Transcript CHapter 1 SpEDx

Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
Chapter 1
Prefix/suffix
Levels of Organization
Basic Functions
Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology
Homeostasis Regulation
Intro to Organ Systems
Language of Anatomy
Levels of Organization
• We will examine the human body at several different levels, from
submicroscopic (cannot see without a microscope) to macroscopic
(can see with the naked eye)
• Shows relationships between the levels of organization
• The organization at each level determines both structure and
function.
Levels- smallest to largest
• Molecular Level- composed of Atoms (P,N,E). The number of protons the atom has
determines what element (He, O) it is. These elements combine to form different shaped
molecules, all with different functions.
• Organelle Level- the different molecules, all with a specific function, combine
together to form an organelle. Example: mitochondria, ribosome
• Cellular Level- different organelles interact to form a cell, the basic unit of life.
• Tissue Level- similar cells working together to perform a specific function. Example:
Heart Muscle cells group together to form Cardiac tissue
• Organ Level- consists of 2 or more tissues working together to perform a specific
function. Example: heart, lungs
• Organ System Level- consists of 2 or more organs working together to perform a
specific function. Example: Respiratory System: heart, lungs, blood vessels.
• Organism Level- consists of 2 or more organ systems working together to
sustain life. Example: human
How are they connected?
• When something affects one part of the organization level, all other
levels will be affected.
Example: What would happen if you lost a massive amount of blood??
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The heart cannot pump blood effectively
Blood cannot flow properly
Oxygen and nutrients will not be distributed to other cells
Cells of various tissues will start to die
Organs will stop working throughout the body
Eventually the organism will die
Basic functions all organisms perform
• Responsiveness (Respond)- respond to changes in their environment
• Stimulus/response effect:
• Stimulus- change in environment
• Response- how u react
• Example: You place your hand on the hot stove…….
• Growth- increase in size through the growth and number of cells
• Individual cells become specialized (Differentiation)
• Reproduction- creating more generations
• Sexual- 2 parents creating a child, combining 2 sets of DNA
• Asexual (Mitosis)- 1 parent, making exact copies of cells
• Movement- internal (food, blood) or external (through the environment)
• Metabolism- all the chemical reactions happening in the body.
• Example: the complex reactions that convert food into energy.
• Most metabolic reactions create waste (harmful unneeded products) that the body needs to
get rid of (excrete)
Break down of A&P
• Anatomy- the study of internal and external structure
• Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic)- visible with the eye
• Surface- general form and markings
• Regional- features in a specific region
• Systemic- structures of major organ systems
• Microscopic Anatomy- structures that cannot be seen without magnification
• Example: cytology, histology
• Physiology- the study of how organisms perform their vital (needed)
functions
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Cell physiology- study the function of the cell
Special physiology- study of the function of a specific organ
Systemic physiology- study of the function of a whole system
Pathology- diseases of organs and the systems functions
Concept Check:
• 1) How are vital functions such as growth, responsiveness,
reproduction, and movement dependent on metabolism?
• (help: what does metabolism mean or do)
• 2) Would a histologist more likely be considered a specialist in
microscopic anatomy or in gross anatomy? Why?
Homeostasis: stable internal condition
• Your body is constantly trying to regulate itself. The smallest change
causes your body to start its regulation process.
• Example: change in temperature, blood levels, salt levels, water levels
• Regulation- the adjustment in physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
• Homeostatic Regulation:
• 1) a receptor: part of body sensitive to the change (stimulus)
• 2) a control center: receives and processes the information from the receptor,
usually the nerves and brain
• 3) an effector: responds to the commands of the control center
WHEN REGULATION FAILS, ORGANS AND SYSTEMS BEGIN TO MALFUNCTION!!
Basic Example
Control Center= Thermostat that monitors temperature
Receptor= thermometer that takes the temperature and
reports back to the control center, sensitive to
temperature
Effector= heater or air conditioner turns on
Temperature control:
A variation outside the desired range triggers an
automatic response.
Negative and Positive Feedback
Homeostatic Regulation
• Negative Feedback: A variation outside of the normal limits that
triggers a response that corrects the situation. (opposes it, negates it,
brings in back to normal)
• Example using thermostat: Thermostat is set for 65 degrees, thermometer
reads 75, what happens? (Air conditioner or heat turns on)
• Most organisms have normal ranges not one set limit
• Positive Feedback: A variation outside of the normal limits that
triggers a response that reinforces or heightens the situation, makes it
worse.
• Example using thermostat: Thermostat is set for 65 degrees, thermometer
reads 75, what happens? (Air conditioner or heat turns on)
• You mainly see this feedback in dangerous or stressful situations that must be
completed quickly.
Positive or Negative Feedback?
1) My stomach is growling, so I eat
food.
2) I cut myself, so my body
produces more blood cells to send
to the are of injury.
Check point!!!!
1) Why is homeostatic regulation important to humans?
2) Why would positive feedback be unsuitable for the regulation of
body temperature?
3) What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down?
In 2007, Kati Mori took part in the London Marathon – her fourth, and the
hottest on record, with temperatures peaking at 75 F. Conscious of the
repeated advice to maintain fluid intake, she took frequent drinks at the
water stations along the route.
By the 18th mile, Kati felt bad but
was determined to finish, Near the
end, she needed help from other
runners to stay upright; hours later
she was in the hospital, suffering
from severe diarrhea, headache,
vomiting and increasing confusion,
with her legs endlessly mimicking a
running motion. “I thought I was still
in the marathon,” she says.
Essential Question: What happened to Kati Mori at the
London Marathon?
When Kati arrived at the hospital and doctors began to
collect information, they discovered that she weighed
128 lbs. Oddly, when she checked in to the race, she
weighed 126 lbs.
The doctor
suggests that Kati
might have
“hyponatremia.”
What do you think
that is?
In cases of water intoxication, it is
extreme hyponatremia that can
ultimately cause coma and death.
The doctor orders a drug that
increases urination. Kati is able to
clear the extra water from her
body and recovers.
How does Kati’s story relate
to HOMEOSTASIS?
Which of the 10 life
processes were
compromised in Kati’s
situation?
Organ Systems
1) Integumentary
2) Skeletal
3) Muscular
4) Nervous
5) Endocrine
6) Cardiovascular
7) Lymphatic
8) Respiratory
9) Digestive
10) Urinary
11) Reproductive
Integumentary (SKIN)
• MAIN FUNCTION: Protects against environmental hazards, helps control body
temperature
• MAIN ORGANS:
ORGAN
Function
Epidermis
Covers surface
Hair Follicle
Produce hair and oil
Sweat Glands
Produces perspiration for cooling
Nails
Protect and stiffen ends of fingers/toes
Sensory Receptors
Provides sensation of touch/pressure
Subcutaneous Layer Stores fat, attaches skin to deeper structures
Skeletal
• MAIN FUNCTION: Provides support and protects tissues and organs, forms
blood
• MAIN COMPONENTS:
COMPONENT
FUNCTION
BONES
Axial skeleton
Skull, ribs, vertebrae (middle)
Appendicular skeleton
Supports and moves the axial skeleton,
limbs (arms and legs)
Bone Marrow
Makes red and white blood cells
Muscular
• MAIN FUNCTION: Allows for movement, produces heat
• MAIN ORGANS:
Component
Function
Skeletal Muscles
Axial Muscles
Moves Axial skeleton
Appendicular Muscles
Moves Appendicular Skeleton
Tendons
Connects muscle to bone
Nervous
• MAIN FUNCTION: Directs response to a stimuli
• MAIN ORGANS:
Organ
Function
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Control center that process information
Brain
Performs complex functions, controls
voluntary and involuntary activities
Spinal Cord
Relays information to and from brain
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Links the CNS with rest of body
Endocrine
• MAIN FUNCTION: produce and release hormones,
chemical substances produced in the body that regulate
the activity of cells or organs
• MAIN ORGANS:
Organs
Function
Pineal Gland
In charged of your sleep patterns
(circadian rhythm)
Pituitary Gland
Regulates growth (HgH)
Thyroid
Controls metabolic rate
Thymus
Trains and develops white blood cells
(immunity)
Adrenal Gland
Adjusts water balance, cardiovascular,
and respiratory activity
Kidneys
Controls Red blood cell production and
regulates blood pressure
Pancreas
Regulates blood sugar
Cardiovascular
• MAIN FUNCTION: Transport of materials (nutrients,
cells, waste, and gases) through body
• MAIN ORGANS:
Component
Function
Heart
Pumps blood
Blood Vessels
Distributes blood through out the body
Arteries
Carries blood away from heart
Veins
Carries blood to the heart
Blood
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
nutrients. Defense against diseases
Lymphatic
• MAIN FUNCTION: Defends against infection and disease
• MAIN ORGANS:
Component
Function
Lymph nodes
Contain cells that make a immune
response
Spleen
Monitors circulating blood
Thymus
Trains and develops white blood cells
(lymphocytes)
Respiratory
• MAIN FUNCTION: Delivers air to sites where gas
exchange can occur
• MAIN ORGANS:
Component
Function
Nasal Cavity (nose)
Filters incoming air, detects smell
Pharynx
Brings air to larynx
Larynx
Protects opening to trachea, contains
vocal cords
Trachea
Filters air again, traps particles in mucus
Lungs
Responsible for air movement
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange between air and
blood
Digestive
• MAIN FUNCTION: processes food and absorbs nutrients
• MAIN ORGANS:
Component
Function
Salivary Glands
Provides lubrication and begins digestion
Pharynx
Brings solid food and liquids to
esophagus
Esophagus
Delivers food to stomach
Stomach
Makes acids and enzymes that break
down food
Small intestine
Absorbs nutrients
Liver
Secretes bile
Gallbladder
Stores bile for release into the small
intestines
Large Intestine
Absorbs any remaining water and
removes fecal material
Urinary
• MAIN FUNCTION: Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products
• MAIN ORGANS:
Component
Function
Kidneys
Form urine, regulate ion
concentrations
Ureters
Bring urine from kidneys to
bladder
Bladder
Stores urine until released
Urethra
Brings urine from bladder to
outside body
Reproductive (MALE)
• MAIN FUNCTION: Produce sex cells (sperm) and
hormones
• MAIN ORGANS:
Organ
Function
Testes
Produces sperm and hormones
Epididymis
Site of sperm maturation
Vas Deferens
Brings sperm from Epididymis to prostate
Prostate
Secretes fluid and enzymes
Penis
Contains erectile tissue
Scrotum
Surrounds testes to control their
temperature
Reproductive (Female)
• MAIN FUNCTION: Produce sex cells (eggs) and
hormones
• MAIN ORGANS:
Organ
Function
Ovaries
Produces oocytes (immature eggs) and
hormones
Uterine tubes
Where fertilization happens
Uterus
Site of embryonic (baby) development
Vagina
Birth canal, Site of sperm deposit
Mammary Glands
Produces milk
Language of Anatomy
• If I said, “this patient has a bump on their back”, what might you ask
yourself that would be relevant?
• Anatomy has its own language when it comes to referencing a
structure, region, location, or movement
Anatomical Position (standard)
• Anatomical Position:
• Standing erect
• hands at your side with palms facing forward
• and feet together
• If in a laying down position:
• Face up: supine
• Face down: prone
Abdominopelvic quadrants
• Abdominal/pelvic quadrants are used for
describing locations in your lower trunk
(below diaphragm)
• First draw 2 perpendicular (+) lines
through the bellybutton, then left with:
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RUQ- right upper quadrant
RLQ- right lower quadrant
LUQ- left upper quadrant
LLQ- left lower quadrant
Directional Terms
Directional Terms
Term
Region/reference
Anterior/Ventral
The front/before
Posterior/Dorsal
The back/behind
Superior
Above, toward the head
Inferior
Below, toward the feet
Medial
Toward the centerline of body
Lateral
Away from centerline of body
Proximal
Toward an attached limb base
Distal
Away from an attached limb base
Superficial
Close to body surface
Deep
Farther from body surface
Centerline- imagine a
line drawn down the
center of your face,
chest, and down
through the
bellybutton
Practice/Understanding
• 1) The head is more _________ than the belly button.
• 2) The finger are more ________ than the elbow.
• 3) The knee is more ________ than the foot.
• 4) The chin is more _________ than the nose.
• 5) The nose is more _________ than the ears.
Sectional Anatomy
• Planes- slice through a 3-dimensional object (human)
1) Transverse Plane- horizontal cut through body resulting in a top and bottom
portion.
2) Frontal Plane- vertical cut through the entire body resulting in a front and
back portion
3) Sagittal Plane- vertical cut through the entire body resulting in a left and
right portion
Check for understanding
What plane cut would I use if:……
1) I wanted to separate my 2 eyes/ left from right
2) I wanted to look down into my brain
3) I wanted my face on one plane and my buttocks on another
4) I wanted my 2 have a palm up side and a back of hand side
5) I wanted to separate my mouth and nose
A really sharp pane of
glass fell on this
unfortunate character.
From the movie “Thirteen Ghosts”
- What kind of cut is this?
What kind of cut is this?
Body Cavities and the organ(s) that is in it
• 2 Major Cavities that contain the internal organs:
• Dorsal body cavity- runs along the…….. of the body
• Broken into the cranial cavity(brain) and the spinal cavity (spinal cord)
• Ventral body Cavity- found on the …… of the body
• Broken into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity…..the Diaphragm (domed
shaped muscle) separates the two
• Thoracic: separated into a Left and Right pleural cavity (has one of each lung) and a
Medial cavity called the Pericardial (has the heart, trachea, esophagus)
• Abdominopelvic: separated into the abdominal cavity (has the stomach intestines,
spleen, and liver) and the pelvic cavity (has the bladder, reproductive organs, and the
rectum)
Membranes
• The walls of the cavities are coated with a thin, double layered
membrane called the serous membrane. (produces serous or
lubricating fluid so when organs rub, no friction or harm)
• The body has 3 major serous membranes:
• The Pleura Membrane: line the pleural cavity
• The Pericardium Membrane: lines the pericardial cavity
• The Peritoneal Membrane: lines the abdominopelvic cavity
• Each of the 3 Serous Membranes has a Parietal layer and a Visceral
layer (remember, double layered)
• Parietal: side by cavity
• Visceral: side by organ
Check for Understanding
• 1) As a surgeon, you are performing an invasive procedure where you
need to cut through the peritoneum. Are you more likely to be
operating on the stomach or the heart?
• 2) In which body cavity would you find the following organ or systems?
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A) cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems
B) Heart and lungs
C) stomach and intestines
D) brain and spinal cord
• 3) What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?