Transcript flies
Week 32, Day Three HW # 108- Read Grasshopper Anatomy. Locate the marked parts (pg 3) and color on the diagram provided. STUDY FOR QUIZ Tomorrow View the grasshopper dissection ppt. Warm up We are refocusing on our phyla. We will be discussing arthropods and echinoderms. What types of animals are found in these phyla? Warm up Response An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages. EX: insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. An echinoderm is a sea animal that has a hard spiny shell, or exoskeleton. Echinoderms display radial symmetry, having 5 similar body extensions from a central point. The seven classes of echinoderms are brittle stars, basket stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, feather stars, and sea cucumbers. Homework Response/Check • Did you work on your coral reef “essay” (due Friday)? • Arthropods & Echinoderms Arthropods and Echinoderms Characteristics of Arthropods • External skeleton • Segmented body • Jointed attachments called appendages Crustaceans • • • • • • 2 or 3 body sections, 5 or more legs Examples: 1. Crayfish 2. Lobsters 3. Crabs 4. Shrimp Arachnids • 2 body sections • 4 pairs of legs • No antennae • EX: spider, mites, ticks, and scorpions Centipedes • • • • 2 body sections Many pairs of legs Gills to obtain oxygen Antennae Millipedes • Thousand legs Insects • • • • 3 body sections Six legs One pair of antennae One or two pairs of wings • EX. Ants, bees, and butterflies etc. Make a bar graph • Use this data to make a quick bar graph. You will need to covert data to percentages. • • • • • Ants, Bees, Wasps: 115,000 Beetles and Weevils: 350,000 Butterflies and Moths: 178,000 Flies and Mosquitoes: 110,000 Other insect groups: 147,000 The insect life cycle (review) • • • • 1 egg 2. larva 3. pupa 4 adult • METAMORPHOSIS Gradual metamorphosis • • • • 1. Egg 2. Nymph 3. Larger Nymph 4. Adult Echinoderms! • Invertebrates with an internal skeleton and a system of fluid –filled tubes called a water vascular system. • The endoskeleton is made up of hardened plates • Water vascular system: force water into tube feet so they can move and capture food 4 types of echinoderms • • • • 1. Sea Stars 2. Brittle Stars 3. Sea Urchins 4. Sea Cucumbers Insects Inside and Out Wheel Bug More than 100,000 species of insects are found almost everywhere in North America, but very few are harmful. Insects are important to the food chain, pollination, honey, wax, shellac, silk, food, scavenging, and decomposing. Lady beetle adult and larva - good or bad? Let's examine which insects are "good" and which ones are "bad". Are lady beetles good or bad? Well, they are good when they eat aphids, but bad when hundreds collect inside your house. Honey bees - good or bad? Jim Kalish Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Are honey bees good or bad? They are good when they pollinate and produce honey, but bad when they sting. Termites - good or bad? © 1998-2003 Troy Bartlett They are bad when they eat the wood in your house, but good when they break down dead and fallen trees. • • • • • • • Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species In school we learned that animals are divided into smaller and smaller groups. Let's look where insects fit in the animal kingdom. From top to bottom, each category has fewer species, and the groups of animals within each category are increasingly similar. • • • • • • • Kingdom- animal Phylum - arthropod Class - insect Order - diptera Family - muscidae Genus - Musca species - domestica Using the house fly as an example. Notice the genus and species is the official scientific name of the animal. This name is valid in any country of the world and is an important way to avoid confusion. This two-word Latin naming system was developed in 1758 and has hardly changed since then. There are some important things to House Fly Musca = fly domestica = home Scientific names are always two words. The first part of the name (Genus) is always capitalized. This lets us know that it is the genus. The second name is always in lower case and is usually descriptive of the insect in some manner. Because these words are in Latin, they are always italicized (or underlined which substitutes for italics). Interesting Scientific Names Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth) Interesting Scientific Names Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth) Heerz lukenatcha Marsh (braconid wasp) Interesting Scientific Names Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth) Heerz lukenatcha Marsh (braconid wasp) Pieza rhea Evenhuis (mythicomyiid fly) Interesting Scientific Names Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth) Heerz lukenatcha Marsh (braconid wasp) Pieza rhea Evenhuis (mythicomyiid fly) Verae peculya Marsh (braconid wasp) Insects also have common names. One problem with common names is that there may be more than one common name for the same insect. Common names often differ between geographical regions. Do you know what a skeeter hawk is? Or a cow killer? Did you know a velvet ant really is not an ant, but a wingless wasp? ...and locusts are really a type of grasshopper - not a cicada. Skeeter Hawk Cicada Cow Killer Locust Velvet ant Locust Important rules govern the use of common names. If the insect truly belongs to the group that the name denotes, then the common name should be two words. For example, a honey bee is a true member of the bees, so honey bee (or bumble bee) is always spelled as two words despite what your common dictionary may print. honey bee honeybee bumble bee Which of the following should be two words? • butterfly • dragonfly • horsefly • housefly • whitefly • damselfly • fruitfly • mayfly Only these insects are true flies • butterfly • dragonfly • horse fly • house fly • whitefly • damselfly • fruit fly • mayfly External Anatomy Adult insects are known for having three major body regions, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two pair of wings as adults. head thorax abdomen Adult insects develop as a composite of fused segments with specific body part associations. from the 1995 Physiology or Medicine Nobel Poste antennae compound eyes The first body region is the head. Insect heads can be highly variable, but most possess eyes, antennae and mouthparts. HEAD head mouthparts Antennae beetle butterfly fly ant termite June beetle Antennae are used by insects as major sensory devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive for the insect in many ways. Two Examples of Mouthparts chewing piercing/sucking Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for the insect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a few examples. Mouthparts of an immature insect may differ from those of the same insect in its adult stage. Picture of bodyparts The middle body region is called the thorax and is composed of three fused segments. All legs and wings are located on the thorax. Thorax swimming digging suction Legs grasping Like the mouthparts and antennae, insect legs are quite variable in form and function and reflect the insect's lifestyle. The last body region is called the abdomen. It is composed of many segments connected by flexible sections allowing it great movement. Abdomen Insects possess an exterior covering called the exoskeleton. They do not have internal bones. This segmented "shell" is what gives insects shape and can be very hard in some insects. It is often covered with a waxy layer and may have "hairs" called setae. seta ( hair) waxy layer Exoskeleton x-sec Internal Anatomy Inside the insect we find the systems for respiration, circulation, nerves, and digestion, but there is little resemblance to the same systems found in man or other mammals. Digestive System foregut hindgut Digestive sys midgut The digestive system is a tube that opens at the mouth and empties at the tail end of the insect. It is divided into three parts called the foregut, midgut, and hind gut. In some insects such as the honey bee, the foregut acts as a crop to carry or hold liquids which can be regurgitated later. Circulatory System “ heart ” aortic pumps Circ system The circulatory system is not composed of a central heart, veins and arteries which circulate blood cells and transport oxygen. The insect circulatory system is a simple tube down the back which is open at both ends and slowly pulses body fluids and nutrients from the rear of the insect to the head. Insects have a less centralized nervous system than humans. The nerve chord runs along the ventral or bottom aspect of an insect. The brain is divided into two main parts. The largest lobes control important areas such as the eyes, antennae, and mouthparts. Other major concentrations of nerve bundles called ganglia occur along the nerve chord and usually control two lobed brain those body functions closest to it. Nervous system nerve bundles (ganglia) Nervous System The respiratory system is composed of air sacs and tubes called tracheae. Air enters the tubes through a series of openings called spiracles found along the sides of the body. The largest spiracles are usually found on the thorax where greater musculature from wings and legs require more oxygen. There are no spiracles on the head. spiracles Respiratory System tracheal tubes Life Cycles The many diverse orders of insects have four different types of life cycles. These life cycles are called "metamorphosis" because of the changes of shape that the insects undergo during development. egg Without Metamorphosis nymphs adult Without meta The first type is "without" metamorphosis which the wingless primitive orders such as silverfish (Thysanura) and springtails (Collembola) possess. The young resemble adults except for size. Incomplete Metamorphosis egg naiads adult Incomplete meta The second type is "incomplete" metamorphosis which is found among the aquatic insect orders such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and dragonflies (Odonata). Gradual Metamorphosis The third type is "gradual" metamorphosis seen in such orders as the grasshoppers (Orthoptera), termites (Isoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera). This life cycle starts as an egg, but each growth, or nymphal stage looks similar, except it lacks wings and the reproductive capacity that Gradual meta the adult possesses. egg nymphs adult Complete Metamorphosis The fourth type is "complete" metamorphosis found in butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the four stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct. egg larvae pupa adult It should be noted that because insects are hardbodied, they cannot grow larger gradually. Instead they grow larger in steps by shedding the hard exoskeleton for a brief period of expansion. The brief periods between or within stages are called molts. Insects are soft-bodied and vulnerable during this time. recently molted roach Today we've discussed what makes an animal an insect and the main characteristics of an insect. Hopefully you will have a better understanding of how Jack Kelly Clark insects fit into our environment and why Blue Slide information prepared by Stephen B. Bambara Extension Entomologist NC STATE Copyright 2001 UNIVERSITY