.08
Play
D. In Vitro Fertilization
1. In vitro fertilization (IVF)
involves the fertilization of
egg and sperm outside the
body
a. produces “test-tube
babies”
2. The process of IVF involves
getting the gametes
a. daily use of a drug (nasal
spray) by woman to stop
secretion of FSH and
LH from the pituitary_
Manchester Evening News
http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/health/s/1030143_new_ivf_labs_among_top_six_
accessed 13.11.08
b. intramuscular injections
of FSH and LH to
stimulate the
development of multiple
follicles (daily- 10 days)
c. stimulation of mature
follicles (18mm
diameter) with human
chorionic gonadotropin
(HCG) injection
d. collection of eggs
(follicles) via
micropipette washing
e. collection and processing
of semen_
IVF Sunshine Coast
http://www.ivfq.com.au/freezing.asp
accessed 13.11.08
3. Fertilization and implantation
a. mixing each egg with
50,000-100,000 sperm
cells (insemination)
b. detection of two nuclei
12-20 hours after
mixing
c. check for four-celled
embryos the next day
d. up to three embryos are
pushed into the uterus
using a plastic tube_
HowStuffWorks
http://health.howstuffworks.com/in-vitro-fertilization2.htm
accessed 06.11.08
e. progesterone tablets are
placed in the vagina to
maintain uterine lining
f. pregnancy test two weeks
later_
Real Science Programs
http://www.realscienceprograms.com/files/webpages/iybprogram.htm
accessed 13.11.08