Transcript Suffix - medicallyoung

MED 103: MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY
Lisa H. Young, RN, BSN, MA Ed.
Elements of a Medical Terms
• Roots
• the constant, unchanging foundation of a
medical term
• usually of Greek or Latin origin
• nearly all medical terms have one or more
roots
Elements of a Medical Terms
• Combining vowel
• has no meaning of its own
• joins a root to another root
• joins a root to a suffix
• makes a word easier to pronounce
• “o” is the most common combining vowel,
followed by “a”
Elements of a Medical Term
• Combining form
• combines a root and a combining vowel
• can be attached to another root or
combining form
• can precede a suffix
Example: enter/o
Elements of a Medical Term
• Identify the elements of the following word:
gynecologist
gynec/
-oroot combining
vowel
-logist
suffix
Greek, Latin, and Old English Words
• Some medical terms do not break down (deconstruct) into
word elements
Examples:
• Greek: toxin meaning poison
• Latin: medical meaning to heal
• Old English: record meaning to remember
Terms That Are Alike
• Many words in the medical language are very similar.
Examples:
• ilium and ileum
• malleus and malleolus
Chapter 1 Summary
• Elements
• prefix, root, combining vowel, combining form, and suffix
• Greek, Latin, and Old English Words
• Some do not break down
• Terms That Are Alike
• Look alike/sound alike
Suffixes
• Added to the end of a root/combining form
• Changes the meaning of medical terms
• Use of combining vowel
hemat -oma= root + suffix
hemat/o -logist = root + combining
vowel + suffix
Classification of Suffixes
• Diagnostic
• Diagnosis, procedure, or test
• Surgical
• Describes surgical procedures
• Pathological
• Describes a sign/symptom of a disease
Classification of Suffixes
• Adjectives
• 28 suffixes mean pertaining to
• Nouns
• do not fall under any classifications
• maintain the root or combining form as a noun
Diagnostic Suffixes
• Identify the suffixes of the following words:
hematoma
hemat/ -oma
root
suffix
hematuria
hemat/ -uria
root
suffix
Surgical Suffixes
• Identify the suffixes of the following word:
appendectomy
append/
-ectomy
root
suffix
lithotripsy
lith/o
-tripsy
combining
suffix
form
Pathological Suffixes
• Identify the suffixes of the following words:
cystitis
cyst/
-itis
root
suffix
cyanosis
cyan/
-osis
root
suffix
Adjective Suffixes
Suffixes meaning pertaining to:
-ac cardiac pertaining to the heart
-ary pulmonary pertaining to the lungs
-ior posterior pertaining to the back of the body
Noun Suffixes
• Identify the suffixes of the following words:
arteriole
arteri/
-ole
root
suffix
venule
ven/
-ule
root
suffix
Prefixes
• Added to the beginning of a medical term
• Change the meaning of medical terms
• No use of combining vowel
peri-cardium = prefix + root
epi-cardium = prefix + root
Position Prefixes
• Identify the prefixes of the following words:
epidermis
epidermis
prefix
root
hypodermis
hypo dermis
prefix
root
Number and Measurement Prefixes
• Identify the prefixes of the following word:
multipara
multipara
prefix
root
Primipara
primipara
prefix
root
Direction Prefixes
• Identify the prefixes of the following word:
antevert
antivert
prefix
root
synapse
synapse
prefix
root
Element Review
• Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word:
hypogastric
hypo- / gastr / -ic
prefix root suffix
Chapter 2 Summary
• Suffixes and Prefixes
• Change the meaning of medical terms
• Suffix
• Added to the end of a root/combining form
• Use of combining vowel
• Prefix
• Added to the beginning of a medical term
Decoding Terms
• CARD Method
• Check for the word parts in a term
• Assign meanings to the word parts
• Reverse the meaning of the suffix to the front of
the definition
• Define the term
Word Analysis, Definition &
Pronounciation
•
Analyze the following term:
endocarditis
1. suffix
— itis meaning inflammation
2. prefix
endo — meaning inside
3. root
card meaning heart
4. put the terms together—inflammation
of the inside of the heart
Building Terms
• Spelling Rules
• If the suffix starts with a vowel, a combining vowel is NOT needed
to join the parts
arthr/o  itis = arthritis
• If the suffix starts with a consonant, a combining vowel IS needed
to join the two word parts
arthr/o + plasty = arthroplasty
Building Terms
• If a combining form ends with the same vowel that begins a suffix,
one of the vowels is dropped
Endo- + cardi/o + itis = Endocarditis
• If two or more combining forms are used in a term, the combining
form is retained
Gastr/o + enter/0 + itis = Gastroenteritis
Building Terms
• When two or more combining forms are used to make a medical
term, special notice must be paid to the order in which the
combining forms are joined
Esophag/0 + gastr/o + duoden/o + scopy =
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
(joining the CF reflects the direction in which the scope travels through
the body)
Plurals
• Singular / Plural Rules
• Ends in –a add –ae
• Ends in -is add –es
• Ends in –ix or –ex add –ices
• Ends in –itis add –itides
• Ends in –nx add –nges
• Ends in –um add an –a
• Ends in –us add an –I
• Ends in –y add –ies
vertebraae
arthrosises
appendixices
arthritisitides
phalanxnges
endocardiumia
digitusi
thearpyies
Chapter 3 Summary
• Word Analysis and Definition
• break it down into its component elements
• Plurals and Pronunciations
• memorize the plurals of medical terms
• correct pronunciation is vital
• Precision in Communication
http://connect.mcgraw-hill.com/connectweb/login/?&node=connectdr_3
Composition of the Body
• The body is composed of:
- organs
- tissues
- cells
- organelles
- molecules
- atoms
Structure and Functions of Cells
• Basic Functions of Life
- manufacture
- production
- communication
- replication
- reproduction
Nucleus
Tissues
• Primary Tissue Groups
- connective
- epithelial
- muscle
- nervous
Organs & Organ Systems
• Integumentary
• Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glandis
• Skeletal
• Bones, ligaments, cartilages, tendons
• Muscular
• Muscles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSqwRkDLyH4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBLm7rK05Yc
Organs and Organ Systems
• Nervous
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organ
• Endocrine
• Glands that secrete hormones: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, thymus
• Cardiovascular
• Heart, blood vessels
Organs and Organ Systems
• Lymphatic
• Lymph vessels and nodes, thymus spleen
• Digestive
• Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines
• Respiratory
• Control intake and output of air, exchange gases between air and
blood
Organs and Organ Systems
• Urinary
• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
• Reproductive
• Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal
vesicles, prostate, blubourethral glands, urethra, penis
• Female: ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva
Prefixes for Body Organization
anacataenendoepimetapara-
up, apart, away
down
in
within
above, upon
beyond, change
neat, beside, abnormal
Suffixes for Body Organizations
ai, -ous
-ia, -ism
-on
-plasm
-some
-stasis
-um
-us
pertaining to
condition, state of
structure
formation
body
controlling, stopping
structure, thing, membrane
structure
Anatomical Positions, Planes, and Directions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuV-2WKZmSM
Anatomical Planes
http://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=wB
AwxZ_yxnE
Positional & Directional Terms
• Anteroposterior (AP) & Posteroanterior (PA)
• Anterior & ventral
• Posterior & dorsal
• Superior & Cephalad
• Inferior & Caudad
• Medial
• Lateral
• Ipsilateral
to the front/belly side
back of body/back
upward/toward head
downward/toward tail
pertaining to the middle
pertaining to the side
pertaining to same side
Position & Directional Terms
• Contralateral
• Unilateral
• Bilateral
• Superficial
• Deep
• Proximal
• Distal
• Dextrad
pertaining to the opposite side
pertaining to one side
pertaining to two sides
on the surface of the body
away from the surface of the body
near the origin
far from the origin
toward the right
Position & Directional Terms
• Sinistrad
• Afferent
• Efferent
• Supine
• Prone
toward the left
carrying toward a structure
carrying away from structure
lying on back
lying on stomach
Body Cavities
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeFoxTi02yg
Chapter 4 Summary
• Organization of the Body
• All the elements interact with each other
• Anatomical Position, Planes, and Directions
• Describe the location of anatomical structures
Digestive System
• Alimentary Canal
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large
Intestine
• Accessory Organs
Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
Functions of the Digestive System
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1h2VW8USCAA
Prefixes of the Digestive System
• Prefixes for the Digestive System
• Endowithin
• Exooutside
• Hypobelow
• Parnear
• Perisurrounding
• Retrobehind
• Subunder
Suffixes of the Digestive System
• Suffixes for the Digestive System
• -al, - ar, -ary, -eal, -id, -ine, -ous, -ic
• -ase
• -crine
• -kinin
• -stalsis
pertaining to
enzyme
to secrete
movement substance
contraction
Digestive System
• Define the following root elements:
- bari
- digest
- laparo
- lymph
Digestive System Root Elements
• Identify and define the root elements of the following
terms:
- amylase
- deglutition
- elimination
- peristalsis
Digestive Systems Root Elements
• Define the following root elements:
- cusp
- lingu
- mandibul
- saliv
Digestive System Root Elements
• Define the following root elements:
- chol/e
- emuls
- gall
- hepat
Digestive System Root Elements
• Define the following root elements:
- amin
- hydr
- carb
- lact
Digestive System Prefixes
• Define the following prefixes:
monoditripoly-
Digestive System Suffixes
• Define the following suffixes:
- itis
- ectomy
- osis
- dynia
- ist
Digestive System
• Define the meaning of the following suffixes:
- um
- rrhoid
- ion
- ative
Digestive System
• Define the following suffixes:
- um
- in
- ion
- gen
- us
Urinary System
Anatomy and Physiology
Kidneys (nephron)
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Urinary meatus
Trigone
Urinary System
• Functions of the Kidneys
• filter blood to eliminate wastes
• regulate blood volume
• maintain homeostasis
• secrete renin
• secrete erythropoietin
• synthesize vitamin D
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGYd1
wrTgE
Urinary System
Location
Structure
Function
Micturition
Urinary System
• Prefixes for the anatomy of the urinary system
• Extra• En• Par• Retro-
outside
in
beside, near
backward
Urinary System
• Suffixes for the anatomy of the urinary system
al, -ar, -ic
• -ation, -ion
• -
pertaining to
process of
Urinary System
• ectomy
• -lithotomy
• -lysis
• -pexy
• -scopy
• -stomy
• -tomy
• -tripsy
excision, resection
extirpation
release
repair, reposition
inspection
bypass, drainage
drainage, division
fragmentation
Male Reproductive System
• Primary Sex Organs
• Secondary Sex Organs
• Accessory Glands
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PHxTdIjkmw
Male Reproductive System
• Testes
• Location
• Structure
• Spermatic Cord
• Location
• Structure
• Spermatogenesis
Spermatic Ducts & Accessory Glands
• Spermatic Ducts
• Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Ejaculatory ducts
• Accessory Glands
• Prostate
• Seminal vesicle
• Bulbourethral glands
Male Reproductive System
• Penis
•
•
erection
ejaculation
Male Reproductive System
• Prefixes for the anatomy of the male reproductive
system
• en• par-
in
near, beside
• Suffixes for the anatomy of the male reproductive
system
• -al, -ous, -ar, -ile, -atic, -ic
• -ferous
• -genesis
• -one
pertaining to
pertaining to carrying
production
substance that forms
Male Reproductive System
• cision
• -ectomy
• -ligation
• -pexy
• -plasty
• -stomy
• -tomy
resection
excision, resection
occlusion
repair, reposition
repair, supplement
repair
drainage
Female Reproductive System
• Perineum
• Vulva
structures of the
vulva
Female Reproductive System
Vagina
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Fallopian Tubes
Uterus
Female Reproductive System
• Suffixes for the anatomy of the female reproductive
system
• -arche
• -ation
• -pause
• -salpinx
• -ectomy
• -pexy
• -plasty
• -scopy
• -tomy
• -lysis
• -ligation
beginning
process of
stop, cease
fallopian tube
excision, resection
repair, reposition
repair, supplement,
alteration,replacement
inspection
drainage, division
release
occlusion
Pregnancy
• Embryo
• Placenta
• Fetus
Pregnancy
• Suffixes for the A & P of pregnancy
• -blast
• -cyst
• -gravida, -cyesis
• -para, -tocia
embryonic, immature
sac
pregnancy
delivery
Childbirth
Stage One: dilation and effacement
Stage Two: expulsion of the fetus
Stage Three: expulsion of the placenta
Breast
Anatomy of breast
Mammary gland
Nervous System
Functions of the Nervous System
• Sensory Input
• Motor Output
• Evaluation and Integration
• Homeostasis
• Mental Activity
CNS
• Brain and spinal cord
PNS
• Nerves all over the body
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odZw2jvbjr8
Nervous System
• Suffixes
-cyte
-glia
-on
-stasis
-tome
cell
glue
structure
stopping, controlling
instrument used to cut
• Suffixes and Root Operations
-ectomy
excision, resection, destruction
-emphraxis
destruction
-exeresis
extraction
-plasty
repair, supplement
-stomy
bypass, drainage
-tomy
drainage, division, destruction
The Brain
Divisions of the Brain
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem
The Cerebrum
Four Cerebral Lobes
• Frontal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Temporal lobe
• Occipital lobe
Functions of the Brain
Functional Regions
of the Brain
•
•
•
•
•
•
thalamus
hypothalamus
basal nuclei
limbic system
brainstem
cerebellum
Spinal Cord
Four Regions:
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
Cardiovascular System
Functions of the
Cardiovascular System
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
Arteries (great, upper and
lower)
Veins (upper & lower)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H04d3r
JCLCE
Cardiovascular System
Cardiac Cycle
- electrical properties of the
heart
Cardiovascular System
• Prefixes
coninfrainterIntraoxysemisupra-
together
under
between
within
oxygen
half
above
• Suffixes
-ar, -ary, -ic, -al, -id, -eal
-cyte
-ia
-ion
-um
pertaining to
cell
condition
process of
structure
Circulatory System
• Functions of the Peripheral Circulation
- carry blood
- transport
- maintain homeostasis
- regulate blood pressure
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJzJKvkWWDc
Circulatory System
• Suffixes
-ar,
-ary, -ic, -al, -id, -eal
-cyte
-ia
-ion
-um
pertaining to
cell
condition
process of
structure
Hematology
Components of Blood
Formed Elements
- RBCs
- hematocrit
- WBCs
- platelets
- plasma
- serum
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p14tLl8rORE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-sKZWqsUpw
Hematology
• Functions of Blood
- maintain homeostasis
- maintain body temperature
- transport nutrients, vitamins, and
minerals
- transport waste products
- transport hormones
- transport gases
- protect against foreign substances
- form clots
- regulate pH and osmosis
Hematology
Common Prefixes
aantiintermonopolypro-
without
against
between
one
many
before
Hematology
Suffixes
cyte
-exia
-gen
-globin
-in
-kine
-leukin
-lysis
-osis
cell
condition
producing
protein substance
substance
movement
white substance
breaking down
abnormal condition
-phil
-poiesis
-poietin
attraction
formation
forming
substance
- siderin iron
substance
- stasis
controlling,
stopping
-thrombin clotting
substance
Immune & Lymphatic Systems
BODY DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Physical Mechanisms
Cellular Mechanisms
Humoral Defense Mechanisms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Non4MkYQpYA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGRceUoQRVw
Lymphatic System
Vessels
Cells, Tissues,
Organs
Lymph Nodes
Lymph
Lymphatic System
Functions
absorption
removal
Lymphatic System
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Null Cells
Macrophages
Lymphatic Organs
Spleen
Tonsils
Adenoids
Thymus Gland
Immune System
• Humoral Immunity
• specificity
• memory
• discrimination
• Immunity
• Cellular
• Humoral
• Natural Active Immunity
• Natural Passive Immunity
• Artificial Active Immunity
• Artificial Passive Immunity
Blood & Immune System
• Prefixes for A & P
aantiintermonopolypro-
without
against
between
one
many
before
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noMsCGRkwSE
Blood & Immune System
• Suffixes for the A & P
-cyte
-exia
-gen
-globin
-in
-kine
-leukin
-lysis
-osis
cell
condition
producing
protein substance
substance
movement
white substance
breaking down
abnormal condition
-phil
-poiesis
-poietin
attraction
formation
forming
substance
- siderin iron
substance
- stasis
controlling,
stopping
-thrombin clotting
substance
Respiratory System
Structures of the Respiratory
System
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi and bronchioles
- alveoli
Functions of the Respiratory
System
- exchange of gases
- regulation of blood pH
- protection
- voice production
- olfaction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lr5dDmTASos
Respiratory System
• Prefixes
exininteroxyparareSuffixes
-centesis
-ectomy
-lysis
-plasty
-rrhaphy
-tomy
out
in
between
oxygen
near
again
drainage
excision, resection
release
alteration, reposition, repair,
replacement, supplement
repair
drainage
Musculoskeletal System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6sLwgUHwTk
Musculoskeletal System
• Prefixes
• Ab• Ad• Amphi• Bi• Circum• Dia• Endo-, end• Epi• Ex-,e• In• Inter• Intra• Peri• Pro• Re• Syn-
away from
toward
both
two
around
through, complete
within
above, upon
out
n
between
within
surrounding, around
forward
back
together,joined
Musculoskeletal System
• Suffixes
• -ar, -al, -ic, -ous, -eal
• -blast
• -clast
• -cyte
• -genesis
• -oid
• -physis
• -poiesis
• -sis
• -um
pertaining to
embryonic
breaking down
cell
production, origin
resembling, like
growth
formation
condition
structure
Joints
• Classes of Joints
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
• Functions and Structure of Skeletal Muscle
- functions
Muscles and Tendons
Functions and Structure of
Skeletal Muscle
- structure of
skeletal muscle
Integumentary System
Functions of the Skin
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Protection
Water resistance
Temperature regulation
Vitamin D synthesis
Sensation
Excretion and secretion
Social functions
Epidermis
- protects underlying structures
- withstands pollution of life
- sheds superficial cells and renews them
- provides a waterproof barrier
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVIIg
HyNRdI
Integumentary System
• Prefixes
• a• apo• ec• epi• eu• hypo-, sub• par• Suffixes
• -al, -ar, -ous, -ic
• -crine
• -cyte
• -ferous
• -ium
no, not without
separate, away from
out, outward
above
healthy, normal
under, below
near
pertaining to
to secrete
cell
pertaining to carrying
structure
Special Senses of the Eye & Ear
Suffixes and Root Operations
-ectomy
excision,
resection
-plasty
reposition,
repair, replacement,
supplemental
-rrhaphy
-tomy
repair
repair
drainage,
Special Senses of the Eye & Ear
Suffixes and Root Operations
-centesis
-ectomy
-lysis
-plasty
-scopy
-stomy
-tomy
drainage
excision, resection
release
repair, replacement
inspection
drainage
drainage
http://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v
=MiJQEcOIj90
Endocrine System
Major Organs:
- hypothalamus
- pineal gland
- parathyroid glands
- adrenal gland
- testes
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- thymus gland
- pancreas
- ovaries
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNLsXK
kLSTs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjmS4_
7kvDM
Endocrine System
• Prefixes
endoexohyposupra-
within
outward
under, deficient
above
• Suffixes
-al
-crine
-logy
-us, -is
pertaining to
to secrete
study of
structure
Mental Health
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koqGEVKYU78
Geriatrics
Senescence of Organ Systems
Theories of Senescence
https://jeopardylabs.com/play/geriatric
s17
Complex Effects of Aging
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEqZgOFVm6Y
Oncology (Cancer)
• Malignant
• Benign
• Carcinogenesis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pMkxFAJxiY
Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
Pharmacology