Transcript Cells and Systems

Cells and
Systems
By: Vivek and Dhvani
8N-4
Driving Question
How do scientists make sense
of the vast diversity of living
things?
 Scientists
make sense of the vast diversity of
things by categorizing them into different
categories.
 For example, they separate Uni Cellular and
Multi Cellular organisms.
 Uni Cellular organism are living things with only
one cell. Multi cellular organisms are living thins
with more than one cell.
 Scientists also use kingdoms to classify living
organisms.
Uni Cellular
Multi Cellular
How do scientists make sense of
the vast diversity of living things?
 Living
organisms are divided into 5 major kingdoms
including Monera, The Protista(Protoctista), the
Fungi, the Plantae, and the Animalia.
 Kingdom Monera includes about 10 000 species.
They are made up of a small single cell(unicellular).
Mostly bacteria.
 Kingdom Protista includes about 250 000 species.
They are made up of a large single cell(also
unicellular). An example is algae.
How do scientists make sense of
the vast diversity of living things?
 Kingdom
Fungi includes about 100 000 species.
They are multicellular organism. An example is a
mushroom.
 Kingdom Plantae includes about 250 000 species.
They are also multicellular and they are
autotrophic. (photosynthesis). An example is a
plant/tree.
 Kingdom Animalia includes about 1 000 000
species. They are multicellular animals without cell
walls and without photosynthetic pigments. An
example would be humans or animals (elephants).
How do scientists make sense of
the vast diversity of living things?
 Scientist
also use phylum.
 The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller
groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are
grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall
into one of five different phylum which are
Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates),
Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
 The phylum group is then divided into even smaller
groups, known as classes. The Chordata
(vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia
(Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish),
Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds),
Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles).
Kingdom
Plant
Animal
Phylum
Class
How do scientists make sense of
the vast diversity of living things?
 Each
class is divided into small groups again,
known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals),
splits into different groups including Carnivora,
Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia.
 In every order, there are different families
of animals which all have very similar features. The
Carnivora order breaks into families that include
Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears),
and Mustelidae (Weasels).
How do scientists make sense of
the vast diversity of living things?
 Every
animal family is then divided into small
groups known as genus. Each genus contains
animals that have very similar features and are
closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat)
family contains genus including Felis (small Cats
and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards,
Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and
Cougars).
How do scientists make sense of the vast
diversity of living things?
 Example
2 - Orang-utan
Kingdom: Animalia (Animal)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate)
Class: Mammalia (Mammal)
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae (Great Apes)
Genus: Pongo
Species: Pongo pygmaeus (Orang-Utan)
Part A
Cells
What are the characteristics of
all living things?
 Living





organisms:
Need energy
Respond and adapt to their environment
Reproduce
Grow
Produce waste
What is the basic unit of all
living things?
 The

basic unit of all living things are cells.
All living organisms are made up of cells.
The cell is the most important characteristic
that living organisms share.
What is cell theory?
 The
cell theory is that all living things are
composed of one or more cells.
 Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in all organisms.
 All Cells arise from pre-existing, living cells.
Who invented the first microscope? What
types of microscopes are used today?
 Anton
Van Leeuwenhoek is sometimes credited
with the invention of the first microscope. Zacharias
Jansen made the first optical telescope. He is also
credited for inventing the first truly compound
microscope. Robert Hooke is also credited for
inventing the microscope. However the origin of the
microscope, just like the origin of the telescope, is a
matter of debate.
Types of Microscopes
Compound
Microscopes
Dissection or Stereoscope
Confocal Microscopes
Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscopes
(TEM)
Compound Microscopes
 Compound
microscopes are light
illuminated. The image seen with this type of
microscope is two dimensional. This
microscope is the most commonly used. You
can view individual cells, even living ones. It
has high magnification. However, it has a
low resolution.
Cell
Dissection or Stereoscope
A
dissection microscope is light illuminated. The
image that appears is three dimensional. It is
used for dissection to get a better look at the
larger specimen. You cannot see individual
cells because it has a low magnification
Earthworm
Confocal Microscopes
 This
microscope uses a laser light. This light is
used because of the wavelength. Laser light
scans across the specimen with the aid of
scanning mirrors. Then image is then placed on
a digital computer screen for analyzing.
Salt
Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM)
 SEM
use electron illumination. The image is seen
in 3-D. It has high magnification and high
resolution. The specimen is coated in gold and
the electrons bounce off to give you and
exterior view of the specimen. The pictures are
in black and white.
Mosquito
Transmission Electron Microscopes
(TEM)
 TEM
is electron illuminated. This gives a 2-D view.
Thin slices of specimen are obtained. The
electron beams pass through this. It has high
magnification and high resolution.
Plant Cell
What types of microscopes are used
today?
 Today
we use light microscopes and electron
microscopes.
 A light microscope (has 2 lenses) and can magnify
up to 2000x. This is still not enough to see some of the
smaller structure of cells.
 For this, scientist use electron microscopes, which use
beams instead of light. The electrons are bounced
off the sample, and then enlarged to form an image
on a television screen or photographic plate.
 Electron microscopes can magnify up to 2 000 000x.
The first electron microscope was built in Germany in
1932.
Light
Microscope
Electron
Microscope
What are the two categories of
all living things? Give Examples.
 Single
cellular – Paramecium and viruses.
These are smaller and less complex
organisms. Ex. Paramecium
 Multi cellular – Humans and plants. These
are more complex organisms and larger
in size. Ex. Humans
What are the structures in cells called in
general (you need to get specific with
either a plant or animal cell)?
 Structures
in a cell are called organelles.
 Each organelle has a role to play in the
survival of the cell and organism.
Animal Cells
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Cell Membrane: Surrounds and protects the contents
of the cell. It helps control the movement of
substances in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm: Its jellylike. It constantly moves inside the
cell and distributes materials such as oxygen and
food to different parts of the cell.
Nucleus: Controls the cells activities. It contains the
chromosomes – structures made of genetic material
that direct a cells growth and reproduction. The
nucleus is enclosed by a nuclear membrane, which
controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.
Vacuoles: Balloon like substances within the
cytoplasm that are places for surplus food, wastes,
and other stuff that the cell can’t use right away.
Vacuoles are surrounded by a membrane.
Animal Cells Cont.
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Centrosome: a small body located near the nucleus, it
has a dense center and radiating tubes. This is where
microtubules are made.
Golgi Body: a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that
looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the
nucleus. It produce the membrane that surround the
lysosomes.
Lysosome: round organelles surrounded by a
membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is
where the digestion of the cell nutrients takes place.
Mitochondrion: spherical to rod-shaped organelles with
a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded
many times, forming a series of projections (called
cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored
in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the
cell.
Animal Cells Cont.
 Ribosome:
small organelles composed of RNA
(rich cytoplasmic granules) that are sites of
protein synthesis.
 Nuclear membrane: the membrane that
surrounds the nucleus.
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough ER):a vast
system of interconnected, infolded and
complex sacks that are located in the cell's
cytoplasm. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes
that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER
transports materials through the cell and
produces proteins in sacks called cisternae
(which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted
into the cell membrane).
Animal Cells Cont.
 Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER): a
vast system of interconnected, infolded and
complex tubes that are located in the cell's
cytoplasm. Smooth ER transports materials
through the cell. It contains enzymes and
produces and digests lipids (fats) and
membrane proteins. Smooth ER buds off from
rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and
lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and
membranes.
What are the main differences
between plant and animal cells and
explain why there are the differences.
 Plant
cells have a cell wall and
chloroplasts and animal cells don’t.
 Cell walls give the plant cell support
(because they don’t have skeletons) and
chloroplasts are where photosynthesis
occurs.
Explain why cells are so small
and do they get bigger when
organisms grow?
 To
carry out their work cells need oxygen, water
and food. They must also get rid of wastes. These
materials must enter the cell membrane, go to
the middle and then wastes must exit the
membrane. If a cell was very big, this process
would take way too long and be difficult to keep
going. Large cells would also produce too much
waste. When organisms get bigger, they add
more cells. The cells don’t actually get bigger.
Most cells in plants and animals have a diameter
between 10-50 micrometers. Bacteria cells are
much smaller. They are only 1-5 micrometers
across.
Explain the process of fluids and
nutrients moving in and out of a cell.
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Materials move into the cell through the cell membrane
by osmosis. Only certain materials can move through the
selectively permeable cell membrane.
In cells, nutrients move from an area of higher
concentration outside the cell to an area of lower
concentration inside the cell. This is done by the process
of diffusion.
Wastes then move from an area of higher concentration
inside the cell to an area of lower concentration outside
the cell. This again is done by diffusion.
Diffusion is when a substance moves from an area of
higher concentration to an area of low concentration.
Describe at least four specialized
cells that are found in humans
 Multi
celled organisms have many
different cells that have different
shapes and perform different jobs.
 The muscle cell, skin cell, nerve cell,
and bone cell are found in humans.
Muscle Cell
 The
muscle cell has an elongated shape
and its function is to move body parts.
Diagram
Under a
microscope
Skin Cell
 The
skin cell has a flat and brick shape
and its function is to form protective layer.
Diagram
Under a
microscope
Nerve Cell
 The
nerve cell has a long and branch like
shape and its function is to deliver
messages to the body.
Diagram
Under a
microscope
Bone Cell
 The
bone cell has a thick walled shape
and its function is to provide support.
Diagram
Under a
microscope
Part B
Systems
What are the parts of the
digestive system?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mouth – Food broken down by chewing and
chemical action of saliva.
Salivary Glands - Saliva contains enzymes that break
down carbohydrates into smaller molecules.
Esophagus - The esophagus is a long tube that uses
rhythmic, wave-like muscle movements (called
peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the
stomach.
Stomach - Food in the stomach is partly digested and
mixed with stomach acids
Liver - Makes bile which breaks down fats and some
blood proteins. Helps the small intestine in digestion.
What are the parts of the
digestive system?
5.
Gall Bladder - It stores and releases bile into the small
intestine.
Pancreas - Enzymes from the pancreas help in the
digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small
intestine.
Small Intestine – bile, pancreatic enzymes, and other
digestive enzymes produced by the inner wall of the
small intestine help in the breakdown of food. Most food
is absorbed here.
Large Intestine - The large intestine is responsible for
absorption of water and excretion of solid waste
material.
Rectum – Feces are stored here.
6.
Anus – Where feces exits the body.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Nervous System
 The
nervous system coordinates and controls
the actions of the organs and organ systems. It
detects processes and responds to stimuli in the
environment. The main parts of the nervous
system are the brain, spinal cord and the
nerves.
The Nervous System
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Brain - It helps to control all of the
body systems and organs,
keeping them working like they
should. The brain also allows us to
think, feel, remember and
imagine.
Spinal Cord - The brain
communicates with the rest of the
body through the spinal cord and
the nerves. Information passed
through the spine tells the body
what to do and when to do it.
Nerve Cells - Neurons carry
messages in the form of an
electrical impulses. The messages
move from one neuron to another
to keep the body functioning
Explain how multi cellular organisms are
organized and what some of the benefits
are of being a multi cellular organism.


Organization:
 Cells with the same structure and function
form tissue.
 Tissue forms organs.
 Organs work together and make systems.
 Systems work together to form an organism.
Advantages:
 Multi celled organisms:
 Live in a wide variety of environments.
 Can grow very large.
 Obtain energy from many sources.
 Have complex bodies.
Explain how blood is the
“transportation system” for the body.
 Blood
is the transportation system for the body
because it circulates around the body to deliver
food particles, dissolved gas, water, oxygen, sugars,
hormones and proteins. They also remove waste
that cells produce, like dead/tangled proteins. They
remove dead cells. Blood also transports white
blood cells to fight any disease/infection.
What are the main components
of blood and their function?
 The
blood has a number of components, primarily
the plasma, red blood cells, platelets and white
blood cells.
Function:
 Blood
carries food and oxygen to cells, as well as
carrying wastes away from cells.
 Blood also carries disease fighting white blood
cells through the body.
 It also helps maintain constant body temperature.
Plasma
 Plasma
is the liquid portion of the blood.
 The plasma is a substance responsible
for carrying much of the elements of the
blood, for example red and white blood
cells, various proteins, fatty acids and
urea.
 It also caries nutrients, carbon dioxide,
waste products, and hormones.
Red Blood Cells
 Red
blood cells carry oxygen around your body,
acting as transporters.
White Blood Cells
 White
blood cells are involved in your innate and
active immune systems helping to combat
viruses, bacteria and other harmful pathogens.
Platelets

Platelets help the blood to clot so that heavy
bleeding does not occur when you cut or hurt
yourself. When there are not enough platelets
in the blood, you may bruise or bleed easily.
Choose three systems of the body then name and
describe at least two common disorders of that
system. Be sure to explain how doctors think those
disorders are caused.

Circulatory System
 Disorders of the circulatory system are the leading cause
of death in North America.
 Caused By: High blood pressure (hypertension) which can
lead to heart attacks (damage to heart muscle) and
strokes (brain damage)
 Doctors use a sphygmomanometer to measure blood
pressure.
 Smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet, and high cholesterol
causes high blood pressure.
 High-fat diets can cause fats such as cholesterol to build
up inside arteries. As arteries narrow and become
blocked, tiny tears in their walls cause blood clots that can
travel to the brain cause a stroke.
 Also, blood flow through the arteries can become very
limited or stop, causing a heart attack.
Choose three systems of the body then name
and describe at least two common disorders
of that system. Be sure to explain how doctors
think those disorders are caused.
 Digestive System


Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled
division of abnormal cells in a part of the body
and each is classified by the type of cell that is
initially affected.
Cancer harms the body when damaged cells
divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of
tissue called tumors. Tumors can grow and
interfere with the digestive, nervous, and
circulatory systems, and they can release
hormones that alter body function.
Choose three systems of the body then name
and describe at least two common disorders
of that system. Be sure to explain how doctors
think those disorders are caused.
 Digestive System



Stomach cancer, also called gastric cancer, is a
tumor arising from the lining of the stomach.
There has been a significant decrease in the number
of people diagnosed with stomach cancer in the past
60 years.
Stomach cancer may often be cured if it is found and
treated at an early stage. Unfortunately, the outcome
is poor if the cancer is already at an advanced stage
when discovered. In most cases, stomach cancer is
found at later stages.
Choose three systems of the body then name and describe at
least two common disorders of that system. Be sure to explain
how doctors think those disorders are caused.

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

Digestive System
The exact cause of stomach cancer is unknown, but a
number of factors can increase the risk of the disease,
including:
Gender -- men have more than double the risk of getting
stomach cancer than women.
Race -- being African-American or Asian may increase
your risk.
Genetics -- genetic abnormalities and some inherited
cancer syndromes may increase your risk
Geography -- stomach cancer is more common in
Japan, the former Soviet Union, and parts of Central
America and South America.
Blood type -- individuals with blood group A may be at
increased risk.
Choose three systems of the body then name and describe at
least two common disorders of that system. Be sure to explain
how doctors think those disorders are caused.
 Digestive System
 Advanced age -- stomach cancer occurs more often around
ages 70 and 74 in men and women, respectively.
 Family history of gastric cancer can double or triple the risk of
stomach cancer.
 Lifestyle factors such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and eating
a diet low in fruits and vegetables or high in salted, smoked, or
nitrate-preserved foods may increase your risk
 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection of the stomach. H. pylori
is a bacterium that infects the lining of the stomach and
causes chronic inflammation and ulcers.
 Certain health conditions including chronic gastritis, pernicious
anemia, gastric polyps, intestinal metaplasia, and prior
stomach surgery.
 Work-related exposure due to coal mining, nickel refining, and
rubber and timber processing and asbestos exposure.
Choose three systems of the body then name
and describe at least two common disorders
of that system. Be sure to explain how doctors
think those disorders are caused.
 Digestive System
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Long-term emotion stress, smoking, or excessive
use of alcohol or aspirin can lead to a peptic
ulcer.
A peptic ulcer occurs when the unprotected
wall of the stomach or small intestine is
damaged by excess stomach acid.
Peptic ulcers can usually be cured by heavy
doses of antibiotic.
Choose three systems of the body then name
and describe at least two common disorders
of that system. Be sure to explain how doctors
think those disorders are caused.
 Respiratory
System
 Our respiratory system is lined with cells with cilia,
small hair like projections. These cilia beat
continuously to remove airborne particles.
 Poisons in cigarette some and pollutants irritate this
lining, causing mucus-producing cells to produce
more mucus.
 At first you can remove the mucus by coughing.
Over time, however, the irritated lining will become
inflamed, leading to a condition called bronchitis.
Choose three systems of the body then name
and describe at least two common disorders
of that system. Be sure to explain how doctors
think those disorders are caused.
 Respiratory
System
 Bronchitis can be treated, but if the irritation
continues, the ciliated cells will be destroyed and
the mucus-producing cells will multiply. If this
continues for a long time, the respiratory airways
will narrow and become blocked.
 Eventually, the bronchitis can lead to a condition
called emphysema.
 Some people inherit this disease, but its major
cause is smoking.
Choose three systems of the body then name
and describe at least two common disorders
of that system. Be sure to explain how doctors
think those disorders are caused.
 Respiratory
System
 Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.
 Lung cancer occurs when certain compounds in
the tar and the smoke contact lung tissue and
cause cells to grow out of control.
 Large clusters of these “uncontrolled” cells begin to
out-compete the healthy cells for nutrients.
 The healthy cells are killed, and the cancerous cells
continue to divide, leading to cancer.
With those same three body systems from
above, now explain what we can do to keep
those systems healthy and avoid any disorders
from happening to them.

A Healthy Circulatory System
 Living a healthy lifestyle keeps your circulatory
system healthy
 A healthy lifestyle would include keeping the heart
healthy so it can do its job properly by pumping
blood around your body. It also includes eating
healthy and getting enough exercise.
 A healthy person doesn’t smoke, is at a healthy
weight, eats a balanced healthy diet, thinks
positively, feels relaxed, exercises regularly, has
good relationships, and benefits from a good life
balance.
With those same three body systems from
above, now explain what we can do to keep
those systems healthy and avoid any disorders
from happening to them.
A
Healthy Digestive System
 Important Nutrients in food that lead to a
healthy digestive system:
 Carbohydrates provide the body with main
source of energy
 Fats are essential as they provide us with
energy and cushion our organs
 Proteins are essential for muscle growth and
repair of tissues. If you eat too many protein
sources you are eating excessive protein which
could do many thing to your body.
A Healthy Digestive System contd.
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What too much protein can do to you:
Weight gain. Excess calories from excess protein may be
stored as body fat.
Intestinal irritation. Too much protein has been linked to
constipation, diarrhea and/or excessive gas.
Dehydration. Experts advise drinking a half gallon of water
per 100 grams of protein.
Increase in liver enzymes.
Nutritional deficiencies. Just focusing on protein intake
causes some high-protein dieters to overlook other nutrients.
Ensure that your diet is balanced and nutritious.
Risk of heart disease. This is a bit misleading. A healthy highprotein diet is not associated with heart disease. But if you
are getting all of your protein from unhealthy sources that
are loaded in unhealthy fats, obviously the risk for heart
disease will increase.
Kidney problems. Some believe that high protein and low
carbohydrate diets – when done long term – can possibly
cause kidney issues, but more research needs to be done.
Examples Of Protein
With those same three body systems from
above, now explain what we can do to keep
those systems healthy and avoid any disorders
from happening to them.
A
Healthy Respiratory System
 Surrounding yourself with healthy air inside
and outside the house keeps your
respiratory system healthy
Give me your response to this fact (How do
you feel about this and what do you think
should be done to remedy this):
“Almost 60% of all Canadian adults and 26%
of our children and adolescents are
overweight or obese.”
I
feel that people don’t care too much about their
health .
 This is horrible and many fatal things can happen if
you become overweight or obese.
 Today we think about the cure, and not about
prevention. We should think about preventing this
issue instead of finding a cure.
Give me your response to this fact (How do
you feel about this and what do you think
should be done to remedy this):
“Almost 60% of all Canadian adults and 26%
of our children and adolescents are
overweight or obese.”
 Also the government and schools should promote
being healthy. There are apple schools but not
every school is an apple school all over the world.

An apple school is a school that promotes healthy
foods. For example they would only let you eat
healthy foods at snack.
 Also
we need more physical education time so
we have a better workout and become more fit.
Give me your response to this fact (How do
you feel about this and what do you think
should be done to remedy this):
“Almost 60% of all Canadian adults and 26%
of our children and adolescents are
overweight or obese.”


Also more people need to be aware of this issue. Many
people don’t know about it.
We think the government should help promote a
healthy life style and also schools to especially kids.


They could promote healthy eating, spending time
outside, being active, rather than staying inside and
playing games.
Because the kids will grow up and teach their kids. If
they don’t know about this issue, their will be many
problems with the next generation.
Give me your response to this fact (How do you feel about this
and what do you think should be done to remedy this):
“Almost 60% of all Canadian adults and 26% of our children
and adolescents are overweight or obese.”

What obesity could do to you:
 Coronary heart disease
 Type 2 diabetes
 Cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon)
 Hypertension (high blood pressure)
 Dyslipidemia (for example, high total cholesterol or high
levels of triglycerides)
 Stroke
 Liver and Gallbladder disease
 Sleep apnea and respiratory problems
 Osteoarthritis (a degeneration of cartilage and its
underlying bone within a joint)
Bibliorgraphy
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http://mrshacksclass.edublogs.org/
Mr. Shack’s PowerPoint Notes
Science Focus 8
https://www.google.ca/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi&ei=n8V
RUvGnJ-POyAGs-YCABA&ved=0CAQQqi4oAg
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/
cell/
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/c
ell/
http://a-z-animals.com/reference/animalclassification/
http://www.webmd.com/cancer/stomach-gastriccancer