Transcript Birds - West Ada

Zoology
Birds
Class Aves
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Wings
Feathers
No teeth
Flexible long neck
Scales on legs
Bones with air spaces
Endothermic
Four chambered heart
Multiple air sacs for
respiration
WHAT BODY PARTS DOES A
BIRD HAVE TO HELP IT FLY?
EVERYTHING!
EVERY body system in a bird
is modified in some way to help it fly!
MODIFICATIONS of
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones = hollow/air sacs extend into bones
to make them LESS DENSE
= fused to make them STURDY
FURCULA –
stabilizes shoulders during flight
STERNUMattaches flight muscles
PYGOSTYLEsupport for tail
Adaptations for Flight
• Honey combed bones
– Air cavities
– Less weight
– Internal “struts” for
strength
SKELETAL
Hollow bones = light
weight
Image from: BIODIDAC
Light Weight Skeleton
• Frigate bird
• 7 foot wing span
• 4 ounce skeleton
Adaptations for Flight
• Enlarged sternum
– Flight muscle
attachment
• Long neck
– balance
FUSED BONES = Sturdy
Image modified from:
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html
FURCULA –
“wishbone” or
fused clavicles to
provide sturdier,
stronger skeleton
for flight
PYGOSTYLE –
fused vertebrae to
provide balance
during flight
STERNUM—
large sternum to
support chest
muscles used for
flight
Skull
• Most bones fused
• Much lighter than
reptile or mammal
skull
MODIFICATIONS of
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
HUGE PECTORALIS MUSCLE
provides power to move wings
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
PECTORALIS & SUPRACORACOIDEUS
make up 35% of total body weight
Adaptations for Flight
• Wing
– lift
MODIFICATIONS of
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Feathers- (light weight & sturdy)
provide lift & protect against heat
loss
• Preen gland keeps feathers “flyable”
• Streamline body to decrease
air/wind resistance
Adaptations for Flight
• Feathers
– Light weight
– Strong
– Increased surface
area
Adaptations for Flight
• Reduce body weight
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No teeth
No urinary bladder
No penis
Only one ovary
ARCHAEOPTERYX
First bird
Fossil image from:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html
Image from:
http://www2.thny.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/archaeopteryx.htm
Archeopteryx
• Reptile characteristics
– Teeth
– Boney tail
– Fingers with claws
• Bird characteristics
– Feathers
– Furcula
Evolution of Flight
Running Hypothesis
Evolution of Flight
Gliding Hypothesis
MODIFICATIONS of
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart large for body size-pumps more
blood
Closed 2 loop system- most efficient/faster
Complete septum/4 chamber heart- keeps
Low/High oxygen blood totally separated
Rapid heart rate- delivers more
oxygen/faster
HEART
Heart = 1 ½ to 2 times larger than in equal size mammal
Heart rate much faster to move more blood
HOW FAST IS THAT?
A human heart beats ~ 60-90 times/min
A resting hummingbird’s heart beats 250 times/min.
Or 1200 beats per minute (BPM) when feeding.
http://www.deskpicture.com/DPs/Nature/Animals/hummingbird.jpg
HEART
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
COMPLETE SEPTUM NOW
4 chambers 2 atria/2 ventricles
SINUS VENOSUS & CONUS ARTERIOSUS
ARE GONE
• Main vein returning to heart
= VENA CAVA
• Main artery to body
= AORTA
• Main artery to lungs
= PULMONARY
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_anatomy.html
1 loop
2 chambers
2 loops
3 chambers
Fish
amphibians
& reptiles
2 loops
4 chambers
birds &
4 CHAMBER HEART
2 LOOPS
MODIFICATIONS of
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOTHERMIC METABOLISMprovides maximum energy for
extended activity (flying)
BURNING more GLUCOSE
faster… is where the heat comes
from!
PREEN GLAND
Oil makes feathers waterproof
Preening straightens feathers and re-hooks
barbules
Image from:
http://www.rit.edu/~vertzo/Pigeon/PigeonPages/Home.html
http://www.harrybliss.com/store/images/eat_like_a_bird.jpg
… to eat like a bird
means to eat very little
BUT… Birds EAT A LOT
Most birds eat half their weight in food
every day. That's like a 100-pound person
eating 50 pounds of food in a day. And
some young birds eat more than their
weight in food every day!
MODIFICATIONS of
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Fast efficient digestive system fuels endothermic
metabolism for more energy for extended activity
• CROP- stores next batch so food always moving
through
• 2 part stomach (Crop/Gizzard)so food moves through faster
• COLIC CAECA- help break down plants
• LONG SMALL INTESTINE-absorbs lots of nutrients
• SHORT LARGE INTESTINEAbsorbs less water / feces not stored… out of body as
it is made so weigh less
Digestive System
• Crop
– Storage
• Proventriculus
– Enzymes
• Gizzard
– Grind food
• Cloaca
– Waste
– Reproduction
CROP
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
No digestion happens here
Stores and moistens food waiting to be digested
Allows food to move faster/next batch is waiting
CROP MILK
http://www.joanbramsch.com/images/feeding.jpg
COLUMBIFORMES- crop makes nutritious fluid
called CROP MILK for babies
GIZZARD
Muscular
Contains
gravel/rocks
to grind food
SMALL INTESTINE
(Duodenum & Ileum)
LARGE INTESTINE
isn’t very large!
Absorbs less water
back from feces
(Water is HEAVY!)
EXITS through
CLOACA
COLIC CAECA
Pouches on
intestine
Contain bacteria to
digest plants
MODIFICATIONS of
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• SUPER EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
gets the most oxygen possible
• Extra AIR SACS (posterior and anterior)
allow oxygen in lungs on both the INHALE
AND EXHALE
• Air sacs extending into bones makes
skeleton less dense
• Alveoli increase surface area for more gas
exchange
TRACHEA
BRONCHI
Cartilage rings
keep airway open
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
SYRINX
VOICE BOX
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
LUNGS
Remove 31% of oxygen ; Human lungs remove
Respiratory System
• Seven to Nine air
sacs
– Connect to lungs and
centers of bones
– Cools the bird
• Fresh air always
moving
– No dead ends as in
mammals
• Each wing beat
moves air
– Never run out of air
AIR SACS
STORE AIR
No gas exchange
ALLOW OXYGEN IN LUNGS on the
INHALE and on the EXHALE
Air Circulation
• An inhale will move oxygen / air in through
the trachea and some air will move to the
posterior air sacs while air that was in
lungs moves to the anterior air sacs
• On the exhale, the air that was in anterior
air sacs moves back out of body while the
air in posterior air sacs move to the lungs
• This is a constant and continuous flow of
air through respiratory system, not an “in,
then out” system like ours
Multiple air
sacs
Air sacs increase
buoyancy and all
one way oxygen
flow for more
efficient gas
exchange
OXYGEN
on the EXHALE
Animation from:
http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm/birds
MODIFICATIONS of
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excrete nitrogen waste as URIC ACIDso uses less water to dilute
No URINARY BLADDER- so urine
(water) not stored… less weight
KIDNEYS & URETERS
MODIFICATIONS of
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• Female has only ONE OVARY & OVIDUCT
on left side … less weight
• OVIPARITY- lay eggs OUTSIDE of body
… less weight
• REPRODUCTIVE ORGANSenlarge during breeding season/shrink
rest of time
TESTES
TESTES
KIDNEYS
URETERS
CLOACA
OVARY make eggs
OVIDUCTS add albumen/shell
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
OVIPAROUS
Lay amniotic eggs
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avianreproduction.html
http://www.usgs.nau.edu/swwf/images/WIFL%20nest%20with%20eggs%20-%20MD.jpg
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
2 KINDS OF BABIES
ALTRICIAL = HELPLESS
hatch without feathers, eyes closed,
can’t walk, parents must feed every 20
min
Ex: songbirds,
pigeons, raptors
http://www.kathyskritters.com/tales/robins/images/baby_robins_5-13.jpg
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
2 KINDS OF BABIES
PRECOCIAL – MORE INDEPENDENT
hatch with fuzzy down, can follow
parent and feed itself soon after
hatching
EX: Ducks and geese
http://cowpi.com/journal/2004/06/the_dangers_of_leadership.html
Chicks
• Altricial
– No feathers
– Cannot walk or see
– Cannot feed
themselves
Precocial
– Down feathers
– Can walk and see
– Can feed themselves
Sexual Selection
MODIFICATIONS of
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Large brain for body size = “smarter”
• Bigger CEREBRUM for more complex
behaviors
problem solving; learning; navigation;
• Bigger CEREBELLUM- for muscle coordination
• Bigger OPTIC LOBES for better vision; 3D & Color
• Concentration of iron in brain to act as compass
http://www.wtamu.edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/brain.jpg
Kestral Image from:
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/birdbrain2.html
EYES
BIG for size of head
See in COLOR
Eyes on front of facegives depth perception
Seen in predators
Eyes on sides of headGives wide range of vision
Seen in prey
Vision
• Up to 8 times keener
than human vision
• Each eye moves
indendtantly
Bird Classification
• 28 orders
• 9600 species
Order Struthioniformes
• Large flightless bird
• Two toes
Order Pelecaniformes
• Gular sac
Order Ciconiiformes
• Long legs for wading
• Long necks
Order Anseriformes
• Flat bill
• Webbed feet
Order Falconiformes
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Hooked bill
Talons
Eagle
Hawk
Falcon
Fastest Animal
• Peregrine falcon
• Strikes prey at 180
mph
Order Passeriformes
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Perching foot
Songbirds
5000 species
Mocking bird
Thrushes
Swallows
Magpie
Crow
Starling
Jays
Order Columbiformes
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Short neck
Short legs
Pigeons
Doves
Order Strigiformes
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Large eyes
Silent flight
Nocturnal predator
Owls
Order Apodiformes
• Small bird
• Rapid wingbeat
• Hummingbirds
Hummingbirds
• Fly up, down, left,
right, backwards and
upside down
• Wings beat 50 -200
times per second
• Heart rate =600 bpm
• Eat 2/3 body weight
each day
• Nectar, pollen &
insects
Order Galliformes
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Chicken like
Strong beaks
Heavy feet
Chicken
Turkey
Pheasants
Quail
Order Charadriiformes
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Short bill
Strong fliers
Shorebirds
Gulls
Order Psittaciformes
• Thick tongue
• Hinged and movable
upper beak
• Bright colors
• Parrots
• Parakeets
Order Piciformes
• Two toes forward and
two toes backward
• woodpeckers
Order Sphenisciformes
• Webbed feet
• Wings as used for
swimming
• penquins
Beak Adaptations
• Ripping flesh
Beak Adaptations
• Eating seeds
Beak Adaptations
• Sucking nectar from
flowers
Beak Adaptations
• Catching fish
Beak Adaptations
• Basket-like bill to hold
fish caught under
water
Beak Adaptations
• Filtering
Migration
• Migration to find food
and reproduce
• Sissor-tailed
flycatchar
• Migates to Central
and South America in
October
• Returns in April
Migration
• Arctic tern
• Migrates 25,000
miles!
The End
References
• Content and slides taken from:
• Professor Dennis Anderson at Oklahoma
City Community College
• Kelly Riedell and her zoology website
• Prentice Hall Biology 2002
• McGraw Hill Zoology 2008