Transcript Aquatic Plants and Animals

Aquatic Plants and Animals
Chapter 2
US Aquatic Plant Species
• Important in Asia
• Europe and North America are dead last in
plant production
• Cultivate aquatic plants
– Production of food, feed, and chemical products
– Wastewater treatment
– Biomass production for conversion to energy
Common Name
Scientific Name
Water
Type
Uses
Notes
Spirulina
Spirulina spp.
F
Food
Protein content of some species
70%; collected and dried into
patties for human cosumption is
some Asian countries and Mexico;
nutritious supplement; distinct taste
Brown algae or kelp
Undaria pinnatifida
macro
Macrocystis pyrifera
Macrocystis
intergrifolia
S
Food
Mulch
Fertilizer
Phycocolloids
Called wakame in Japan; dried,
chopped, and used in salads;
brownish color comes from
xanthophyll; giant kelp may grow to
200 feet
Green algae
Monostroma macro
Enteromorpha
Chlorella
S, F
Food
Mulch
Fertilizer
Least cultured of three macroalage;
called aonori in Japan
Red algae or Laver
Porphyra spp.
Gelidium spp.
Gracilaria spp.
S, B
Food
Feed
Mulch
Fertilizer
Phycocolloids
Cultured in Japan back to 1570;
dried and high in protein; some
harvested for livestock feed; United
States leads in carrageen
prodcution-a phycocolloid
Duckweed
Lemna spp.
Spirodela spp.
Wolffia spp.
Wolfiella spp.
F
Feed
Waste water
treatment
Favorite food of herbivorous fish
and water fowl; harvested and used
for livestock feed; one of least
expensive to produce
Common Name
Scientific Name
Water
Type
Uses
Notes
Water spinach
Ipomoea reptans
F
Feed food
Commonly cultured in
Thailand, Malaysia, and
Singapore; often in
polyculture; low protein and
carbohydrate content
Water hyacinth
Eichhrnia crassipes
F
Waste water
treatment
Fuel source
Effectively removes waste
from water and easy to
harvest; possible used for
methane gas production
Chinese
waterchestnut
Eleocharis dulcis
F
Food
Small-scale production in
the US compared to Asia;
corm consumed; each corm
produces about 20 lbs. of
new corms in about 220
days; labor intensive; useful
in polyculture
Common Name
Scientific Name
Water
Type
Uses
Notes
Watercress
Nasturtium
officinale
F
Food
Primary freshwater
aquatic plant
produced in the US;
requires abundant
continuous flowing
water; many people
harvest wild crop
Cattail
Typha latifolia
T. Angustifolia
F
Ornamental
Grown in aquatic
gardens and used in
dried flower
arrangements;
edible parts but not
cultured for food
Arrowhead
Sagittaria sp.
F
Ornamental
Grown in aquatic
gardens; edible
parts but not
cultured for food
• Phycocolloid – carrageen – obtained from
plants
– Used in foods for gelling, thickening, and
stabilizing
• Phytoplankton
– Primary producers
– Photosynthesis – using sunlight and carbon
dioxide to produce oxygen
– Food source for zooplankton
– Bloom – helps shade out unwanted rooted aquatic
plants (pond fertilization)
US Aquatic Animal Species
Common Name
Scientific Name
Water
Temp
Water
Type
Diet
Notes
Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar
C
A
C
Important as rod catalyst, sport fish, and
commercial netting; fishing regulated by
national, international, and local laws
Bighead carp
Aristichthys
nobilis
W
F
C
Excellent food animal; suited for
polyculture; acceptance increasing in the
US
Black bullhead
Ictalurus melas
W
F
O
Susceptible to disease; tolerant of adverse
water conditions; demand low
Blue catfish
Ictalurus
furcatus
W
F
C
Some culture work; silvery white to light
blue color
Brook trout
Salvelinus
fontinalis
C
F
C
Used in hybrid crosses with Lake TroutSplake
Brown Trout
Salmo trutta
C
F
C
Naturalized populations on every continent
except Antarctica
Buffalofish
Ictiobus
cyprinellus
W
F
C
Technology for spawning and rearing
available; possible polyculture species
Common Name
Scientific Name
Water
Temp
Water
Type
Diet
Notes
Channel catfish
Ictalurus
punctatus
W
F
O
Principal farm-raised species in the US;
oxygen depletion major problem
Chinook Salmon
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
C
A
C
Coastal species; researched and
cultured in New Zealand; may live in
freshwater
Chum salmon
Oncorhynchus
keta
C
A
C
Most cold tolerant of Pacific salmon;
widest distribution; hatchery techniques
developed in Japan
Coho salmon
Oncorhynchus
kisutch
C
A
C
Grow rapidly second year when feeding
on other fish; introduce into Great Lakes
to feed on alewife, smelts, and sea
lampreys
Common Carp
Cyprinus carpio
W
F
O
Deep yellow body; member of minnow
family
Crappie
Pponoxis spp.
W
F
C
Member of sunfish family, centrachidae;
spawn readily
Cutthroat trout
Salmo clarki
C
F
C
Possible to propagate artificially; hybrid
potential
Common Name
Scientific Name
Water
Temp
Water
Type
Diet
Notes
Fathead
minnow
Phimephales w
W
F
O
Baitfish; short-ived; seldom reach 3 in.
or 3 years
Flathead catfish
Pylodictic
olivaris
W
F
C
Predator species; not economical to
raise on large scale
Golden shiner
Notemigonus
crysoleucas
W
F
C
Baitfish; large member of minnow
family; grows to over 8 in
Goldfish
Carassius
auratus
W
F
H
Baitfish; very hardy; used as feed fish or
forage fish
Grass carp
Ctenopharyngo
don idella
W
F
H
Slim carp feeds on aquatic plants but
accepts pelleted feed when cultured;
cultured in Asia
Lake Trout
Salvelinus
namaychus
C
F
C
Used in hybrid crosses with Brook TroutSplake
Largemouth
Bass
Micropterus
salmoides
W-C
F
C
Large bass eat small ones; spawn in
gravel nest; jaw extends beyond eye
Milkfish
Chanos chanos
W
S-B
H
Very disease resistant; popular in
tropical Pacific; will not spawn in
captivity
Mullet, striped
Mugil cephalus
W-C
F-B-S
H
Commonly cultured; tropical and
semitriopical; possible polyculture
Common Name
Scientific Name
Water
Temp
Water
Type
Diet
Notes
Muskellunge
Esox
masquinongy
C
F
C
Some cannibalism; prefer temperatures
warmer than trout but cooler than
catfish
Northern pike
Esox lucius
C
F
C
Wild stock usually captured for eggtaking; requires forage fish
Pink salmon
Oncorhynchus
gorbuscha
C
A
C
Attempts to extend range not very
successful; ranched in Alaska
Pompano
Trachinotus
carolinus
W
S
C
Tolerant to relatively high water
temperatures and low oxygen levels;
fast growth
Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
C
F
C
Tolerant to relatively high water
temperatures and low oxygen levels;
fast growth
Red drum
Sciaenops
ocellata
W
S–B
O
Popular in Cajun-style restaurants;
popular sport fish; some successful
culture
Smallmouth
bass
Micropterus
dolomieui
W
F
C
Special equipment and techniques to
collect fry
Sockeye salmon
Oncorhynchus
nerka
C
A
C
Landlocked form called kohanec;
crustaceans diet; pigments flesh red
Steelhead
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
C
A
C
Anadromous form of Rainbow trout
Common Name
Scientific Name
Water
Temp
Water
Type
Diet
Notes
Striped Bass,
Hybrid
Morone
saxatilis x
Morone
chrysops
W
F
C
Cross of female striped bass and male
white bass; approved for aquaculture
late 1970s
Sturgeon
Acinpenseridae
spp.
C
F
O
Cultured to increase numbers; some
culture for roe
Sunfish (green,
bluegill, redear
Lepomis spp.
W
F
C
Spawn readily; hybridize easily; female
drap
Tilapia
Tilapia spp. W
W
F
H
Controlling reproduction a major
problem to culture; feed on algae,
detritus, and waste feed
Walleye
Stizostedion
vitreum vitreum
W-C
F
C
Wild stock captured for egg-taking;
requires long, slender forage fish
White catfish
Ictalurus catus
W
F
C
Determined inferior to channel catfish
for aquaculture; hard; stocked for feefishing ponds
White sucker
Catostomus
commersoni
C
F
C
Forage fish; adapt to formulated feed as
a supplemental diet
Yellow perch
Perca
flavescens
C
F
C
Famous in the Midwest; cultured in
Holland; some culture trials in US
Common Name
Scientific Name
Water
Type
Notes
Abalone, red
Haliotic rugescens
S
The only gastropod of significance cultured in US;
largest hatchery in California; prolific spawners
Clams (hard, soft)
Mercenaria
mercenaris
S
More culture of hard clam; not widely cultured
around the world; the US has most advanced
culture; two to seven years to market size
depending on location
Crabs (blue)
Callinectes Spidus
S
Primarily a fisheries product; aquaculture
techniques produce soft-shelled crabs
Crawfish
Procambarus clarkii
P. Blandingi acutus
F
About 300 species in the US; harvested from wild
and cultured; found on every continent except
Africa and Antarctica; six to fourteen months to
reach market size
Mussels
Mytilus edulis
S
New to US culture; easy to raise; grow faster than
other shellfish
Lobster
Homarus
americanus
S
Farming from egg to market size not profitable;
minimum of five years to reach market size
Prawns
Macrobrachium
rosenbergii
F-B
High demand; started in Hawaii
Oysters
Crassostrea virginica
S
Culture over 100 years old in the US; larvae swim
free then attach to something for rest of life
Shrimp
Penaeus spp.
s
Widely cultured in Asia but new to the US ; great
demand for shrimp
• Ornamental fish
– Over 100 species
– Occur in tropical – brackish water
– Major industry in central Florida
– Water temperature management – huge concern
– Culturalists specialize in the production of colorful
varieties
– Sailfin mollies, guppies, clown barbs, black tetras,
angelfish, and blue gouramies
• Bullfrogs
– Most come from wild
– Used for consumption
– Biological research – high demand compared to
supply
– Difficult to culture
– Japanese and Taiwanese practice open pond
culture of bullfrogs from eggs to adults
• Alligators
– Valued for meat and hide
– Overhunted and habitat destruction reduced
numbers
– Extensive conservation efforts restored numbers –
led to culture techniques (Texas, Georgia, South
Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida)
– Demand keeps prices high and production and
profitable
• Eels
– Gourmet food in Japan, Taiwan, and European
countries
– Complicated life cycles
– Spawn at sea and seed stock must be captured
from wild – migrate upstream
• Zooplankton
– Copepods (small crustaceans)
– Rotifers
– Serve as vital food source for all fish
– Primary consumers
Common Characteristics of Aquatic
Species
• Greater productive potential than terrestrial
(land) plants and animals
– Body temperature about same as environment
• Energy used for growth
– Body density similar to habitat
• Energy to overcome gravity can be used for growth
– Reduced energy required for getting food
• Filter feeders – energy to growth
– Efficient feed conversion
• 1lb of gain for 1.5 to 2 lbs of feed
– Rapid growth
• Rate of 10%/day
– Live in multidimensional environment
• Polyculture
• Floating cages,
• Successful culture needs to consider
– Reproductive habits
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Major requirement
Stable supply of seed
Reproductive processes need to be understood
Genetic selection and improvement
– Egg and larvae requirements
• Female oyster – 500 million eggs per year
• Crustaceans, crayfish – 500,000 to 1 million eggs
– Nutritional needs and feeding habits
• Low on food chain – uses low cost vegetable matter – carp,
tilapia, and crawfish
• High on food chain – more expensive high protein diet –
shrimp, trout and bass
• All needs met by aquatic environment
– Polyculture possibilities
• Depends on type of production system
• Intensive systems – growth rate more a concern than
efficiency of water space and nutrients
• Increases total aquatic production in volume of water
– Adaptability to crowding
• Increases productivity of a space while increasing
management for space
– Disease resistance
• Based on conditions at production sites
– Market demand
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Desired by consumers
Price consumers can afford
Prepared, easy-to-use forms of product
Storage to reach consumer
Desired flavor
Species
Spawning
Frequency
Eggs per pound of
Fish
Chinook salmon
Once per life span
350
Coho salmon
Once per life span
400
Sockeye salmon
Once per life span
500
Atlantic salmon
Annual-biennial
800
Trout
Annual
1,000-1,200
Northern pike
Annual
9,100
Walleye
Annual
25,000
Striped bass
Annual
100,000
Channel catfish
Annual
3.750
Largemouth bass
Annual
13,000
Smallmouth bass
Annual
8,000
Bluegill
Intermittent
50,000
Golden shiner
Intermittent
75,000
Goldfish
Intermittent
50,000
Common carp
Intermittent
60,000
Structures and Functions of Aquatic
Animals and Plants
• Animal surfaces
– Dorsal – upper surface
– Ventral – lower or abdominal surface
– Anterior – applies to front or head
– Posterior – tail or rear of animal
• Morphology
– Structure and form of fish
– Herbivores
• small upturned mouths – surface feeders like tilapia
• Downturned mouths – bottom feeders like catfish
– Homocercal
• single-lobed tail fins – slow swimmers – thrive in water
free of movement
– Heterocercal
• Forked tail fins – fast swimmers – thrive in flowing
water
• Body shape
– Fusiform – long body tapered toward the end
– Fast swimmers and need water space
• Wide and flat or ventrally compressed
– Stay on bottom and require lots of bottom space
for growth
• Laterally compressed
– Rounded and thin from side to side
– Hover in water
• Physiology
– Function of body
– Skeletal system
• Rigid framework – body shape and protect organs
• Bony or hard material and cartilage
• Internal (endoskeleton) or external (exoskeleton)
– Muscular system
• Provides movement for food and oxygen gathering and
eliminating wastes
– Digestive system
• Converts feed into form for body maintenance, growth,
and reproduction
– Digestive system
• Converts feed into form for body maintenance, growth,
and reproduction
• Assimilation – incorporation into the body
• Mouth to anus
• Vary according to diet
– Herbivores – plants
– Carnivores – animals
– Omnivores – both plants and animals
– Excretory system
• Eliminates wastes
• Kidneys, urinary ducts, urinary bladder, and urinary
opening
– Respiratory system
• Takes in oxygen, delivers to tissues and cells, picks up
carbon dioxide
• Gills take in oxygen by diffusion
– Circulatory system
• Distributes blood throughout body
– Nervous system
• Supplies body with information about its environment
• Impulses – electrical chemical changes
• Sense organs or receptors
– Sensory system
• Five senses
• Relays information through nervous system
• Find food, identify predators, hearing, lateral lines that
detect vibrations and motion
– Reproduction system
•
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•
•
Creating new organisms
Gametes – male and female sex cells
Zygote – fertilized egg
Incubation – period the zygote develops into a new
organism
• Some reproduce asexually
• Anatomy
– Anatomy of Finfish
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Bony fish with hard calcium-based endoskeletons
Form and protects organs
Bony plates or scales – scales grow with fish
Digestive systems vary – herbivores have small stomach
and long intestines – carnivores have large stomachs
and short intestines
• Well develop nervous systems – lateral line important
to sensory organ – maintain balance and position
• External fertilization
• Gills remove oxygen from water – semipermeable –
allows gases to pass through
– Anatomy of Crustaceans
• Shrimp, prawns, lobsters, crabs, crawfish
• Exoskeleton of chitinous material
– Polysaccharide of hexose proteins and inorganic salts
– Protects and supports soft body
• Decapods (10 legs)
• Molting – shedding of old exoskeleton as it grows
• 3 body segments
– Head,
» 2 pairs of antennae Mandibles or true jaws
» two pairs of maxillae (little jaws)
– Thorax
» 3 pairs of jaw feet (hold food)
» Large claws – protection and food getting
» Last 4 – 2 tiny pincers at tip and 2 on claws
– Abdomen
» Swimmerets – egg attachment
» Sixth swimmeret develops into a flipper or uropod for
locomotion
– Regeneration – regrowth of limbs
– Internal anatomy
• Simple circulatory, nervous, and excretory systems
• Open circulatory system sinuses spaces that collect
blood
• Ear sacs aid in balance
• Use gills to breathe
• Life cycle and reproduction complex
– Duct from testes or ovaries leads to outside to deposit sperm
or eggs
– Pandalids group of shrimp begin as males and after two years
change to females
– Anatomy of Mollusks
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Bivalve – two shells – clams and oysters
Calcareous material – hard and resembles limestone
Adductor – muscles hold shells together
Muscular, hatchet-shaped foot  digging
Mantle lays over internal organs and secretes hard shell
Simple digestive and nervous system
Gills filter material from water – contains cilia
Siphon – water enters pass over gills and out another siphon
via anus
• Protandrous – change sex one or more times in their lives
• Hermaphroditic – have gonads for both sexes
• Gastropods have only one shell (snails, abalones)
– Aquatic Plants
• Make own food via photosynthesis (requires light and
chlorophyll to convert carbon dioxide and water to
sugar, oxygen, and water
• Use stored energy by respiring – use energy for growth
and reproduction
• Algae: diatoms, desmoids, blue-green algae, euglena,
volvox, and filamentous green algae, giant kelp
• Reproduce asexually by spores – some produce
gametes or sex cells
• Fleshy corms of Chinese water chestnuts produce more
corms –
• Propagate by cuttings
• Remove ammonia and nitrite wastes from water
• Algae
– Primitive plants without true roots, stems, or leaves
– Filamentous algae form floating mats or hairlike strands (moss
or pond scum)
• Macrophytes
– Vascular plants with true roots, stems, and leaves
– Free-floating – tiny green plants (duckweed or watermeal)
– Emergent – attached to bottom, but extend out of water
(water lilies, or lotus)
– Submergent – pondweed or hornwort are rooted and grow
underwater
– Marginal – very shallow water (cattails and bulrushes