Transcript Unit 5 Human Body Systems * Part 1

Unit 5
Human Body
Systems –
Part 1
Human Body Systems:
• Digestive
• Respiratory
• Circulatory
Digestive System Key
Questions
1. Why must large organic food molecules be
broken down?
2. What are the structures of the digestive
system and their functions?
3. What role do enzymes play in digestion?
4. How do digested nutrients leave the
digestive system and enter the circulatory
system?
5. What so cells do with absorbed nutrients?
Why must large organic food
molecules be broken down?
A. The foods we eat are very big and
complex – they must be broken down into
smaller, usable forms
Pretend You are a Cookie!!!
• When given the signal, take a
bite of your cookie. As you
chew and swallow, think of
everything that is going on in
your digestive system.
• Write down or draw everything
that you (the cookie) are
experiencing throughout this
journey…
What parts make up the
Human Digestive System???
B. Digestive System
1. The Mouth
a. Where food is ingested
b. Mechanical digestion of food to increase surface area
c. Chemical digestion of starch into simple sugars with the
enzyme amylase (hydrolysis reaction)
Demo
Taste Test!
• Notice the initial taste of the Saltine.
• How did the flavor change over time?
Digestion (Hydrolysis)of Starch
in the Mouth with Amylase
Taste Buds! (2:29)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuP-Kj7MHes
Next…
• The bolus (food mass) is swallowed…
• The epiglottis is a small flap of tissue that closes off the
trachea when food is swallowed so it does not go into the
lungs
Crazy Story!
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVqFOMYKEs8
2. The Esophagus
• Structure where food
passes from mouth
to stomach
• Food is pushed down
by peristalsis
FYI- Esophagus Facts!
• The esophagus is about 10 inches long and 1.5-2.0
inches in diameter
• It takes food about 7 seconds to go through the
esophagus!
3. The Stomach
• Mechanical digestion - food gets
churned/squeezed
• Chemical digestion – only proteins are chemically
digested here
• Proteins begin to be hydrolyzed into amino
acids with aid of pepsin (enzyme)
• HCl produced to kill pathogens and activate
pepsin (makes stomach acidic – pH is 1.5-2.5)
• Mucus lining protects stomach from HCl and
pepsin
FYI…
• Liquids can pass through the stomach in 20
minutes or less
• Solids pass through in 2-6 hours (turns into
chyme – a thin, soupy liquid)
• Can expand to hold up to 2 liters of food/liquids!
4. Small Intestine
• Long tube where most of the digestion occurs
• Mechanical digestion – peristalsis
• Chemical digestion – by intestinal juices
• Intestinal juice contains:
• Digestive enzymes made by the pancreas
(accessory organ)
• Bile
• Made by liver and stored in gall bladder –
(accessory organ)
• Bile breaks down fats mechanically – increases
surface area
Small Intestine
• Small intestine is where most nutrients are
absorbed into the blood
• Lining of small intestine has VILLI – increase
surface area for absorption
Questions
• Why are there so many blood vessels
surrounding the villi?
• How do the nutrients get into the blood
vessels?
Heterotrophic Nutrition
• Colored scanning micrograph shows a cast of blood vessels from the
external wall of the small intestine.
5. Large Intestine
• Thicker than small intestine, not as long
• Where undigested, unabsorbed materials pass
through (no digestion occurs here)
• 3 important functions:
• 1. Reabsorption of water
• 2. Absorption of vitamins
• 3. Elimination of undigested material,
bacteria, mucus
Heterotrophic Nutrition
• Fact: There are enough bacteria here to fill a soup can!
But…
• Most of the bacteria in you gut are good!
• You need them to help break down food
• They also produce vitamins for us
• ‘Probiotics’ are found in yogurt, pills, etc.
6. Rectum/Anus
• Where feces is stored until released
through the anus
FYI
• Appendix – Was once thought of as part of the
digestive system. Now, its function is unknown.
• May help replenish healthy bacteria in
digestive tract
• May serve an immune purpose
• Many feel it is a vestigial organ that once
helped break down roughage like tree bark
You are what you eat!
• The nutrients that are broken down and
absorbed into the blood and travel to the
cells
• The cells use them for energy and as building
blocks in the synthesis of compounds
necessary for life
• Organic compounds can be used to
assemble other molecules – proteins, DNA,
starch, fats
• Chemical energy stored in bonds can be
used as a source of energy for life processes
Diagram – Digestive System
Review Website
• http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-andhuman-body/human-body/digestive-system-article.html
• Video:
• http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter26/animati
on__organs_of_digestion.html
Digestive System: When things
go wrong!!!
1. Deficiency Diseases:
• Due to insufficient amount of vitamins/minerals in the
diet.
• Rickets – lack of vitamin D
• Scurvy – lack of vitamin C
• Goiter – lack of iodine
Deficiency Diseases
Gallstones
• Form when liquid stored in the gallbladder hardens
into pieces of stone-life material
• Can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf
ball
Peptic Ulcers
• Open sores that develop on the inside lining of the
stomach, upper small intestine or esophagus – very
painful.
• Common cause: H. pylori can disrupt the mucous layer
and inflame the lining of the stomach
Parasites
Tapeworm
• If you eat food or drink water contaminated with
feces from a person or animal with tapeworm, you
are ingesting microscopic tapeworm eggs.
• Adult tapeworms can measure up to 50 feet long
and can survive as long as 20 years in a host. Some
tapeworms attach themselves to the walls of the
intestine, where they cause irritation or mild
inflammation, while others may pass through to
your stool and exit your body.
Tapeworm
Food Poisoning
• Salmonella
• Causes an estimated 1.4 million cases of food-borne
illness and more than 500 deaths annually in the
United States.
• Most people experience diarrhea, abdominal
cramps, and fever within 8 to 72 hours after the
contaminated food was eaten. Additional
symptoms may be chills, headache, nausea, and
vomiting. Symptoms usually disappear within 4 to 7
days.
Respiratory System – Key
Questions
1. What are the characteristics of an efficient gas
exchange surface?
1. Why do organisms need to exchange gases?
1. What are the parts of the human respiratory
system?
Gas Exchange
• Since most organisms use aerobic respiration, to
create ATP, they need to get oxygen from the
environment (and get rid of carbon dioxide).
Gas Exchange
• Gas exchange surfaces must be:
1. Thin (diffusion, easy to pass through)
2. Moist (gases easily dissolve for
transport)
3. In contact with oxygen source
4. Near circulatory system (blood vessels)
Gas Exchange
• Problems to overcome:
• Land organisms:
• Air dries out gas exchange surfaces
• Aquatic organisms:
• Water contains less than 1% oxygen; air is
20% oxygen
Gas Exchange
• Overcoming the problems:
• Organisms have evolved adaptations to
make them better suited for gas
exchange
Gas Exchange
• Land – keep surfaces inside
• Water – gills (The gills have three
functions. When water is passed over
the gills, oxygen is absorbed and
carbon dioxide and ammonium is
exhaled).
Respiratory System
1. Nasal Cavity/Sinuses
• Filters, warms, and moistens air
• Lined with cilia and mucous
• Mucus is good!!! You make about a quart of mucus a
day and swallow it!
• Nostrils – openings that lead to nasal passages
Respiratory System
FYI – Pharynx/Throat
• Where oral cavity and nasal passages meet.
• Tonsils and adenoids (help to fight infection) located here
Swollen Tonsils
Tonsillectonomy
Respiratory System
FYI – Larynx:
• Location of voice box (contains vocal cords)
• FYI - Voice changes with helium (helium has changed the
velocity of sound in your throat, and as a result the
frequency of the sounds that you produce are twice as high
as normal)
• At top of trachea
• Opening is protected by a flap of tissue called the
epiglottis to prevent choking.
FYI – What is the Adam’s
Apple?
• During adolescence, the thyroid cartilage in males becomes
enlarged
• Creates a protrusion
• Composed of cartilage that surrounds the larynx – increases in
size as the larynx grows
Respiratory System
2. Trachea:
• Windpipe
• Has rings of cartilage to keep it open
• Lined with cilia and mucus to keep it clean
• FYI – Smoking paralyzes cilia, so they are less able to
filter out bacteria, etc.
Respiratory System
3. Bronchi:
• 2 branches off trachea
• Each leads into the lungs
• Each bronchi leads into smaller
bronchial tubes, which lead into
even smaller bronchioles
Respiratory System
4. Lungs:
• Each bronchus (along with bronchioles and
alveoli) are attached to a lung.
• Lung is organ containing millions of alveoli
packed together to take in oxygen and excrete
carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Respiratory System
5. Alveoli:
• Where gas exchange occurs
• Alveoli are the functional units for gas exchange in
the lungs!!!
• We have about 300 million to increase the surface
area
• Alveoli are surrounded by blood vessels/capillaries
to pick up oxygen
Gas Exchange
FYI – Size of Lungs
• Left lung has 2 lobes, and the right has 3 lobes
Respiratory System
• From here, blood takes oxygen to all cells.
• Cells use oxygen for aerobic respiration to
make ATP for life processes.
• Carbon dioxide and water are released to
blood as wastes, carried to lungs and
released.
Question
• Why are the alveoli surrounded by so
many capillaries???
Respiratory System
• How is air moved into and out of the lungs???
• The diaphragm is a muscle involved in
breathing.
• Breathing = moving air into and out of lungs.
Respiratory System
How is oxygen “picked out” of the air we inhale?
• Air is 80% nitrogen, and 18-20% oxygen.
• Blood has hemoglobin in red blood cells which “grab” oxygen
molecules from the inhaled air and transports it.
Respiratory System
How are gases transported?
• Red blood cells carry oxygen with the help of hemoglobin
• When oxygen is bound to red blood cells, the blood becomes
bright red
• When blood is low in oxygen, blood turns dark red – Blood is
NEVER blue!
Respiratory System
How is breathing regulated?
• Brain (medulla) monitors carbon dioxide levels in blood
• When carbon dioxide is high, breathing rate increases
• When carbon dioxide is low, breathing rate decreases
What causes the hiccups?
• Due to involuntary contractions of the diaphragm.
• Causes closure of the vocal cords (=hic sound)
Breathing and exercise!
• During exercise, the cells burn oxygen faster to produce more
energy for the body.
• This creates more carbon dioxide as a waste product.
• The increased carbon dioxide level is detected by the brain
(medulla).
• The medulla then signals for a faster breathing rate to provide
more oxygen for the cells.
Amazing Lung Facts!
• At rest, a person breathes 14 to 16 times per minute.
During/after exercise it can rise to 60 times per minute!
• New babes at rest breathe between 40-50 times per minute.
By age 5, it decreases to about 25 times.
• The total surface area of the alveoli is the size of a tennis
court.
• The lungs are the only organ in the body that can float on
water.
Disorders of the
respiratory system
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Most common fatal heredity disease
• No cure
• Inherited disease that causes mucus to become very thick and
sticky
• Over time – builds up in lungs and blocks airways
• Results in serious lung infections
• Blocks ducts in pancreas (less digestive enzymes)
Cystic Fibrosis
Disorders of the
respiratory system
• Asthma
• Inflammation of the air passages. Results in temporary narrowing
of the airways that transport air from the nose and mouth to the
lungs.
• Symptoms can be caused by allergens or irritants that are
inhaled into the lungs.
• Symptoms include difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing
tightness in the chest. In severe cases, asthma can be deadly.
• 1 in 15 Americans have asthma.
Asthma
Disorders of the
respiratory system
• Bronchitis
• Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, or bronchi, that bring air
into the lungs. Produces redness, swelling, and pain.
• Can be caused by: viruses, bacteria, smoking, breathing in certain
kinds of irritating chemicals
• When the cells lining the bronchi are irritated, the tiny hairs (cilia)
that normally trap and eliminate things from the outside stop
working.
Disorders of the
respiratory system
• Emphysema
• Occurs when the alveoli are gradually destroyed.
• Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema.
• Over time, the reduced number of air sacs results in less oxygen
reaching your bloodstream.
• Also, the bronchioles that lead to the air sacs are slowly
destroyed, so they collapse when you breathe out, not letting the
air in lungs escape.
Emphysema
Emphysema
Disorders of the
respiratory system
• Pneumonia
• Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs which is usually
caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
pneumonia
Circulatory System Key
Questions
1. How do necessary molecules enter the
circulatory system and cells?
1. What are the parts and functions of the
circulatory system?
Human Circulatory System
Made of 3 key parts:
• 1. A system of blood vessels
• 2. A heart
• 3. Blood
Human Circulatory System
Types of Blood Vessels
1. Arteries
• Typically carry oxygenated blood AWAY from
the heart to the rest of the body.
• Thick-walled and elastic vessels that expand
and contract to accommodate the forceful
flow of blood (under great pressure)
Human Circulatory System
• Pulse =
feeling of rhythmic
contractions
caused by blood
flow through
arteries.
Human Circulatory System
• 2. Veins
• Return deoxygenated blood back to
the heart from all parts of the body
• Thin walled vessels that have
valves in them to prevent blood
from flowing backwards.
Human Circulatory System
• 3. Capillaries
• Tiny blood vessels
• Walls are only 1 cell thick – thin
enough to allow for diffusion of
materials to allow for exchange
between cells and capillaries
Human Circulatory System
•2. The Heart
A. Function of the heart – to
pump the blood
Human Heart
Human Circulatory System
• B. Characteristics:
• 4 chambered muscle that continually
pumps blood throughout the circulatory
system.
• Made of 2 different sides: one side
contains oxygenated blood (left), and one
side contains deoxygenated blood (right).
• Divided into 2 types of chambers: atria
and ventricles.
Beating Heart Video
• http://vimeo.com/8321006
• ‘Pump up Your Heart Song’ - on server
Blood Flow and Gravity!
• Experiment:
• Hold one hand high in the air.
• Hold your other hand down by your side
for one minute.
• Quickly compare your 2 hands – what
happened???
How Fast Does Blood Flow???
• When blood leaves your heart, it travels
about 3 feet per second – that’s the length
of one yardstick!
Human Circulatory System
• Label Heart Diagram and color the flow of
blood through heart
Superior
Vena Cava
Aorta
Right
Pulmonary
Artery
Right
Pulmonary
Veins
Right
Atrium
Tricuspid
Valve
Inferior Vena
Cava
Right Ventricle
Left Pulmonary Artery
Left Atrium
Left Pulmonary Vein
Bicuspid Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Left Ventricle
Septum
Human Circulatory System
• 3. Types of Circulation:
A. Systemic: Carries blood to body organs
with exception of lungs
B. Coronary: Carries blood to heart tissue
C. Pulmonary: Carries blood to lungs from
heart
Human Circulatory System
• FYI - Blood Pressure:
• The pressure exerted (pushing on) the
walls of the arteries from the pumping
action of the heart.
• Systole = contraction of the ventricles
• Diastole = relaxation of the ventricles
Human Circulatory System
• Formula for blood pressure = Systole
Diastole
• Normal blood pressure = 120
80
Blood
Human Circulatory System
• 1. Blood
A. Functions of the blood:
1. Transports nutrients, wastes,
dissolved gases, various types of cells,
antibodies, etc. throughout an
organism.
2. Helps to regulate body
temperature.
Human Circulatory System
• 1. Made of cells and plasma
a. Fluid portion is called
the PLASMA
Human Circulatory System
Plasma:
• Almost clear in color- made of mostly
water (90%)
• Other 10% contains many dissolved
materials such as metabolic wastes,
hormones, nutrients, glucose,
proteins (including enzymes,
antibodies, and clotting factors)
Human Circulatory System
• b. Solid portion made up of red blood
cells (RBC’s), white blood cells
(WBC’s), and platelets
Human Circulatory System
1. Solids in the plasma:
• A. Red blood cells
• Most numerous cells in blood
• Main function = Transport
oxygen throughout body with
help of hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin = iron-containing
protein that binds to O2
Human Circulatory System
• FYI –
• Mature RBCs DO NOT HAVE A
NUCLEUS
• RBCs live about 120 days then they are
destroyed in liver or spleen
Human Circulatory System
• B. White blood cells
• Used to fight off pathogens (foreign
invaders in the body)
• Larger than RBC’s, but there are less
of them
Human Circulatory System
• 3. Platelets:
• Smaller than RBC’s (fragments of a
cell)
• Platelets cause a series of complex
biochemical reactions that causes
blood to clot
Blood clotting:
Platelet Ruptures
Releases Enzymes
Clotting Begins
Video-2:23
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=CRh_dAzXuo
U
Human Circulatory System
C. Blood Typing:
• The A B O blood groups are based on
the presence or absence of a particular
antigen on the surface of red blood
cells.
• 2 Types of blood antigens:
• 1. A
• 2. B
Human Circulatory System
• 4 major
blood
types:
• A, B,
AB, O
Blood
• The plasma also carries antibodies to
the opposite type of blood: either A
antibodies or B antibodies
• Example:
• If you have type A blood, you carry B
antibodies, so you would NOT want a
blood transfusion of blood type B.
• Your body would consider the blood
foreign and fight the blood.
Blood Types:
Blood
•
Your blood will AGGLUTINATE – become clumpy if
you receive the wrong blood type!!!
Blood
Universal Blood Donors: People with Blood Type O
Universal Blood Recipients: People with Blood Type AB
Statistics
• http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/bloodtypes
Heart Rate During Exercise
• Why does your heart rate increase
during periods of aerobic activity???
When Things Go Wrong:
Circulatory System
When Things Go Wrong:
Disruptions in Homeostasis
• 1. Sickle Cell Anemia:
• Hereditary disease where red blood cells form an abnormal
crescent shape.
• Deliver less oxygen to cells than normal rbc’s.
• Causes extreme pain
• No Cure
Sickle Cell Anemia
When Things Go Wrong:
Disruptions in Homeostasis
• 2. Hemophilia
• Inherited rare bleeding disorder where blood does not clot
properly
• Decreased amount of or missing clotting factor
• Allows platelets to clump together to stop blood flow
• No cure. Treatment includes injections of clotting factors
When Things Go Wrong:
Disruptions in Homeostasis
• 3. Leukemia
• Cancer of the blood-forming tissues and lymphatic system.
• Usually starts with white blood cells, so the immune system has a
lessened ability to fight off infection
• Treatment varies depending on type:
When Things Go Wrong:
Disruptions in Homeostasis
• 4. Stroke
• When a blood clot blocks an artery or a blood vessel breaks
disrupting blood flow to the brain
• When brain cells die during a stroke, abilities controlled by that
area of the brain are lost. These abilities include speech,
movement and memory.
• How a stroke patient is affected depends on where the stroke
occurs in the brain and how much the brain is damaged.
Disruptions in Homeostasis
• 1. High Blood
Pressure
• Also called hypertension
• When pressure is 140/90
or greater.
• Left untreated, can
weaken walls of vessels
When Things Go Wrong:
Circulatory System
• 2. Heart Attack
• When the
coronary arteries
become blocked
• Can’t provide
nutrients to heart
tissue
• Leads to tissue
death
When Things Go Wrong:
Circulatory System
• 3. Heart Murmurs
• An extra or unusual sound heard during a
heartbeat.
• Range from very faint to very loud. Sometimes
they sound like a whooshing or swishing noise.
• Usually harmless
• http://www.dundee.ac.uk/medther/Cardiolog
y/hsmur.html
Technology
• Valve Replacements
Technology
• Pacemaker
• Small device
placed in the
chest or abdomen
to help control
abnormal heart
rhythms.
• Uses electrical
pulses to get the
heart to beat at a
normal rate
Technology
• Artificial Heart
• Mimics a real human heart
• Requires external power system
energizes and regulates the pump
through a system of compressed air
hoses that enter the heart through the
chest.
• Since the system is cumbersome and
open to infection, the use of an
artificial heart is meant to be
temporary.
Technology
• Stents
• Open up
blocked
vessels
Yellow – plaque
Red = blood flow
Applicable NY State Learning
Standards
• Performance Indicator 1.2
• Major understandings: 1.2a, 1.2b, 1.2c, 1.2d, 1.2e, 1.2f, 1.2g,
1.2h
• Performance indicator 5.3
• Major understanding: 5.3b
• Performance indicator 5.1
• Major understandings: 5.1c, 5.1f
Key Questions for Unit:
1. How do human body systems work together to
maintain homeostasis?
2. How do the parts within an organ system stay
coordinated in order to keep internal balance
(tissues and cells within organs must be
coordinated)?
3. What feedback mechanisms are in place to
allow human body systems to stay
coordinated?