Transcript The Respiratory System

Presented by Joe Kern & Joe Earich
Objectives:
Describe the primary functions of the
respiratory system.
 Explain how the delicate respiratory
exchange surfaces are protected from
pathogens, debris and other hazards.
 Have a better understanding for the
respiratory system as a whole.

Preview:
The respiratory system is a big system
with many unique features that work
together to supply the body with much
needed oxygen while removing harmful
carbon dioxide at the same time
Functions of the Respiratory
System:
1. Providing extensive surface area for
gas exchange between air and
circulating blood.
 2. Move air to and from the exchange
surfaces of the lungs along respiratory
passages.

Functions cont…
3. Protecting respiratory surfaces from
dehydration, temperature changes and
defending the respiratory system and
other tissues from invasion by
pathogens.
 4. Producing sounds involved in
speaking, singing, and other forms of
communication.

Functions cont…

5. Facilitating the detecting of olfactory
stimuli by olfactory receptors in the
superior portions of the nasal cavity.
Nasal cavity
Frontal sinus
Nasal conchae
Nose
Sphenoidal sinus
Internal nares
UPPER
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
LOWER
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Tongue
Pharynx
Hyoid bone
Larynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
RIGHT
LUNG
LEFT
LUNG
Diaphragm
Organizing the Respiratory
System:
The components of the respiratory system
can be divided into two parts:
1. Upper Respiratory System:
- Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx etc.
2. Lower Respiratory System:
- Larynx, Trachea, bronchi etc.
Upper Respiratory System:
The part of the respiratory system that is
responsible for filtering, warming, and
humidifying the incoming air. Structures of the
Upper respiratory system include:
 Superior/middle/Inferior Meatus: Narrow
grooves in the nasal cavity that aid in dehumidifying the
incoming air

Pharynx: Chamber at the top of the throat that is shared
by both the esophagus and the Larynx.
Lower Respiratory System:
Main portion of the respiratory system
other than the nasal and throat organs.
The lower respiratory system includes:

Larynx:

Alveoli: Air filled sacs in the lungs where all gas
Opening from the that separates the lungs from
the throat. Controls sound waves and what air goes in and
out.
exchanges between air and blood occurs.
The Larynx cont.
At the beginning of the Larynx there is
something called the Glottis.
 Glottis: The narrow opening at the beginning of the

Larynx.

Epiglottis: Above the glottis is the epiglottis, which forms
a lid over the glottis preventing foods and liquids from
entering the respiratory tract.
The Trachea

The next accessory down is the
Trachea, it’s basically the windpipe, a
tough and flexible tube with a diameter
of 2.5cm and a length of 11cm.
The Lungs:
After you reach the Trachea and travel down
a bit, the trachea branches and forms the Left
and Right Primary Bronchi.
In between the two bronchi is a little ridge
separating them called the Carina.
The Lungs cont.
As you go down past the Bronchi, you will
begin to reach the Bronchioles.
 Bronchiole: Branches of Bronchi that go off in different
directions to cover more surface area of the heart.
Diseases with the Respiratory
System:

Emphysema: A condition in which the air sacs of the
lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness.

Asthma: Process where bronchiolar mucosa gets thrown
into a series of folds and limits airflow.
Diseases with the Respiratory
System cont…
 Bronchitis: Disease where the
Bronchi and Bronchioles can become
inflamed and constricted causing
tension and making it harder to
breathe.
Blood and Air Supply to Lungs
Blood and air supply to the lungs both rely on the
Alveoli.
Deoxygenated blood arrives from the heart, gets
taken to alveoli where the transfer of gasses is made
and then oxygenated blood is shipped to the heart.
All of the capillary beds control the blood flow around
the lungs.
Respiratory Physiology:

Pulmonary Ventilation: The physical movement of
air into and out of the respiratory tract. This is necessary to
maintain good airflow in and out of the Alveoli.
Pressure on the Lungs:
The lungs fill and deflate hundreds of
times a day, but why? It’s simple, right
after you inhale air, a lot of pressure will
develop to push the air out of the lungs.
This is a process that our bodies repeat
hundreds of times a day, every single day
of the year.
The Mechanics of Breathing:
There are different kinds of muscles that contribute to
breathing but the most important is the Diaphragm.
 Diaphragm: Separate thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities, they increase the depth of the thoracic
cavity and they aid in the buildup of pressure in
the lungs.
Modes of Breathing:

Quiet Breathing: Normal breathing, takes
muscle contractions to inhale but exhaling is
passive.

Deep Breathing: Deeper breaths are made,
diaphragm contracts to make more room and all
air is exhaled passively.

Forced Breathing: Calls on accessory
muscled to aid with both inhalation and exhalation.
Respiratory Rates and Volumes:
Respiratory Rate: The number of breaths you take
each minute, can be determined by counting each
on for a minute, or counting for 30 seconds and
multiplying by two.
 Respiratory Minute Volume: You’re trying to
calculate the amount of air moved each minute.
You can do that by multiplying the respiratory rate
times the tidal volume. Ve(Volume of air moved
each minute) = f(Resp. rate) X Vt(Tidal Volume)
 Tidal Volume: The amount of air you move into or
out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle.

Resp. Rates & Volumes cont.
Alveolar Ventilation: Amount of air reaching the
alveoli each minute. Its expressed by Va.
To determine that alveolar ventilation, you need to
set it up in the following formula:
Va = f X (Vt-Vd)
 Atomic Dead Space: The volume of air in the
conducting passages. Denoted Vd.

Respiratory Capacity:




Resting Tidal Volume: Amount of air you move into
or out of your lungs during a single respiratory
cycle under resting conditions. Average is about
500 ml in both males and females.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Amount of air
that you can voluntarily expel after you have
completed a normal, quiet respiratory cycle.
Residual Volume: Amount of air that remains in
your lungs even after a maximal exhalation,
typically 1200ml in males and 1100ml in females.
Minimal Volume: Amount of air in lungs if they
were allowed to collapse. Around 30 to 120ml.
Respiratory Capacity cont.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume: Amount of air that you can
take in over and above the tidal volume. Average for
males is 3300 ml and 1900 ml in females.
 Inspiratory Capacity: The amount of air that you can
draw into your lungs after you have completed a quiet
respiratory cycle.
 Functional Residual Capacity: Amount of air remaining
in your lungs after you have completed a quiet
respiratory cycle.
 Total Lung Capacity: Total volume of your lungs
calculated by adding the vital capacity and the residual
volume.

Systemic Circuit

This circuit is all about getting oxygen
where it needs to go so it can supply the
rest of the body with its nutrients. It
involves not only the heart, but the lungs
bringing in and removing the oxygen.
Aging Respiratory System:

It’s inevitable, even if we don’t smoke a
cigarette and stay away from all harmful
pollutants, your respiratory system will
lose 25% of its functioning capabilities
by the time you hit your 70’s. That is far
better than if you were to smoke all of
your life you would be luck to make it to
your 70’s.
Conclusion:

Without the respiratory system, we wouldn’t be
able to live, our brain couldn’t function, our heart
couldn’t pump blood. We would be dead before we
had a chance. Also the respiratory system relies
on other systems to make it supply oxygen to the
body as efficiently as possible. The respiratory
system is one of the most important systems in the
body and its hard to realize how much we rely on it
when we don’t even realize how often we breathe.
THE END..
 THANK GOD
 YOU ALL WERE GREAT
 I HOPE..
